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Unit-2 GREEN ASSETS AND

MODELING

GREEN ASSETS
The green assets and infrastructure comprise substantial
part of that long-term approach to managing the carbon
performance of the organization. The three major phases or
activities associated with the lifecycle of these assets is depicted:
the way they are established or procured, the manner in which
they are operated or run, and eventually the strategies for their
disposal or demolishment. The assets made up of building, data
centre, devices and vehicles. The three major activities relating
to infrastructure assets has the following carbon repercussions:
Establish (Procure) - deals with the green credentials of
the asset in terms of its design and development. For example, the
original design of a car engine or a mobile phone that makeit
carbon efficient.
Operate (Run) – deals with total carbon contribution of
the organization by means of operation of assets.
Dispose(Demolish) – deals with the eventual phase of an
asset and impacts the overall carbon footprint of an organization.
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Figure 1: Green assets need to be organized in an efficient

way throughout their lifecycle.

Types of
Impact on Environment
Assets
Long-term impact as major environmental
considerations should be during architecture and
Buildings construction. Purpose of buildings, people
and Facilities movements, geographical locations (weather),
and durability of the building impact their
overall carbon contribution.
This is a special purpose building to house data
servers. In addition to the standard building
Data Centre considerations, the ratio between power usage by
the servers versus the rest of the power is a
popular environmental consideration
Design, development, procurement, operation,
Devices
and usage of devices is considered here.
Direct fuel emissions, pollution level of the type
of fuel, design of the engines, and so on.
Vehicles
Procurement, operations and disposal activities
apply to vehicles used by the organization

Table 1: Types of Assets (Categories) and Their Impact on

the Environment
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Green Building

―Green Buildings are high performance structures

that also meet certain standards for reducing natural resource
consumption.

―Green or ―Sustainable buildings are characterized by:

❖ efficient management of energy and water resources

❖ management of material resources and waste

❖ restoration and protection of environmental quality

❖ enhancement and protection of health and indoor

environmental quality

❖ reinforcement of natural systems

❖ analysis of the life cycle costs and benefits of materials

and methods

❖ integration of the design decision-making process

❖ ―Metrics for such ―green benefits are articulated

and certified by LEED, Built Green or other
organizations

❖ Green standards measure different environmental

qualities of buildings

❖ Each has a different emphasis and purpose

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Green Building standards include:

❖ Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

(LEED)

❖ Green Globes

❖ Model Green Homebuilding Guidelines

❖ BuiltGreen

❖ Energy Star

❖ Living Building
Why go ―Green?

Green makes business sense

❖ Increased flexibility to allow for longer building and

TI useful life and reuse of materials

❖ Improved building performance

❖ Increased revenue (higher rents/sales price,

improved productivity, fewer/shorter vacancies)

❖ Lower cost (utilities, costs of conversion)

❖ reduce carbon consumption,

❖ energy independence,

❖ encourage community,

❖ preserve natural systems

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Table 2: rating Building features to environmental factors

Green IT Hardware
The Hardware aspect of Green IT deals with the design
and architecture of IT hardware and the manner in which it is
acquired and operated.

Figure 2: Range of Green IT hardware generating carbon

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Following is a more detailed description of these IT

hardware assets of an organization:

+ Data servers— deals with the physical machines and the

specific buildings in which they are housed. These servers
also have both wired and wireless networks and
corresponding communications equipment associated
with them that are directly emitting carbon.

+ End-user computers— laptops, desktops, theircapacities,

operational efficiencies, and their disposal (especially as
the lifecycle of a computer is getting shorter by the day)
need to be discussed from their P-O- D (Procurement –
Operation – Disposal) viewpoint.

+ Mobile devices— the mobile devices and associated

hardware (e.g., extension leads), their batteries including
the recharging mechanism and disposal of the batteries
and the policies and actions when the devices become
outdated (quickly).

+ Peripherals— printers, photocopiers, shredders, and so

on. These electronic gadgets are of immense interest in
Green IT due to their large numbers, their potentially
unnecessary overuse.

Green Data Centre

What is green Data Centre?

A green data centre is a repository for the storage,

management and dissemination of data in which the mechanical,
lighting, electrical and computer systems are designed for
maximum energy efficiency and minimum environmental
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impact. These centres use more energy-efficient servers

and most importantly the design technology to reduce energy
demands for cooling and lighting.

Need for Data Centres:

1. Data centres are heavy consumer of energy, accounting

for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world‘s total energy
usage in this decade. The Green data centres are energy
efficient data centres that better utilize energy and
increases performance.

2. Green Data centre reduces both operating costs and

capital costs since they eliminate the need of additional
power and cooling demands.

3. Green data centres reduces the technological impact on

the environment and use of natural resources, thus helps
environment to be sustainable.

4. They improve business by improving their corporate

image and social image by meeting compliance and
regulatory requirements.

5. They utilize resources such as office space, heat, light,

electrical power etc, in an environmental friendly way.

Who are using Green data centres?

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Steps to make a data centre Green.

➢ Turn off the dead servers and make few basic changes to
existing data centres.

➢ Upgrade to energy-efficient servers.

➢ Switch to high-efficiency power supplies.

➢ Redesign cooling system

➢ Redesign air management

➢ Better environmental conditions are crucial for smooth

running of data centre.

Figure 3 – Factors influencing Green data centre

Data Centre Building—Design, Layout, and Location

The challenges in handling data centres from carbon

perspectives arises from the fact that the data centre buildings
themselves are based on a ROI over 15–20 years.
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Whereas the internal equipment, the data servers andother

computing equipments themselves are usually Green Assets
upgraded every 3 –5 years.

Therefore, the data centre building, together with thedata

centre‘s non-ICT infrastructure, can quite easily consume more
power than the equipment within it.

This is because of the architecture and design ofthe

infrastructure and facilities that may not have kept up with the
server technologies themselves.

Following are the specific design, layout, and location

consideration for data centres.

+ Physical (geographical) location of the building. This

includes the weather patterns of the geographical region
(such as warm or cold), proximity of the data centre
building to water and air (for cooling) and the ease of
access to the staff.

+ The building that houses the data centre. This may be

a dedicated stand-alone facility, or it may be purpose-
built within a larger facility, or it may be retrofitted into
existing premises. Whatever the case, there are a number
of aspects of the built environment that will have an eff
ect on power consumption, such as insulation.

+ The power supply. Data centres usually have dedicated

power supplies, and very often more than one. Ā ei r
efficiency varies enormously. Data centres can also
generate their own power, and backup power supplies are
common for business continuity.
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+ Cooling and lighting. Modern ICT equipment typically

demands significant a mounts of cooling, either air
cooling or water cooling. There are many design and
implementation issues that affect power consumption.
Lighting is also a factor that maintains ambient
temperature.

+ Server and storage virtualization. This technology is

meant to reduce power consumption as it reduces the
overall number of devices; however, in practice the power
consumption of data centres can rise as the virtualized
servers may be more powerful and may use greater
electricity.

+ Facilitation of new and emerging technologies. The

building of the data centre should be conducive to
wireless communication, Cloud
computing-related communication, and such best
practices.

Data Centre ICT Equipment—Server Strategies

Servers are powerful computers that form a significant

part of the IT assets of an organization. Increasingly these
powerful servers provide the organization with the ability to
access, provide, analyze, and store data, information, knowledge,
and intelligence in myriad diff rent ways. As argued earlier, there
is ever increasing demand for more powerful servers with
increased storage and processing facilities. With more powerful
processors and proliferating number of servers the power
consumption continues to climb rapidly

Following are a list of green server strategy considerations

that need to be expanded in detail in practice:
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+ Online, real-time list of server inventory that enables

location and uses of the servers.

+ Power consumption bill in real time—mapped to carbon

generation that provides operational feedback to the
entire organization.

+ Bit to carbon ration as part of comprehensive—data

strategy—that provides metrics on not only the used
―bits. but also the carbon generated by the
provisioned bits.
+ Pue, DCiE—these popular metrics providing comparative
data over a length of time, as also across the industry.

+ Mirroring backup strategies that are balanced by the

―acceptable risks of the data centre director.

+ Data capacity forecasting. Server capacities need to be

estimated on a continuous basis as the business changes.
The correlation between business change and growth, and
corresponding data centre capacity, is ascertained based
on statistical analysis, trend spotting, and estimating the
impact of technological innovativeness.
+ Carbon-cost visibility. Lack of visibility of server costs
and particularly its mapping to individual or
departmental use of space.
+ Efficient decommissioning. Once the purpose of a server
is consummated, there is a need for a formal yet quick
way of decommissioning the server. Manual processes
for decommissioning and lack of confidence of the data
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centre director/manager can lead to servers lying around

and consuming power for no apparent purpose.
+ Incorporation right redundancy. Earlier discussion on bit-
watt indicates the crucial need for optimum redundancy.

+ Enhanced server distribution. Need to distribute, through

proper assignment, the use of the data space across and
between various departments/users. This would also
enable server sharing between operational development
and test environments.
+ Incorporate server switching. Data servers should be
capable of being switched from one type of usage to
another (e.g., from test usage to production). This also
enhance capacity sharing and peak load performance.
+ Incorporate Cloud computing and server virtualization.

Data Servers Optimization

Optimization of servers deals primarily with the numbers,
usage, and collaborations amongst the servers.
This data server optimization can be improved through
better organization of the databases including their design,
provisioning for redundancy, and improved capacity forecasting,
following RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems)
standards such as data normalization and usage of proper data
types within database as and when required.
It is worth noting that the cost associated with cooling of
servers is much more than the initial cost of procurement and
installation of the hardware.
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Furthermore, power consumption of the servers

themselves is rapidly increasing.

Therefore, the costs associated with the cooling of the

servers are equally on the rise.

There is a discrepancy between the advanced technologies

used in the servers, the supporting rack level infrastructure of the
data centre, and the lagging air conditioning and building
infrastructure of the data centre.

Data centres are also heavily occupied and are stretched

for their cooling capacity as these buildings are catering for far
more sophisticated servers than they originally are designed for.

More techniques that could be considered by an

organization for server optimization are described as follows:

+ Undertake intense and iterative capacity planning for the

data centre. This will involve management, anticipation,
and optimization of storage capacities of the data centre.

+ Undertake in-depth optimization through identification

of unused capacity of servers and storage disks within
them.

+ Implement full storage virtualization that will enable

hosting of multiple data warehouses on the same server.
This will include conversion of existing physical servers
to ―virtual servers partition servers that can operate in
parallel without any interference.

+ Efficient server operations. For example, a server that is

on but idle would consume half the power it needs when
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being used fully. Therefore, instead of operating multiple

servers, some of which may be idling, optimization and
management of servers will enable running of servers as
closer to their maximum capacities.
+ Efficient management of air-conditioning and cooling
equipment that require, at times, even more power to
cool the servers than required to operate them.
+ Decommissioning servers once their service level
agreement has expired.
+ Applying virtualization during architecture and design of
the servers, corresponding operating systems, and even
applications. Enabling virtual servers easily will enable
efficient capacity management and reduced hardware
maintenance costs.
+ Making use of infrastructural and hardware economies of
scale. This can be achieved by implementing Cloud
computing and making use of services or software
services from an already existing repository. This will
significantly reduce the amount of resources being used in
order to provide a software solution or a result.
What is Virtualization?
+ Virtualization is one of the hardware reducing, cost
saving and energy saving technology that is rapidly
transforming the IT landscape and changes the way
people compute.
+ On a server or a desktop PC, it allows multiple operating
system and multiple applications to run on a single
computer.
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+ The software that makes this possible is known as

hypervisor.
Why green computing uses Virtualization?
+ Decreased energy use– reducing number of physical
devices, the amount of energy required to operate the
devices is decreased as well reduces the cooling system
power requirement.
+ Reduction in toxic waste– number of hardware devices
are reduced so huge reduction in e-waste or toxic wastes.
+ Reduction in facility requirements– decrease in
number of system is directly proportional to reduced
number of data centres.
Types of virtualization
+ Server virtualization– many servers run on single
physical server. Helps decrease energy usage and
provides more floor space.
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+ Application virtualization – applications can be run

independently of the underlying host operating system.
Since no device drivers are installed can run application
without administrative rights. Applications can be run
from portable media, if not compatible can be executed on
physical machine.

+ Network virtualization – It allows us to combine all of

the resources available on a network by splitting up the
available bandwidth into independent channels.
Consolidation of many physical networks into one virtual
network. Partitioning of single physical network into
many virtual networks is allowed.
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+ Storage virtualization – allows multiple storage devices

to be combined as a one large storage device. Easier
administration, monitoring of storage growth is possible.

+ Desktop virtualization – allows virtual desktops to be

centrally managed on a server and run by the end user on
a thin client machine. Can access multiple monitors,
USB devices, device recovery is simplified.
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Green Assets – Devices

Sustainable steps by researcher

+ Compaq EOS sustainable Desktop

➢ Designed by Cody Stonerock, made of recycled

aluminium & biodegradable resins by HP. Low cost
PC with no screws or fasteners.

➢ Monitor and other components are easily removed.

Designed with fewer features with only basic
computing power.
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+ Igglu modular PC concept

➢ Looks like a book rack, updating is easy like replacing

books in a shelf, since hard drives, PCI drivers, RAM
etc. are placed like books in a book shelf.

➢ Designed for maximum energy efficiency and

resource usage.

+ ‗Bento‘ Solar-powered concept computing system

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➢ Batteries are powered by solar power, they come

with integrated with solar panel and ITB hard
drive.

+ Sustainable Computer ‗Froot‘

➢ Bio degradable starch-based polymers constitute the

‗main frame‘ which are recyclable along with
electrical components.

➢ High end-laser and projecting technology to beam a

screen on the wall and keyboard.

+ EVO PC concept
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➢ This has two parts – First EVO client module which

sits on the second part which is a docking unit for this
module.

➢ Client has low processing power, low memory and

low RAM.

➢ The client communicates with the server via broad

band, thus server does the actual computation.

➢ The remote access comes with a cost, the client is

recyclable and company provides a replacement.

Green Business Process Management:

Modelling,Optimization, and Collaboration

Green business process management

+ Green business process management (Green BPM) deals

with the overall management of all internal and external
processes of an organization from a green perspective.

+ BPM is a well-established industry practice

encompassing process modeling, reengineering, and
optimization of processes, and the measuring, merging,
and elimination of business processes.

+ Green business processes are environmentally conscious

business processes that are necessary, efficient, effective,
agile, and measureable in the context of an organization.

+ In the green process optimization exercise, processes are

challenged for their necessity in the first place, others are
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optimized for efficiency, some others are made more

effective and agile, and all are measured in order to

ascertain their carbon contribution.

+ The exploration of processes in this manner leads

tomany opportunities to improve and optimize them
duringa green enterprise transformation.

Table 3: Basic Process Characteristics and Corresponding

Green Connotation
Process Green Business
Description
Characteristic Connotations
Necessary Challenges - theneed Eliminating an
for the process in the unnecessary process
first place. eliminate its carbon
contribution.
Efficient Models the processto Aims to reduce the
study its various carbon generation
activities/tasks. within the process by
optimizing and/or
eliminating the
activities/tasks
within the process
Effective Ensures that the Substantial wasteful
process is actually carbon is generated
achieving the goals it by a process that isnot
is meant to achieve. effective—as it does
not achieve business
goals.
Agile Deals with the An agile process will
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ability of the process change easily and

to change itself in effortlessly in
response to external response to changing
and internal changes external situation
affecting the
organization.
Measurable Enables monitoring, In addition to the
control, and standard process
ascertaining the measures, such as
success of its cost, time, and
optimization. quality, now the
―carbon content of
a process is
measured.

+ BPM approach in an organization and can be considered

as a set of management and technology disciplines
focused primarily on workflow and process automation
that drives the implementation of optimized and
sustainable business processes.

+ Optimization of processes covers many aspects of the

performance.

+ Processes can be optimized to ensure efficient utilization

of resources.

+ Processes can be reengineered to creatively eliminate the

use of some redundant or duplicate resources.

+ Reengineering has been described as the fundamental

rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to
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achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary

measures of performance such as cost, quality, service,
and speed.

Green Reengineering

+ Green BPM includes reengineering of business processes to

optimize their emissions.

+ Reengineering of processes to green processes will

incorporate re-evaluation of processes and also an
understanding and modeling of their
supportinghardware, software, and people in order to cut
down the carbon generated through them.

Seven Reengineering Principles

1. Organize around outcomes, not tasks.

2. Identify all the processes in an organization and

prioritize them in order of redesign urgency.

3. Integrate information processing work into the real work

that produces the information.

4. Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they

were centralized.

5. Link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just

integrating their results.

6. Put the decision point where the work is performed, and

build control into the process.

7. Capture information once and at the source.

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Figure 4: Life cycle of BPM

Green Processes: Individual, Organizational, and

Collaborative

+ Reengineering of business process to reduce their carbon

contents has to happen at three levels: individual,
organizational, and collaborative.

+ These levels tend to be increasingly strategic, taking

longer time and greater effort as the business movesfrom
individual processes through to departmental- and
organizational-level processes.

+ Collaborative processes cut across multiple organizations

and systems—making them even more challenging to be
reengineered in the context of carbon reduction.
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Figure 5: Individual, organizational, and collaborative green

processes and their reengineering

Table 4: Green Process Categories and Their Carbon Impact

Green Business Analysis

+ In green business processes, the role of business analysis
activity, including the gathering of business
requirements, understanding and modeling processes,
process analysis and optimization, and testing prior to
deployment are to be considered.
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+ A Green BA can play a dual role: First, modeling

requirements for a Green IT project and, second,
modeling existing processes for theiroptimization from a
green perspective. BAs can ensure alignment of a Green
IT technical solution (e.g., CEMS) with environmentally
responsible business strategies.

+ The Green BA involvement in a project promotes an

understanding that even if certain business requirements
are important to a stakeholder, they may not be still
necessarily desirable in a solution if they are not aligned
with the need to generate least carbon.

Green Requirements Modeling

+ One of the major responsibilities of a Green BA is to

undertake modeling of requirements for a green process
or system.

+ This requirements modeling can be considered as a sub

discipline of systems engineering that is concerned with
the behavior, quality attributes, and also technical
constraints.

+ Requirements modeling is widely recognized as both a

challenging aspect of software development, as well as a
crucial one, because it lays the foundation for all the
subsequent project work.

+ Green requirements modeling can be divided in two

major parts— functional and nonfunctional (or
operational).
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Functional requirements
+ Are software requirements, describe the behavior that the
software will have and the information the solution will
manage.

+ Functional requirements are associated with the required

behaviors and operations of a system, defining its
capabilities in terms of actions and responses.
+ Functional requirements are frequently captured in the
form of use cases.

+ Green IT frequently impacts functional requirements as a

consequence of new procedures or business rules
emerging from corporate environmental policies and
industry standards.
Non - Functional requirements
+ There are requirements, however, that go beyond system
behavior. These requirements describe the properties,
attributes of the solution and are referred to as
nonfunctional requirements.
+ Examples of such requirements include availability,
performance, usability, portability, robustness, etc., and
they provide the design constraints for the project (e.g.,
technology or regulatory limitation).
+ Green IT policies typically add nonfunctional
requirements to software projects, imposing new
demands in terms of quality attributes that become
necessary or desirable, and also establishing new
constraints.
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Green IT Governance
❖ Green process management matures as proper business
governance which align with performance governance,
project governance, change governance, and IT
governance and control is applied to it.
❖ An ideal way to do this is to incorporate green aspects
within the existing governance structure within the
organization.
❖ This can take shape of modifying the business process
architecture, balance score card, and business policies for
governance.

Green Enterprise Architecture

A Green Enterprise Architecture (GEA) considers the
multiple existing systems and packages used by an organization
in running its business. A GEA also provides basis for defining,
assessing, measuring, analyzing, reporting, and monitoring the
green IT systems and processes. Furthermore, a GEA results in
the development of common terminologies that bring clarity,
understanding, and consistency to the green enterprise initiative.
Following are the activities resulting from a green
enterprise architecture for green information systems in an
organization:
❖ Integration of the new CEMS (Carbon Emission
Management Software) with existing organizational
systems (typically ERP packages, CRM) using SOA-Web
Services interfaces
❖ Modification of existing data structures to accommodate
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new carbon data elements and related contents

❖ Data conversion to enable use of that data in calculating

carbon emissions
❖ Populating parts of data and systems with external carbon
data (such as regulatory requirements/standards
/benchmarks)
❖ Evolution of carbon data through to information,
knowledge and environmental intelligence
❖ Evolution of existing decision support and knowledge
management systems to environmentally
intelligentsystems
❖ Creation of a suite of green services using service oriented
architecture (SOA) and Web Services (WS)
❖ Application of mobile technologies to provide location-
independence and personalization to the green information
portals that facilitate collaboration.
❖ Quality assurance and testing of Green IT systems
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Figure 6: views of a Green enterprise architecture

Green Information Architecture

The GIA provides the basis for using enterprise
applications, processes, and contents. The semantics for the
master data including the green data are defined and the
operational and analytical information is modeled in this
architectural space. The requirements that influence the
information architecture come from the business, information,
and enterprise domains. This information architecture provides
the context for facilitating integration across various applications.
The information architecture also outlines the processes for
capturing and modeling requirements. The information
architecture also contains a repository of overallapplications and
their interrelationships. A good understanding of this
interrelationship can help eliminate redundancy and eventually
also contribute to the reduction of resources.
❖ Green customer requirements that are based on the
demands of the customer for green products andservices.
❖ Green marketing requirements that promote the
organizations green products and services.
❖ Green supply chain process requirements that interface
with the suppliers systems.
❖ Green technical requirements that are specifying the
technologies that are needed to handle the Green IT
initiative.

❖ Green facilities management requirements that describe

the building and facilities infrastructure and the approach
for measuring and reducing their carbon.
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❖ Green metrics and measurement requirements that

specify the elements to measure and report.
❖ Green recycling and e-waste management requirements
that deal with the one-off disposal of assets

Figure 7: Categories of requirements of various GEA

A good GEA is a mechanism to incorporate the changes
associated with Green IT transformation on the right in Figure 8
into the systems and processes on the left.

Figure 8: Green enterprise architecture impac

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+ Organizational Systems - These are the core systems

that are primarily internal to the organization.
+ External Systems - These are not just systems external
to the organization, but also external interfaces of the
organizational systems.
+ Infrastructure - These are the communication Networks
and Servers.
Green Solutions Architecture
+ Data: changes here deal with creation of new carbon
data and modification of existing enterprise data.
+ Services: These include the functions, applications, and
their use in analyzing green data. Services plot trends,
estimate emissions, enable reporting, and create
opportunities for collaboration.
+ Interfaces: These are primarily the display mechanism of
the services and applications. Figure 9 shows three
interfaces as graphic user interfaces (GUI), the reporting
and related physical interfaces, and the web service
interfaces. They form the front-end of the GSA and enable
personalization of services.

Figure 9: Fundamentals of GSA

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Evolution of Green System Architecture (Basic

through Linear to Collaborative)

Figure 10: Evolution of Green System Architecture

❖ A GEA has evolved from a basic base 3-tiered

architecture, to a collaborative green process
architectures.
❖ The data, services, interfaces, and security apply to
existing and new green processes in a collaborative
manner.
❖ Figure 9 shows a basic architecture which has evolved as
shown in figure 10 (collaborative green process) that
makes use of concepts of SOA (service oriented
architecture) and WS (web services).
❖ The linear green processes would be the typical business
processes such as customer, supplier, and accounting.
❖ Linear processes also include totally new green processes
within the organization such as counting carbon PPM.
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❖ The collaborative processes on the right will include the

data, services, interfaces, and security that encompass all
the aforementioned processes that are now interconnected
through WS.
❖ These collaborative processes are both internal and
external to the organization.

Aspects of Green Solutions Architecture

❖ The Green IT solutions deal with internal carbon
recording, reporting of carbon externally, implementation
of SaaS-based solutions, collaborative green services and
also technology-based opportunities for new green
services.

❖ In order to deal with the aforementioned impact, the

solution space of the enterprise uses many technologies.

❖ GEA facilitates incorporation of technologies in the Green

IT solutions by providing the right interfaces and models.

❖ Figure shows these technologies as virtualization, Cloud

computing, real-time decision making, smart network
management, self-healing, alignment, integration, and
optimization.
❖ The solutions space has its own internal Green IT
framework that encourages the solutions architects and
the systems analysts to continuously identify new and
emerging technologies, model them to examine their
repercussions, and eventually incorporate in the overall
architecture of the organization.
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Figure 11: Various aspects of a Green solutions architecture

Green Supply Chain Management

Green supply chain systems, especially with mobile

technologies incorporated in them, are a major component of
GEA. They reduce inventories, costs, and carbon. However they
require contract negotiations. SCM (Supply chain management)
have evolved rapidly to automate and optimize the lifecycle of
material procurement. Similarly, SCM are also integral to
procurement and use of equipments and corresponding
infrastructure. Integration with supply chains has also been
studied resulting in integrated SCM (ISCM) and its extended to
incorporate environmental considerations within them resulting
in Green integrated supply chain management (GISCM) that
brings together various stakeholders in the supply chain within
and outside the organization.

These characteristics of a good ISCM are converted to

handle the environmental issues related to the supply chain.

Following are the advantages of GISCM (Green Integrated

SCM):

❖ Reduction in unwanted inventory.

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❖ Improved usage of infrastructure/equipment through

sharing of resources

❖ Reduction in carbon overhead relating to material transfer

and storage.

❖ Optimize the number of people in handling material.

❖ Eliminate business processes that do not add direct value

to the most optimum movement of goods, thereby
reducing carbon.

❖ Real-time integration and improved logistics of

distribution centres reduces carbon.

❖ Planning the demand and supply, management of

infrastructure planning, and planning the production
includes environmental consciousness and metrics.

❖ Sourcing of materials, services, maintenance of catalogs,

collaborative supply management of electronic payments
are integrated and measured to ensure reduction in carbon.

❖ Integration in supply chain enables optimum product

lifecycle management, demand planning, production
management, and event management.

❖ Improved and effective handling of returns from

customers.

❖ Mobile supply chain management (MSCM) can bring

together, dynamically, factors such as number, location,
and size of warehouses; corresponding distribution
centres and facilities; and relationships with distributors
and customers.

❖ MSCM bring together technology infrastructure, demand

planning, forecasting, sourcing, production, logistics,
scheduling, inventory, and transportation that are also
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supported by mobile devices.

❖ MSCM can also use radio frequency identification

devices (RFIDs) to improve material handling in
distribution logistics.

❖ At individual customer levels, shipping, receiving, and

store deliveries are also improved through mobility
resulting in optimized business processes and reduced
carbon emissions.

The Environmental Intelligence Domain

BI (Business Intelligence) can be considered as a

technology that enables users to not only access historical and
current data but to also create new correlations. These new
correlations between data items produce insights that are used in
business—to optimize processes, enhance customer experience,
and reduce inventories. BI systems typically include online
analysis, reporting, data mining, provision of consolidated dash
boards, and enabling business performance management.

EI (Environmental Intelligence) combines tools,

architecture, databases, data warehouses, business performance
methodologies, and quality initiatives in order to produce
environmentally responsible decisions and action. EI is furter
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enhanced by the availability and application of mobility that

enhances decision support system (DSS), executive information
system (EIS), and knowledge management system (KMS).

This evolving EI complexity is understood as follows:

(a) Data: Identification of carbon data related to equipments

(gadgets) across the company that generates greenhouse
gases; Provisioning the step-by-step collection and
collation of the carbon-related data within the
organization.

(b) Information: Analysis and processing of the data in order

to provide information to all parties concerned regarding
the carbon-position of the organization.

(c) Process: Optimizing procedures and controls within the

organization using the concepts of business process
modeling (BPM) to ensure efficiency; developing an
understanding of process maturity in the context of green
processes.

(d) Knowledge: Incorporation of external climate change data

such as those provided by governmental bodies or other
third-parties, into the internal systems of the company by
using WS and Cloud computing fundamentals.

(e) Intelligence: This is the semantic green enterprise, where

the systems embrace people machine continuum.
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Figure 12: Environmental Intelligence

Figure 13: Environmental Intelligence - complexities

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Green Information Systems: Design and

Development Models.
What is GIS?
A GIS (or a CEMS (Carbon Emission Management
Software) or EIS(Environmental Intelligence System)) is a
software system that provides support to the business to
implement its environment responsible business strategies
(ERBS), it has processes and applications that help analyze that
data, identify the trends, and, eventually, it has interfaces that
present, report, and interact (and collaborate) with other external
sources of carbon services and data.
Phases in a GIS Development and Deployment
Develop — GIS needs to be developed by following agile
practices and considering the important phases of a SDLC starting
from requirements, analysis, design, and code to testing.
Configure — configuring GIS according to benchmarks and
rules of organization. This would be an activity specific to each
organization within each industry sector.
Use — Use of GIS will lead to ongoing recording of carbon data
creation of reports as well as comparisons.
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The features of a GIS that play a significant role in

enhancing this ability of business to coordinate its
environmentally responsible approaches can be listed as follows:

Collecting environment-related data in real time.

Enhancing the decision-making capabilities of senior

management by collating and computing up-to-date information
from varied external sources (e.g., government regulatory bodies
and weather information) and feeding that into GIS.

GIS substantiates the green effort of the organization

through the metrics, thereby providing positive feedback and
impact on the employees‘ job satisfaction.

GIS can continuously identify and upgrade business

processes and business practices in manufacturing, sales, and
field support operations in order to make them environmentally
responsible.

GIS provides feedback to customers and other external

users of the business

Aligning office and home activities through GIS can be a

tremendous boost to the organizational effort in improving its
green credentials.

GIS extends the tools and techniques of business

management and applies them to the environmental aspect of
business.

GIS enables collaboration amongst businesses for the

purpose of achieving environmental responsibilities.
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Modeling and Architecting GIS—Requirements, Design,

Implementation, and Testing

GIS Requirements

A typical GIS would involve two subsystems:

➢ Green organizational portal (GOP)

➢ Regulatory standards portal (RSP)

Green Organizational Portal

The GOP is made up of organizational data on its

―green‖ performance. These data are updated by
the organizational representatives on an ongoing
basis.

These data record the organization‘s pollutant

performance such as

(a) heat generated by the desktop machines, data centres and

network equipments within the organization,

(b) carbon emissions in the petrol/diesel consumed by the

organization, and

(c) hazardous materials produced by the organization‘s

activities such as lead in batteries and mobile phones.

Regulatory Standards Portal

RSP is a large portal that will be maintained by the

government agency responsible for emission control within a
country or region. The RSP will have to have detailed and
continuously updated information on the pollutant categoriesthat
are producing the carbon emissions.
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GIS—Technical Requirements

In addition to functional requirements, GIS also has

operational technical requirements.

They are listed as follows:

GIS should be able to run in a wide variety of

platforms such as Windows, Unix, Linux, and so on.

GIS should be able to operate on a variety of hardware

including PC, laptop, and mobile devices.

The data should be stored in a server located in a

secure environment. However, network connectivity with the
applications should be on a 24×7 basis.

GIS will be deployed as SaaS via internet.

GIS user access should be based on a secured

identification and password.

Users will have levels of authorization and access

which will be administered by system administrators.

The GIS should have a sophisticated firewall that

would block unwanted connections from outside the
organizational boundary.

GIS should incorporate encryption. Public key

encryption is a preferred mode although secret key encryption
can be considered for the sake of speed.

A virtual private network (VPN) would be e stablished

to ensure private communication between collaborating
organizations using the same GIS