Week 1 History as Science

Task 1. New words, fill the missing information of table below

New words Translation Definition

1. Envisage to form a mental picture of something or
someone you have never seen
2. set
3. entire бүкіл
communities қауымдастықтар
4. consider to spend time thinking about a possibility or
making a decision
5. discipline
6. perception қабылдау
7. ability the physical or mental power or skill needed to
do something
8. grasp
9. essence мәні
10. reliability
11. evidence дәлел
12. reduce to become or to make
something become smaller in size, amount, degre
e, importance, etc
13. sunk батып кетті
14. oblivion
15. revive
16. division бөлу
17. prehistory the period of human history before there were
written records of events
18. artificially
19. fixing
broadcasting
20. consolidate to become, or cause something
to become, stronger, and more certain
21. evolve дамиды
22. elites
23. modes
24. nation-state
25. national ұлттық
identities ерекшеліктер
26. affect
27. acceleration жеделдету

Task 2. Read and answer the section “Comprehension Check”

History as Science
 History as science is envisaged as the development of nature and society. History Society
is a set of different specific actions, a behavior of individuals and entire communities who are
interconnected. History is generally considered part of the humanities. It is a discipline
alongside literature, languages, philosophy and the arts. The subject of the study of history is
the work and actions of people, and the totality of relations in society. The content of history as
a separate science serves as a historical process. Historical science deals with facts that form the
basis of any historical knowledge. The perception and explanation of historical reality, the
ability to grasp the essence of the historical process depends on the reliability of evidence.
Usually history is defined as the science of past reality, and that ever happened to a man, people
or society as a whole. So the history is reduced to a simple analysis of the events, processes and
states that somehow have sunk into “oblivion”. But history always revives the old, the past, re-
opening and reconstructing it for today. Humanistic history science focuses on the
interpretation of the written word and cultural artifacts created by humans in ages past.
The invention of writing observes the division between “history” and “prehistory”.
Writing is artificially created system of fixing broadcasting, which lets you use graphics to
transmit speech information on distance and consolidate it in time. Developing in Mesopotamia
and Egypt beginning around 3200 BC, in the IndusValley around 2200 BC, in China around
1300 BC, and in Mesoamerica around 600 BC, writing evolved
originally in the service of agriculture and trade, as well as
political and religious elites. With the appearance of printing
press, people had the opportunity to share their experience to
future generations, and the descendants were able to hear the
“voice of the past”. New transport and communicational modes,
the rise of the nation-state and teaching of history in general was
put in the service of creating national identities. And it affected
the acceleration of the development of science,technology,
culture, and generally the whole of civilization.

Check your understanding.

1. What does the historical science envisage?
2. Is history considered a “social science” or part of the “humanities”?
3. Where and when did writing develop?
4. How did writing evolve?
5. What does the practice and teaching of history typically trace?

Task 3. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?

1. History Society is a collection of different specific actions and behavior of entire
communities that are unconnected.
2. The subject of history study is the work and actions of society, and the totality of relations in
communities.
3. The perception of the ability to grasp the essence of the historical process depends on the
reliability of evidence.
4. With the appearance of printing press, people had the hopelessness and desperation to share
their experience to descendants.
5. With the printing press, new modes of transportation and communication, and the fall of the
nation-state, the teaching of astronomy was put in the service of creating national identities.

Task 4. Matching

history a) a political unit consisting of an autonomous state inhabited

predominantly by a people sharing a common culture, history, and language
invention b) the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size,
growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
pre-history c) a new device, method, or process developed from study and
experimentation
discipline d) something observed in a scientific investigation or experiment that is not
naturally present but occurs as a result of the preparative or investigative
procedure
nation-state e) the action of separating something into parts, or the process of being
separated
acceleration f) increase in the rate or speed of something
oblivion g) history of humankind in the period before recorded history
demography h) the state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening
division i) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using
punishment to correct disobedience
artifact j) branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events

Task 5. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the suggestion box.

society arts trade

evidence writing elites
history artifacts humanistic
1. History is envisaged as the development of nature and … .
2. History is a discipline alongside literature, languages, philosophy and … .
3. The explanation of historical reality depends on the reliability of … .
4. Humanistic history science focuses on the interpretation of the written word and
cultural … .
5. … is artificially created system of fixing broadcasting.
6. Writing evolved originally in the service of agriculture and … , as well as political and
religious … .
7. Teaching of … was put in the service of creating national identities.
8. History approach also involves … interpretation.

Task 6. What figures did you get from this picture?

What information can you narrate about them?

Task 7. Puzz Story

VI. Imagine that you are viator. Make a journey through time. You’ll dodge dinosaurs, ride
a chariot in the Ancient Olympics, trade with merchants on the Silk Road, see Tenochtitlan,
capital city of the Aztec Empire, play lacrosse with Native Americans and meet famous
people like Leonardo da Vinci.
Make up a story of your journey illustrating the meaning of the following pictures.

WEEK 2.
Task 8. Fill in the missing letters in the following words.
Com_un_ty, p_rc_pt_on, ab_l_t_, env_sag_, _ss_nc_,
red_c_, _nvent_on, c_ns_lid_te, _vid_nc_, _volv_, _lit_.

Task 9. Form the sentences using such words and word combinations.
History, specific actions, entire communities, historical knowledge,
process, state, cultural artifacts.

Task 10. Choose one of the A, B, C or D. Describe picture using new vocabulary words.
Task 11.
Read and comment upon the following quotations about history or make up a short
story of your own illustrating its moral. Think over why do we study history?
1. The more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future
(Theodore Roosevelt).
2. Study the past if you would define the future (Confucius).
3. History never repeats itself. Man always does (Voltaire).
4. If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday (Pearl Buck).
5. History is philosophy teaching by examples (Thucydides).

Task 14. Read and complete the answers of student in the dialogue.

Historical Science

Tutor helps a student who is struggling in a subject of history. Now they discuss the
principles of history as a science.

Tutor: What is historical science?

Student: _____________________________
Tutor: Do you know something about the etymology of history?
Student: ___________________________
Tutor: That’s right. When did historical thinking appear?
Student: ____________________________
Tutor: Quite true. Could you name the most famous ancient historians?
Student: ______________________
Tutor: What can you say about the first historical writings? What were they like?
Student: _______________________
 Tutor: What do you know about the history of Kazakhstan?
Student: ____________________________
Tutor: You’re right. But what famous Kazakhstani historians do you know?
Student: _________________________
Tutor: Well done. I think that is quite. See you tomorrow.

[[[[Tutor: What is historical science?

Student: It is a science dealing with the formation and development of human society.
Tutor: Do you know something about the etymology of history?
Student: It originates from Greek historia that means the inquiry, knowledge acquired
by investigation.
Tutor: That’s right. When did historical thinking appear?
Student: To my mind it goes back to the 4th – 3rd millennium B.C.
Tutor: Quite true. Could you name the most famous ancient historians?
Student: Of course. The famous historians from Ancient Greece are Herodotus, who was
the “father of History”, Xenophon and Polybius. As for the Ancient Rome,the most well-
known historians were Titus, Tacitus and Plutarch there.
Tutor: What can you say about the first historical writings? What were they like?
Student: These were stone inscriptions, reviews and chronicles that showed various
events in Egypt, Babylon, Assyria and Persia.
Tutor: What do you know about the history of Ukraine?
Student: History of Ukraine is not only the history of the Ukrainian people, but also the
history of all nations and peoples living on its territory. Studying the history of Ukraine
started long ago, but the transformation of historical knowledge in science began during
the XIX century.
Tutor: You’re right. But what famous Ukrainian historians do you know?
Student: For the development of scientific history of Ukraine the largest contribution
made such historians as M. Kostomarov, V. Antonovych and M. Hrushevsky. In the first
decade of the XX century the studying of Ukrainian history continued D. Bahaliy, M.
Slabchenko, D. Yavornytsky, D. Doroshenko, I. Krypiakevych and others.
Tutor: Well done. I think that is quite. See you tomorrow.]]]]

Task 15.

Science in the Middle Ages

With the eclipse of the Greek and Roman cultures, many of their (жұмыстар) passed into
the hands of the Muslims, who by the 7th and 8th century A.D. had extended their influence
through much of the world surrounding the Mediterranean. All of the Greek works were
(аударылды) into Arabic, and commentaries were added. Important developments from the
(шығыс) were also transmitted, and the Hindu numeral system was introduced, as well as the
manufacture of paper and gunpowder, learned from the Chinese. (Ғалымдар) gathered at cities
like Damascus, Baghdad, and Cairo, at one end of the Mediterranean, and at Cordova and
Toledo, in Spain, at the other end. Many astronomical observations were made at (әр түрлі)
locations, but there was little effort to improve or modify the Greek model of Ptolemy. In
medicine (маңызды) contributions were made by Al-Razi (Rhazes, 865–925) and Ibn-Sina
(Avicenna, 980–1037), and in alchemy and pharmacology by Jabir (Geber, 9th cent.), whose
work was expanded in the 10th (ғасыр) by a mystical sect aligned with the Sufi tradition. At
Cairo, Al-Hazen (965–1038) studied optics, particularly the properties of lenses, and
Maimonides (1135–1204),the (еврейлік) philosopher, came there from Spain to practice
medicine as physician to Saladin, the Sultan. The Arabs thus preserved the scientific works of
the Greeks and added to them, and also (таныстырылды) other contributions from Asia. This
body of learning first began to be discovered by Europeans in the 11th century.

Certain technical innovations during the Early Middle Ages, e.g., development of the
heavy plow, the windmill, and the magnetic compass, as well as improvements in (кеме
дизайны), had increased agricultural productivity and navigation and contributed to the
(қалалардың өсуі), with their craft guilds and universities. These changes were more
pronounced in North Europe than in the south. The introduction of papermaking (12th century)
and printing (1436–50) made possible the recording of craft traditions that had been handed
down (ауызша) in previous centuries. This served to (азайту) the gap between the artisan
classes and the scholar classes and contributed to the development of certain individuals who
combined elements of both traditions – the artist-engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci, whose
studies of flight and other technological (мәселелер) were far beyond their time, and the artist-
mathematicians, such as Albrecht Dürer, who (бақылады) the laws of perspective and wrote a
textbook on geometry. Many artists came to study anatomy in detail.

[Link] did many works of Greek and Roman cultures passed into the hands of the Muslims?
2. At what period had Muslims extended their influence through much of the world
surrounding the Mediterranean?
3. What numeral system was introduced later?
4. How did the manufacture of paper and gunpowder appear? What country did it come
from?
5. Where did the outstanding scholars gathered?
6. Who did make important contributions in medicine?

Impact of History in Europe

The renewal of learning in Europe that (басталды) with 12th century Scholasticism,
came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent
Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance,
(басқа жағынан қарағанда), showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelian natural
philosophy to chemistry and the biological (ғылымдар) (botany, anatomy, and medicine). Thus
(заманауи) science in Europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the Protestant
Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; the discovery of the Americas by Christopher
Columbus; the Fall of Constantinople; but also the rediscovery of Aristotle during the
Scholastic period presaged large (әлеуметтік және саяси өзгерістер). Thus, a suitable
(қоршаған орта) was created in which it became possible to (сұрақ) scientific doctrine, in
much the same way that Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine. The
works of Ptolemy (astronomy) and Galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday
observations. Work by Vesalius on (адам) cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of
anatomy.
The willingness to question previously held (шындық) and search for new (жауаптар)
resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most (тарихшылар) to have begun in 1543,
when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas
Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first
printed. The thesis of Copernicus’ book was that the Earth (айналды) around the Sun. The
period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in
1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented (өсім) of scientific publications
throughout Europe.

1. What is the Northern Renaissance?

2. What did it show?
3. In what way was modern science in Europe resumed in a period of great upheaval?
4. What do you know about the Scientific Revolution?
WEEK 3
PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY

Task 1. Read and answer the section “Comprehension Check”

The Primitive Community

The primary socio-economic system in the history of mankind begins with the primitive
community. Its essence lies in the collective production and consumption, as well as the
collective ownership of natural resources and tools. Primitive formation has gone through two
stages of development: consumer and reproducing farming. The main purpose of primitive
production was to create the necessary product for the physical existence of man and the
expanded reproduction of the population.
Two major social divisions of labor were held within the primitive formation. The first is
characterized by the release of pastoral tribes, which resulted significant increase of
productivity, the additional product and exchange. The second is associated with distinguishing
metal production as an independent branch of production.
Primitive society (originality, protohistory, prehistory) – is the first and longest period in
history from the emergence of Homo sapiens (about 2.5 – 2.8 million years ago) and the
emergence of civilization and statehood (in Asia and Africa, IV–III millennium BC). There are
several periodizations of primitive society. They are general (historical), archaeological,
anthropological and other. The most important of them are archaeological, based on the
differences in engineering and manufacturing tools.
The history of primitive society is divided into three periods – the Stone Age (III
millennium BC), Bronze Age (III–I millennium BC) and Iron Age (I millennium BC – I
century AD). Stone Age (about 3 million years – III millennium BC) lasted differently
depending on a region. Some tribes switched to using metal, while others remained at the stage
of the Stone Age. In its way, Stone Age is divided into the Lower Paleolithic (2.5 million – 150
thousand years ago), Middle Paleolithic (150–40 thousand years ago), the Upper Paleolithic
(40–10 thousand years ago), Mesolithic (10–7 thousand years ago), Neolithic (6–4 thousand
years ago), Chalcolithic (Eneolithic, 4–3 thousand years ago).
The primitive human herd differed from animals primarily with the ability to make
tools. In the Paleolithic period the instruments were made of wood and stone. The simplest
tools were a hand-axe, a digging stock and a wooden club. When people invented the harpoon,
they began to take up fishing. In Mesolithic period the invention of bows and arrows helped to
start cattle-breeding. Axes made it possible to go over to farming. After the Stone Age, comes
a brief Chalcolithic period, ie the existence of cultures with copper and stone tools. Afterwards
began the Bronze Age. Copper and stone instruments were replaced by those made of metal
(bronze, iron).
The periodization of primitive society envisages the evolution of forms of property, the
degree of labor division, family relationships, etc. In summary, this periodization can be
represented as follows: the era of the primitive herd, the era of the tribal (clan) system, era of
the expansion communal tribal system (appearance of cattle, plow agriculture, metal
processing, and emergence of elements of exploitation and private property).

Check your understanding.

1. What is the beginning of human history?
2. What stages of development has primitive formation gone through?
3. Name the main purpose of the primitive production.
4. How many and what major social divisions of labor were held within the primitive
formation?
5. Make a definition of primitive society.
6. What periodizations of primitive society do you know?
7. Сharacterize three historical periods of primitive society.
8. Describe primitive handcrafted tools?
9. What does the periodization of primitive society envisage in general?

Task 2. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?

1. The main aim of primitive production was to create the necessary product for the physical
existence of man.
2. The prehistory of primitive society is divided into three periods.
3. They are the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
4. Stone Age lasted roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 6000 BC and 2000 BC with
the advent of metalworking.
5. The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic.

Task 3. Match the words and their definitions.

1. a tribe a) work, especially hard physical work

2. a labour b) a group of people living in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common
3. to consume c) a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or
communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with
a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader
4. a mankind d) create or design (something that has not existed before); be the
 originator of
5. a community e) eat, drink, or ingest (food or drink)
6. statehood f) a place, typically one that has hitherto been uninhabited, where
people establish a community
7. pastoral g) human beings considered collectively; the human race
8. copper h) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle
9. to invent i) a red-brown metal, the chemical element of atomic number 29
10. settlement j) the status of being a recognized independent nation

Task 4. ill in the gaps with appropriate words from the suggestion box.

socio-economic expanded reproduction

primitive community
periodizations property Stone
Age
primitive production manufacturing tools
engineering

1. The primary … system in the history of mankind begins with the ...
2. The main purpose of … was to create the necessary product for the physical existence of man
and the … of the population.
3. There are several … of primitive society.
4. The most important of them are archaeological, based on the differences in … and ...
5. … lasted differently depending on a region.
6. The periodization of primitive society envisages the evolution of forms of …

Task 5. Look at this picture. Guess what is described in it. What is meant by each of
these symbols? Make a story of primitive communities and their cave drawings.
Task 6. Describe the tools in the picture and the needs for their use in different
epochs. Make up a short story. Use some words and expressions of these pictures.

Task 7. Correct the mistakes in the sentences.

1. The essence of primitive community lies in the individual production and consumption, as
well as the individual ownership of natural resources and tools.
2. Three major social divisions of labor were held within the primitive formation.
3. The first is characterized with the distinguishing of metal production as an independent
branch of production.
4. The second is associated by the release of pastoral tribes, which resulted significant increase
of productivity, the additional product and exchange.
5. The history of primitive society is divided into five periods.

Task 8. Fill in the missing letters in the following words.

Task 9. Make up sentences illustrating the meaning of the following words
and phrases.
History of mankind, primitive community, essence, collective ownership,
social divisions, physical existence, society, proto-history,
emergence of Homo sapiens, statehood, archaeological,
manufacturing tools.

Task 10. Complete the following sentences to support the main ideas of the
text.

1. Primitive formation has gone through ...

2. Primitive society is …
3. In the Paleolithic period the instruments were made of …
4. The primitive human herd differed from animals primarily with ...
5. The periodization of primitive society envisages …

Task 11. XIII. Discuss the problems with your peers.

1. The formation of primitive communities and main conditions necessary for their existence.
2. What is the history of mankind?
3. The appearance of new methods of labour.
4. Enforcement of private property rights in primitive societies: law without government.
5. Compare the primitive community with the utopian society.
6. Reply and mention Darwin’s theory of evolution.
7. Express surprise and ask about the origins of the Neandertals. Reply and describe them.
Task 12. Read and discuss some quotes.

Do you agree with these sayings? Think of your own phrase concerning primitive society.
WEEK 5

The development of civilization

Read and answer the section “Comprehension Check”

The Development of Civilization

Civilization is one of the most important forms of human reality and life. All civilizations
are closely related. However, each has its own specific features characterizing different
phenomena of social life. European civilization began over 4,000 years ago. Wandering tribes
from central Europe made their homes in the country we now call Greece. These first Greeks
were farmers. They lived in villages with wooden houses. They used horses and carts for
transport and grew wheat in their fields. Later, about 2,600 years ago, the Greeks produced
brilliant poets, artists, scientists, builders, craftsmen and philosophers. They also developed the
idea of democracy, a form of government in which all citizens have the right to choose their
rulers. This idea began in Athens. Athens was one of the city states formed in Greece after
about 850 BC. There were other city states in Thebes, Argos, Corinth and Sparta.

Europe’s first major culture existed on the Greek island of Crete from around 200 ВС to
1450 ВС. This “Minoan” civilization had an important place in world history, as building the
first civilization to appear on European soil. The Minoans had its own cities, roads and palaces.
Between the ninth and third centuries its center was the city of Athens, where many important
“European” ideas about democracy, law, philosophy and art were born. The Minoan
Civilization was a highly evolved civilization with a matriarchal religion, beautiful art, a
sophisticated system of writing and complex belligerent relations with neighboring nations.
After Greece, Italy became the dominant nation. In the 8th century BC, two small villages stood
 on the Palatine Hill above the River Tiber in Italy. The villagers were farmers. They lived in
thatch-roofed huts made of wood and wickerwork and covered in clay. It seems amazing that
these villages could grow into one of the mightiest powers Europe has ever known. But that is
what happened. From these villages there grew the city of Rome. From the city of Rome, there
grew the Roman Empire. Founded in 753 ВС as a republic, Rome became powerful around 300
ВС, and 200 years later it ruled almost the entire Mediterranean world.

Rome was connected by a network of roads and controlled by a huge army. After 27 ВС
it was ruled by emperors. Roman Empire was one of the richest, most successful empires the
world had ever seen. But during the third and fourth centuries AD, tribes of ‘barbarians’ the
Visigoths (AD 410) and the Vandals (AD 455) began to attack its frontiers. Later, more and
more barbarians flooded into the empire. At last, in AD 476 a barbarian called Odoacer made
himself king of Italy. So, after 750 years, the Roman Empire came to an end in Europe.

The Franks, one of the barbarian tribes, settled in Central France. When Charlemagne
(AD 742–814) became their leader they conquered a large part of Western Europe. Before
Charlemagne’s death, the “Holy Roman Empire” spread from the Pyrene to present-day
Germany.

Task 1. Look at these words and guess what is the text about that we are going to listen?

decades / scientists / humans / stone tools / civilization / animal bones / meat / Africa
sites / project / capital city / archaeologist / ancestors / scavengers / hunter / hopes

Task 2. Students A strongly believe it is important to know where humans originated;

Students B strongly believe it isn't. Change partners again and talk about your
conversations.

Task 3. How did the earliest humans live? Complete this table with your partner(s).
Change partners often and share what you wrote.

What did they do? Is this better than today?

Food
Shelter
Hobbies
Exercise
Travel
Fun

Task 4. Rank these with your partner. Put the things that change civilizations most at the
top. Change partners often and share your rankings.

 war
 technology
 movies and music
 sport
 religion
 Internet
 science
 trade

Task 5. Listen to the text and fill the gaps

For many (1) ____, scientists believed the earliest humans originated in East Africa. This belief
has changed because (2) ____ a collection of 2.4-million-year-old stone tools found in Algeria.
Scientists now (3) ____ that Algeria and not East Africa is the cradle of civilization - where
humankind began. The new find (4) ____ of 250 tools. There were also 296 animal bones. The
scientists say the animal bones show that early humans were (5) ____ meat. Dr Mohamed
Sahnouni, leader of the project, said: "The evidence from Algeria changes the earlier view that
East Africa was the cradle of humankind." He added: "Actually, the (6) ____ of Africa was the
cradle of humankind."

Archaeologists have been digging at (7) ____ sites on this project for 25 years. The sharp-edged
tools and bones were discovered near the city of Setif, about 200 miles east (8) ____ Algeria's
capital, Algiers. In particular, the animal bones excited the scientists. Dr Sahnouni said it is now
(9) ____ that humans were butchering animals for meat 600,000 years earlier than previously
thought. A Spanish archaeologist said: "The (10) ____ use of sharp-edged tools ...suggests that
our ancestors were not mere scavengers." She said it wasn't clear (11) ____ or not they hunted,
but they did compete with other animals to get access to (12) ____. Dr Sahnouni now hopes to
find the tool-makers and even older stone tools.

Which of these words go in the above text?

1. (a) decadence (b) decades (c) decodes (d) decants

2. (a) on (b) at (c) as (d) of
3. (a) belief (b) believe (c) belies (d) belly
4. (a) contests (b) contents (c) consists (d) concerts
5. (a) butchering (b) butcher (c) butchers (d) butchered
6. (a) whole (b) entire (c) all (d) every
7. (a) varies (b) vary (c) variety (d) various
8. (a) of (b) on (c) at (d) by
9. (a) clearly (b) clear (c) cleared (d) clearing
10.(a) reflective (b) affective (c) effective (d) infective
11.(a) weather (b) if (c) whether (d) which
12.(a) meaty (b) meat (c) meet (d) meeting

Task 6. Vocabulary

Paragraph 1

[Link] a. Have a known beginning.

[Link] b. The society, culture, and way of life of an area.
[Link] c. A place, process, or event in which something starts or
grows.
[Link] d. A thinking that something is true or that something
exists or is real.
 [Link] e. A period of ten years.
[Link] f. All of the facts or information that show a belief or idea
is true.
[Link] g. Is made up of.

Paragraph 2

8. archaeologists h. A family member who was alive a long time ago.

9. various i. A person who studies human history and prehistory
through the digging of sites and looks at very old things.
[Link] j. Killing and cutting up an animal for food.
[Link] k. An animal that feeds on dead plant material, dead
animals, or trash.
[Link] l. A place where a particular event or activity is happening
or has happened.
[Link] m. Any of the pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the
skeleton in humans and other animals.
[Link] n. Different kinds or sorts.

Task 7. Read the headline. Guess if 1-8 below are true (T) or false (F).

1. For many centuries, scientists thought civilization started in East Africa.

2. Stone tools over two million years old were found in Algeria.
3. Archaeologists found 296 stone tools and 250 animal bones.
4. A scientist said the north of Africa was the cradle of humankind.
5. Archaeologists have been working on the project for 25 years.
6. Humans cut up animals for meat earlier than we thought.
7. An archaeologist said our ancestors were not only scavengers.
8. An archaeologist said he hoped to find old buildings.

Task 8. Match the following synonyms from the article.

1. believed a. originated
2. collection b. obvious
3. began c. proof
4. butchering d. set
5. evidence e. different
6. various f. just
7. clear g. thought
8. previously h. discover
9. mere i. cutting up
[Link] j. earlier

Task 9. PHRASE MATCH: (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)

1. This belief has a. the city of Setif

 2. The new find consists b. of humankind
3. early humans were c. mere scavengers
4. The evidence from Algeria changes d. of 250 tools
5. Africa was the cradle e. butchering meat
6. Archaeologists have been digging f. at various sites
7. discovered near g. the earlier view
8. 600,000 years earlier than h. the tool-makers
9. our ancestors were not i. changed
[Link] Sahnouni now hopes to find j. previously thought

Task 10. Comprehension questionsomprehension questions

1. For how long did scientists believe humans originated in East Africa?
2. How old were the stone tools that were found?
3. How many animal bones did the archeologists find?
4. What did a scientist say early humans were butchering?
5. What did an archaeologist say was the "cradle of humankind"?
6. For how long have the archaeologists been working on the project?
7. How far is the city of Setif from the capital Algiers?
8. How many years earlier have we been butchering meat then we thought?
9. What does the use of tools suggest early humans might have done?
[Link] does the project leader now hope to find?

Task 11. Role play

Role A – Religion
You think religion is most responsible for changing civilization today. Tell the others three
reasons why. Tell them why their things don't affect civilization as much.
Role B – Internet
You think the Internet is most responsible for changing civilization today. Tell the others three
reasons why. Tell them why their things don't affect civilization as much.
Role C – Trade
You think trade is most responsible for changing civilization today. Tell the others three
reasons why. Tell them why their things don't affect civilization as much.
Role D – Movies
You think movies are most responsible for changing civilization today. Tell them why their
things don't affect civilization as much.
Task 12. Put the text back together

(...) not East Africa is the cradle of civilization - where humankind began. The new find
consists of 250
(...) edged tools and bones were discovered near the city of Setif, about 200 miles east of
Algeria's
(...) thought. A Spanish archaeologist said: "The effective use of sharp-edged tools ...suggests
that our ancestors
(...) animals to get access to meat. Dr Sahnouni now hopes to find the tool-makers and even
older stone tools.
(...) were not mere scavengers." She said it wasn't clear whether or not they hunted, but they
did compete with other
(...) of a collection of 2.4-million-year-old stone tools found in Algeria. Scientists now believe
that Algeria and
(...) "The evidence from Algeria changes the earlier view that East Africa was the cradle of
( 1 ) For many decades, scientists believed the earliest humans originated in East Africa. This
belief has changed because
(...) capital, Algiers. In particular, the animal bones excited the scientists. Dr Sahnouni said it is
now clear
(...) humankind." He added: "Actually, the whole of Africa was the cradle of humankind."
(...) tools. There were also 296 animal bones. The scientists say the animal bones show that
early
(...) Archaeologists have been digging at various sites on this project for 25 years. The sharp-
(...) humans were butchering meat. Dr Mohamed Sahnouni, leader of the project, said:
(...) that humans were butchering animals for meat 600,000 years earlier than previously

Task 12. Put the words in the right order

1. the E. Africa . earliest Scientists believed in humans originated

2. collection stone A tools . 2 .4-million-year-old of
3. - began . The cradle of where humankind civilization
4. that butchering meat . were humans early show Bones
5. earlier from view . Algeria changes evidence the The
6. sites . been at have digging various Archaeologists
7. were sharp-edged tools bones and The discovered .
8. excited the bones animal scientists . the particular, In
9. It clear or hunted . wasn't not whether they
[Link] to to Compete meat . with get animals

Task 13. Punctuate the text and add capitals

for many decades scientists believed the earliest humans originated in east africa this belief has
changed because of a collection of 24millionyearold stone tools found in algeria scientists now
believe that algeria and not east africa is the cradle of civilization where humankind began the
new find consists of 250 tools there were also 296 animal bones the scientists say the animal
bones show that early humans were butchering meat dr mohamed sahnouni leader of the project
said the evidence from algeria changes the earlier view that east africa was the cradle of
humankind he added actually the whole of africa was the cradle of humankind

archaeologists have been digging at various sites on this project for 25 years the sharpedged
tools and bones were discovered near the city of setif about 200 miles east of algerias capital
algiers in particular the animal bones excited the scientists dr sahnouni said it is now clear that
humans were butchering animals for meat 600000 years earlier than previously thought a
spanish archaeologist said the effective use of sharpedged tools suggests that our ancestors were
not mere scavengers she said it wasnt clear whether or not they hunted but they did compete
with other animals to get access to meat dr sahnouni now hopes to find the toolmakers and even
older stone tools
Task 14. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT? Write a newspaper article about the next stage in this
news story.