CONTENTS

CONCEPTS Page No
1. Introduction

1.1 Abstract 1
1.2 Introduction 2
2. Agriculture Waste Generation 3-4
3. Wastes From Livestock Production 5
4. Waste From Aquaculture 5-6
5. Waste Utilization Routes 6-8
6. Objectives 8-9
7. Scope 9
8. Research Methodology 9-10
9. Survey Questionnaire 10-15

10. Statistical Methods Used 15

11. Survey Area 15-16

12. Problems Identified 16-17

13. Agricultural Waste Management System 18-19

14. Overview of ‘3R’Approach to AWM 19-23
15. Analysis and Interpretation 24-27

16. Community Awareness Program 28-30

17. Pictures of Survey 30-35

18. Student self-evaluation for the community service project 36

19. Project activity log 37-61

20. Recommendations and Conclusions 62-63

21. References 64

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 List of Figures:

[Link] Name of the figure Page No.

1 Flow chart of Agriculture Waste Characterization 4
2 4
Classification of Agriculture Waste
3 Wastes from Livestock Production 5
4 Waste from Aquaculture 6
5 Location 16
6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED 17-18
5 Cycle of 3R 20
6 The 3R Hierarchy in AWM 21
7 Agricultural Waste Management Functions USDA (2012) 22
8 Scatter plot of different area crops from 2000-2021 25
9 Box plot of Agricultural Process 26
10 Pie Chart of Different crops 26
11 Bar graphs of agricultural manures 27
12 Community Awareness Program 29
13 Pictures of Survey 30-35
14 Project activity log 37-61

VII
INTRODUCTION

VIII
Abstract:
Agricultural wastes are non-product outputs of production and processing of
agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic
values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use.
Estimates of agricultural waste arising are rare, but they are generally thought of as
contributing a significant proportion of the total waste matter in the developed world.
Agricultural development is usually accompanied by wastes from the irrational application of
intensive farming methods and the abuse of chemicals used in cultivation, remarkably
affecting rural environments in particular and the global environment in general. Generally,
agricultural wastes are generated from a number of sources notably from cultivation,
livestock and aquaculture. These wastes are currently used for a number of applications
through the ‘3R’ strategy of waste management. Agricultural waste management system
(AWMS) was discussed and a typical waste management option for a poultry farm was also
described using the six agricultural waste management functions. Agricultural waste has a
toxicity potential to plant, animals and human through many direct and indirect channels. The
effects of these toxic agricultural wastes on the environment were discussed as well as their
management.

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Introduction:
Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from the growing and processing of
raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products, and crops.
They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products that
may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic values are less than the cost
of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use. Their composition will depend
on the system and type of agricultural activities and they can be in the form of liquids,
slurries, or solids. Agricultural waste otherwise called agro-waste is comprised of animal
waste (manure, animal carcasses), food processing waste (only 20% of maize is canned and
80% is waste), crop waste (corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, drops and culls from fruits and
vegetables, prunings) and hazardous and toxic agricultural waste (pesticides, insecticides and
herbicides, etc). Estimates of agricultural waste arising are rare, but they are generally
thought of as contributing a significant proportion of the total waste matter in the developed
world. Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of
livestock waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industry by-products. There is likely to
be a significant increase in agricultural wastes globally if developing countries continue to
intensify farming systems. It is estimated that about 998 million tonnes of agricultural waste
is produced yearly Agamuthu (2009). Organic wastes can amount up to 80 percent of the total
solid wastes generated in any farm Brown and Root Environmental Consultancy Group (1997)
of which manure production can amount up to 5.27 kg/day/1000 kg live weight, on a wet
weight basis Over cash (1973).

2
Agricultural Waste Generation:
As earlier noted, agricultural development is usually accompanied by wastes from the
irrational application of intensive farming methods and the abuse of chemicals used in
cultivation, remarkably affecting rural environments in particular and the global
environmental in general. The waste generated is dependent on the type of agricultural
activities carried out. While tropical climate is favorable for growing crops, it also supports
the generation and development of insects and weeds. This situation creates a high demand
for pesticides in order to kill insects and protect against the spread of epidemic diseases; this
need often lead to the abuse of pesticides by farmers. After using pesticides, most of the
bottles and packages holding these pesticides are thrown into fields or ponds. According to an
estimate made by the Plant Protection Department (PPD), about 1.8% of the chemicals
remain in their packaging Dien and Vong (2006).These wastes have the potential to cause
unpredictable environmental consequences such as food poisoning, unsafe food hygiene and
contaminated farmland due to their potentially lasting and toxic chemicals.

In addition to this, existing stagnant or unused pesticides and pesticide packages with
residue from the original contents poses serious environmental consequence in that they
could be stored or buried in the wrong way which may leak or enter the environment through
osmosis and thereby affecting the environment. In agricultural production for example,
fertilizers play an important role in maintaining the productivity and quality of plants.
Inorganic fertilizer is inexpensive and characterized by high productivity. However, many
farmers apply more fertilizer to their crops than the amount needed by the plants Hai and
Tuyet (2010). The serious consequence of such an excessive application of fertilizer is that it
is used to the point of abuse in order to increase the annual agricultural output. The rate of
absorption of such fertilizer compounds (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) varies
depending on the land characteristics, plant types, and method of fertilization Thao
(2003).Among the fertilizer excess, a portion is retained in the soil, a portion enters ponds,
lakes and/or rivers as a result of either surface runoff or the irrigation system adopted, which
results in the pollution of surface water; a portion enters the ground water, and a portion
evaporates or becomes denitrated causing air pollution.

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Fig1: Flow chart of Agriculture Waste Characterization

Fig 2: Classification of Agriculture Waste

4
Wastes from Livestock Production:
Waste from livestock activities include solid waste such as manure and organic
materials in the Slaughter house; wastewater such as urine, cage wash water, wastewater
from the bathing of animals and from maintaining sanitation in slaughterhouses; air pollutants
such as H2S and CH4; and odors. The pollution caused by livestock production is therefore a
serious problem since most of them are usually built around residential areas. Air pollution
includes odors emanating from cages resulting from the digestion process of livestock wastes;
the putrefaction process of organic matter in manure; animal urine, and/or from redundant
foods. The intensity of the smell depends on animal density, ventilation, temperature, and
humidity. The proportion of NH3, H2S, and CH4 varies along with the stages of the digestion
process and also depends on organic materials, the components of foods, microorganisms,
and the status of the animals’ health. This untreated and no reusable waste source can
generate greenhouse gases while also having negative effects on the fertility of the soil and
causing water pollution. In livestock waste, water volume accounts for 75–95% of total
volume, while the rest includes organic matter, inorganic matter, and many species of
microorganisms and parasite eggs Hai and Tuyet (2010). Those germs and substances can
spread diseases to humans and cause many negative effects on the environment.

Waste from Aquaculture:

The growth in aquaculture has led to an increase in the use of feeds for improved
production. The amount of feed used in a system is the most important factor used in

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determining the quantity of waste generated. The wastes that result from the use of
aquaculture feeds are discussed in this section of the report and it is a summary of the
information provided by Miller and Semmens (2002). One of the major wastes generated in
aquaculture is metabolic waste which could be dissolved or suspended. In a properly
managed farm, approximately 30% of the feed used will become solid waste. Feeding rates
are dependent on the ambient temperature. Increase in temperature results in increased
feeding which gives rise to increased generated waste. Water flow patterns in production
units are important for waste management because a proper flow will minimize the
fragmentation of fish faces and allow for rapid settling and concentration of the settle able
solids. This can be critical because a high percentage of nonfragmented faeces can be quickly
captured which will greatly reduce the dissolved organic waste Mathieu (1995).

Waste Utilization Routes:

Agricultural waste utilization technology must either use the residues rapidly, or store
the residues under conditions that do not cause spoilage or render the residues unsuitable for
processing to the desired end product. There are a number of applications to which these
wastes can be used. they are

Fertilizer Application:
The utilization of animal manures for fertilizer has a definite impact on input energy
requirements at the farm level Timbers and Downing (1997). Manure could supply 19, 38 and
61% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in chemical fertilizer Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology Utilization of animal manures and sewage sludge in food and fiber
production (1975). However, fertilizer use of manures from large confinement is associated
with high energy costs for transport, distribution, storage facility requirements, odor problems

6
and possibility of groundwater contamination. Mokwunye (2000). Reported that poultry
manure contains high phosphorus which has positive effect on the growth and productivity of
crops. It is also effective when combined with mineral phosphorus fertilizer for farm use.
Adding manure to soil increases its fertility because it increases the nutrient retention
capacity (or cation exchange capacity), improves the physical condition, the water holding
capacity and the soil structure stability.

Anaerobic Digestion:
Methane gas can be produced from agricultural wastes particularly manures. The gas
is best suited for heating purposes as in broiler operation, water heating, grain drying, etc.
The anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste to form methane-rich gas is a twostep microbial
fermentation. Initially, acid-forming bacteria break down the volatile solids to organic acids
which are then utilized by methane-ogenic organisms to yield methane-rich gas. The
composition of the typical gas produced is: methane, 50-70%; CO2, 25-45%; N2, 0.5-3%; H2,
1-10% with traces of H2S; and the heating value of the gas is in the range of 18-25 MJ/m3
Timbers and Downing (1997). Some of the major disadvantages of the digestion system are
the high capital costs and the explosive properties of the methane gas. However, the
advantages far outweigh the aforementioned disadvantages. Anaerobic digestion makes the
treatment and disposal of large poultry, swine and diary waste feasible, minimizing the odor
problem. It stabilizes the waste and the digestion sludge is relatively odour-free and yet
retains the fertilizer value of the original waste.

Adsorbents in the elimination of heavy metals:

Excessive release of heavy metals into the environment due to industrialization and
urbanization has posed a great problem worldwide. Unlike organic pollutants, the majority of
which are susceptible to biological degradation, heavy metal ions such as copper, cadmium,
mercury, zinc, chromium and lead ions do not degrade into harmless end products Gupta et
al., (2001). The presence of heavy metal ions is a major concern due to their toxicity to many
life forms. Studies on the treatment of effluent bearing heavy metal have revealed adsorption
to be a highly effective technique for the removal of heavy metal from waste stream and
activated carbon has been widely used Chand et al., (1994). In recent years, agricultural
wastes have proven to be a low-cost alternative for the treatment of effluents containing
heavy metals through the adsorption process. The low-cost agricultural waste such as

7
sugarcane bagasse Mohan and Singh (2002), rice husk Ayub et al.,(2002), sawdust Ajmal et
al,(1996), coconut husk Tan et al.,(1993), oil palm shell Khan et al.,(2003), neem bark Ayub
et al.,(2001). etc., for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater have been investigated
by various researchers.

Pyrolysis:
In pyrolysis systems, agricultural waste is heated up to a temperature of 400-600°C in
the absence of oxygen to vaporize a portion of the material, leaving a char behind. This is
considered to be a higher technology procedure for the utilization of agricultural wastes.
Others are hydro-gasification, and hydrolysis. They are used for the preparation of chemicals
from agricultural waste as well as for energy recovery. Of particular interest to agriculture are
the preparation of alcohols for fuel, ammonia for fertilizers, glucose for food and feed.
Pyrolysis of agricultural waste yields oil, char and low heating value gas.

Animal feed:
In most developing countries, the problem with animal feed is in the limited
availability of protein sources although great efforts are being made to find alternative
supplements Leng et al., (1992). Crop residues have high fiber content and are low in protein,
starch and fat. Therefore, the traditional method of increasing livestock production by
supplementing forage and pasture with grains and protein concentrate may not meet future
meat protein needs. Use of the grain and protein for human food will compete with such use
for animal feed. These problems may be circumvented by utilizing residues to feed
domesticated animals Hussein and Sawan (2010).

Direct combustion:
The simple act of burning agricultural waste as fuel is one of the oldest biomass
conversion processes known to mankind. Complete combustion of agrowaste “consists of the
rapid chemical reaction (oxidation) of biomass and oxygen, the release of energy, and the
simultaneous formation of the ultimate oxidation products of organic matter – CO2 and
water” Klass (2004). The energy released is usually in the form of radiant and thermal energy
provided oxidation occurs at sufficient rate; the amount of which is a function of the enthalpy
of combustion of the biomass. If agricultural waste is to be utilized efficiently through
thermal conversion process, there is need to fabricate these biomass wastes into solid form. It
is usually burnt for heating, cooking, charcoal production, and the generation of steam,
mechanical and electric power applications. Of all the processes that can be used to convert

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agricultural waste to energy or fuels, combustion is still the dominant technology accounting
for more than 95% of all biomass energy utilized today Klass (2004).

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this report are as follows:
• The protection of environment through effective waste management technology

• To prevent air, water and soil pollution and prevention by epidemic diseases

• The protection of human and animals health, well-being and environment

• The main actions are the reduction and reuse of waste of food and agriculture

• Safety and hygienic disposal of waste

• Minimize the cost of food and agricultural waste production

• Publicized and awareness among the citizen about the food and agricultural waste
impact

• Balancing and maintain sustainable development and Eco-system

• Ensuring the recycle system and waste to energy production

• Promotion of agricultural waste management

SCOPE:
This study has focused on agricultural waste management The following aspects were
covered in this study:

Agricultural waste management is an integral part of an environmental management

system. The approaches have been extended into a more practical and effective option to
establish sustainability.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Sample and Survey:

A Questionnaire was framed and conducted to collect data for the study. Purposive
Random Sampling techniques were applied, and the data consists of different types of
farmers who cultivate different crops. The data consists of farmer details, cultivation land
details, how agricultural waste is effectively utilized. A total of 50 respondents filled the
questionnaire during the survey with varied demographics like age, type of crops grown in
their areas, income etc.

Data Collection:

A survey questionnaire was prepared comprising 32 questions which were responsible

for identifying various aspects of the research.

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE:

• The following survey questionnaire was designed with an aim of generating data
related to Consumer Perception on Electric Vehicles.

• The respondents were asked to fill the questionnaire. Questions were framed inn
logical order and were of different types. Few are a short answer whereas few are
rating scales.

• This diversified approach while framing the Survey questionnaire helped us in

collecting the data in an easier format without much chaos. It must be noted that the
responses are entirely based on the perception of the respondents.

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Survey Questionnaire

Date:

Farmer’s Details:

1. Name of the Farmer:

2. Number of people in your family:

3. Phone number:

[Link]:

[Link]:

[Link] owned: Acres

[Link] grown:
Cotton
Paddy
Wheat
Chilli

8. What is your financial status?

Below poverty line
Lower middle class
Upper middle-class
High-income group

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[Link] you have any debts?

Yes / No

If Yes, specify

10. From where do you get financial support?

Govt. Banks
Private / Co-operative Banks
Others Specify:

11. Your opinion about the expenses in Agriculture?

Inorganic Method Organic Method Both Method

Very high Very high Very high
Moderate Moderate Moderate
Less Less Less

[Link] you get seeds and fertilizers in time?

Yes / No

13. Have you grown any commercial crops? Yes / No

If Yes, specify:

If No, give reasons:

[Link] fertilizers do you use to grow crops?

Organic

12
 Chemicals
Bio-Fertilizers

15. What factors affect your yield?

Natural calamities- Lack of knowledge
Lack of finances Unavailability of resources
Diseases Others:

16. How do you market your crops?

Direct
Through middle men
Through agencies

17. Do you have storage place and market for your yield?
Yes
No
Don’t know

18. Are you aware about crop rotation?

Yes
No
Don’t know

[Link] soil is best suitable for agriculture?

20.. Which among the following do you use for ploughing the land?
Bullock carts
Tractors
Others

21. Are you aware of Government plans and facilities?

Yes
No
Don’t know

13
[Link] social evils like consumption of alcohol, smoking or lottery affect your life?
Yes
No

23. How do you plan for your future?

Insurance On property
Fixed Deposits Any Other:
Gold None

[Link] you change crops every year?

Yes
No

25. What types of crops are grown in your fields?

Rain fed
Water Irrigation
Don’t know

[Link] you utilize the waste produced from mills?Explain

If Yes, specify:

If No, give reasons:

[Link] you prefer organic farming?

Yes
No

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[Link] you receive money from government?
Yes
No

[Link] are the different crops that are grown according to season?

[Link] you aware about Agriculture Waste Utilization?

Yes
No

STATISTICAL METHODS USED:

The following methods and tools were adopted for statistical analysis:

1. For data visualization, the following methods were adopted

✓ Pie Charts

✓ Bar Graphs

✓ Box plots

SURVEY AREA:

The survey was carried out in prime locations that are Mylavaram, Pondugula.

During the survey we visited different agricultural fields.

They are:

• Cotton Field

• Corn

• paddy

• Jasmine Gardens

• Poultry farms

• Rice mills

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 • Vegetable market

To know how effectively how farmers are utilizing agricultural waste.

The following map shows various locations covered during the survey activity:

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:
Various problems were mentioned by the respondents. Few more problems were identified
during the survey. The following are a list of problems and complications identified during
and post survey:

• Farmers are not using the agriculture waste methodologies.

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• Most of the Farmers are not having awareness on effective utilization on agricultural
waste.

• They are burning the waste after getting the Production.

The Wastes produced from the agriculture fields are:

• Husk from Rice mills

• We can get organic fertilizer from poultries.

• Bio fuel is generated from Sugarcane and Corn.

• Earthworms are generated from Vermicompost.

• We can get different flavour s from fruits and Vegetable peels.

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Agricultural Waste Management System (Awms):
Recently, agricultural waste management (AWM) for ecological agriculture and
sustainable development has become an issue of concern for policy makers Hai and Tuyet
(2010). The usual approach to agricultural waste management has been discharge to the
environment with or without treatment. There is need to consider wastes as potential
resources rather than undesirable and unwanted, to avoid contamination of air, water, and
land resources, and to avoid transmission of hazardous materials. This will require better use
of technology and incentives, a change in philosophy and attitudes, and better approaches to
agricultural waste management. The organic wastes, especially manure generated by animals,
if improperly managed or left untreated can result in significant degradation of soil, water and
air quality. Stagnant wastes provide a medium in which flies breed and diseases are
transmitted.

Uncontrolled decomposition of organic wastes produces odorous gases as well as

ammonia volatilization, leading to acid rain Wright (1998). Because of the intensification of
animal production on a small area of land, there are increasing concerns about: Water quality
resulting from higher nitrogen and phosphorous loadings; Pathogens and antimicrobial
compounds in the manure; Foul odors and air quality from ammonia, methane and nitrous
oxide emissions and Soil quality because of potassium and phosphorous loading Fabian
(1993). An Agricultural Waste Management System (AWMS), according to USDA (2012) is
a “planned system in which all necessary components are installed and managed to control
and use byproducts of agricultural production in a manner that sustains or enhances the
quality of air, water, soil, plant, and animal resources”. Such a system is developed using
total systems approach, i.e. it is designed to cater for all the waste associated with agricultural
production to utilization throughout the year round. The Total Solids (TS) concentration of
agricultural wastes is the main characteristic that determines the handling of the material. For
excreted manure for example, the following factors affect the TS concentration and they

18
include the climate, type of animal, amount of water consumed by the animal, and the feed
type. In most systems the consistency of the waste can be anticipated or determined.

The TS concentration of the waste can be increased by adding beddings or other solid
waste to the waste, decreased by adding water, and stabilized by protecting it from additional
water. The TS concentration is important in that it affects the total volume of the waste to be
handled. Liquid waste management systems are often easier to automate and manage than
those for solid wastes; however the initial cost of the liquid handling equipment may be
greater than that for solid waste systems USDA (2012). AWMS consist of six basic functions
as noted by USDA (2012). These are production, collection, storage, treatment, transfer, and
utilization. Production is a function of the amount and nature of agricultural waste generated.
The waste requires management if quantities produced is sufficient enough to become a
resource concern. A complete analysis of production includes the kind, consistency, volume,
location, and timing of the waste produced. Collection refers to the initial capture and
gathering of the generated waste from the point of origin or deposition. The AWMS plan
should identify the method of collection, location of the collection points, scheduling of the
collection, labor requirements, necessary equipment or structural facilities, management and
installation costs of the components, and the impact that collection has on the consistency of
the waste. The storage function has to do with the temporary containment or holding of the
waste.

The storage facility of a waste management system provides control over the
scheduling and timing of the system functions such as the treatment and application or use of
the waste which could be affected by weather or interfered with by other operations. The
waste management system should identify the storage period; the required storage volume;
the type, estimated size, location, and installation cost of the storage facility; the management
cost of the storage process; and the impact of the storage on the consistency of the waste.
Treatment is any function designed to reduce the pollution or toxic potential of the waste,
including physical, biological, and chemical treatment and increases its potential beneficial
use. It includes pretreatment activities such as analysis of the characteristics of the waste
before treatment; a determination of the desired characteristics of the waste following
treatment; the selection of the type, estimated size, location, and the installation cost of the
treatment facility; and the management cost of the treatment process. Transfer refers to the
movement and transportation of the waste throughout the system from the collection to the
utilization stage either as a solid, liquid, or slurry, depending on the total solids concentration.

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Utilization is the application of the waste for beneficial use and it includes recycling reusable
waste products and reintroducing non reusable waste products into the environment USDA
(2012).

Overview of ‘3R’Approach to AWM

The concept of minimizing waste reduces the quantity and ill-effects of waste
generation by reducing quantity of wastes, reusing the waste products with simple treatments
and recycling the wastes by using it as resources to produce same or modified products. This
is usually referred to as ‘3R’. Some waste products can be consumed as resources for
production of different goods or the same product, meaning recycling the same resource.
When wastes are reused time and again, it offsets harvesting of new similar or same products.
This saves fresh resources exploitation and reduces waste generation. All in all, the 3Rs
individually or collectively saves fresh resources exploitation, add value to the already
exploited resources and very importantly minimizes the waste quantity and its ill effects. The
principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products (3Rs) aims at
achieving efficient minimization of waste generation by: Choosing to use items with care to
reduce the amount of waste generated, Repeated use of items or parts of items which still
have usable aspects and the use of waste itself as resources.

Fig3: Cycle of 3R

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 Fig 4: The 3R Hierarchy in AWM

The 3R Hierarchy in AWM:

Waste minimization efficiency is stated to be better achieved applying 3Rs in a
hierarchical order- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. The waste hierarchy refers to the "3Rs" i.e.,
reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability. The 3Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance. The waste hierarchy
has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basic concept has remained the
foundation of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract
the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
The 3R approach as noted by USDA (2012). Is conventionally expressed through a pyramid
hierarchy in which increase in environmental benefits of each approach is placed from
bottom to top.

21
 Fig 5: Agricultural Waste Management Functions USDA (2012).

Typical poultry waste management options:

A poultry farm is used here to describe a typical waste management system showing
the application of each component function of an AWMS. The poultry waste management
system is as described in USDA (2012). A holistic view of the various waste management
options for poultry production.

Wastes associated with poultry operations include manure and dead poultry.
Depending upon the system, waste can also include litter, wash-flush water, and waste feed.

Collection:
The manure from poultry operations is allowed to accumulate on the floor where it is
mixed with the litter. The manure litter pack forms a “cake” that generally is removed
between flocks. The litter pack can be removed frequently to prevent disease transfer between
flocks. In layer houses, the manure that drops below the cage is collected in deep stacks or is
removed frequently using either a shallow pit located beneath the cages for flushing or
scraping or belt scrapers positioned directly beneath the cages.

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Storage:
Litter from poultry operations is stored on the floor of the housing facility or outside
the housing facility. When it is removed, it can be transported directly to the field for land
application. In some areas the litter may be compacted in a pile and stored in the open for a
limited time; however, it generally is better to cover the manure with a plastic or other
waterproof cover until the litter can be used. But if it is needed to be stored for a long time,
the litter should be stored in a roofed facility. If the manure from layer operations is kept
reasonably dry, it can be stored in a roofed facility. If it is wet, it should be stored in a
structural tank or an earthen storage pond.

Treatment:
Poultry litter can be composted. This stabilizes the litter into a relatively odorless
mass and helps to kill disease organisms so that the litter can be reused as bedding or
supplemental feed to livestock. The litter can also be dried and burned directly as a fuel.
Liquid manure may be placed into an aerobic digester to produce methane gas.

Transfer:
The method used to transfer the waste depends on the total solid content of the waste.
Liquid waste can be transferred in pipes, gutters, or tank wagons, and dried litter can be
scraped, loaded, hauled as a solid and transported using trucks.

Utilization:
The waste from poultry facilities can be used for agricultural land application or sold
because of the high nutrient value of the litter. Furthermore, poultry waste can also be used
for the production of methane gas, buried directly as a fuel, reused as bedding, or used as a
feed supplement to livestock.

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 ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION

24
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Fig6: Scatter plot of different area crops from 2000-2021

25
Box Plots:

Fig7: Box plot of Agricultural Process

Box plot is a good way to show many important features of quantitative (numerical)
data. In box plot,we can observe that the Fig7 is drawn for the following features how
preharvestining,harvesting,grading,storage,transpot,trader,processing,packing,Distribution,m
arket,wholesale,retail ,food services,Households,Export,Whole Supply [Link] can observe
how this feautures are plotted

Fig8: Pie Chart of Different crops

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Pie charts:

The Fig8 shows the information about the diffrent types of crops that are grown in
the diffrent areas.
They are:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Fig9: Bar graphs of agricultural manures

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COMMUNITY
AWARENESS
PROGRAM

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COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAM:

The following are the pictures of awareness program carried out

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PICTURES
OF
SURVEY

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Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name:
Registration No:
Period of CSP:
Date of Evaluation:

Please Rate your performance in the following areas:

1 Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2 Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3 Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4 Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5 Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6 Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7 Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8 Work Plan and organisation 1 2 3 4 5

9 Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10 Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11 Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12 Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13 Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14 Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15 OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

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PROJECT
ACTIVITY
LOG

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RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
CONCLUSIONS

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RECCOMMENDATIONS:
Agricultural waste are used for manufacturing of bio fuels, enzymes, vitamins,
antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics, and other chemicals through solid state
fermentation (SSF). A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of these
valuable products through SSF processes.

We recommend farmers to follow the steps for effective utilization of agricultural waste:
• Farmers are recommended to use the agricultural waste usage benefits.
• Unless firing the land after cultivation make use of row or waste substances.
• Make use of waste stems and leaves of sugarcane and corn crops as biofuels.
• Use animal waste and poultry waste as fertilizers for the crops.

CONCLUSION:
Agricultural wastes are residues from the growing and processing of raw agricultural
products are non-productive outputs of production and processing and may contain material
that can benefit man. These residues are generated from a number of agricultural activities
and they include cultivation, livestock production and aquaculture. It is important to not from
the findings so far that proper waste collection, storage, treatment, transfer, and utilization is
a panacea to a healthy environment. Proper waste utilization will assist in developing our
agricultural sector and provide viable bio fuel resource for many.

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References:
⚫ [Link]
⚫ [Link]
out-of-farm-animal-waste
⚫ [Link]
agriculture/234625

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