1952 constitution proposal

22 december
Head of state must be muslim
There will be a house of units with 60 members from each wing and a house of people with
200 form each wing
Religious minorities will have representation at national and provincial level.
Cabinet will be responsobile to the national assembly rather than the hed of state
Head of state will form a committe of islamic specialist which will ensure that all legislatiion is
conformed to islamic prinicples
Official language will be decided by assembly

Objective resolution
● The constitution will observe the principles of democracy, freedom, equality and
tolerance as laid by Islam
● Minoriteis and poor will be protected under the constitution from social injustice
● The legal system will be separate of government
● Muslims will be allowed to practise islam in their daily lives.
● Peolple of all religions will be alloed to practise their religion freely
● All fundamental human rights will be provided

1950 28 september constitution

1952 22 december
Head of state will be muslim
There will be a house of units with 60 members from each wing and a house of people with
200 members from each wing.
Religious minorities will be given representation in national and provincial level
Head of state will form a committe of islamic specialist which will ensure that legislation is
according to islamic principles
Official language will be decided by the assembly
Cabinet will be responsible to assembly rather than the head of state
During the struggle for independence from the British, feelings of hostility developed
between Congress and the league as Partition went against the wishes of congress at that
time and lead communal rioting across india between the two groups. Pakistan has always
felt threatened by its bigger neighbour nation India.
At the time of parition both countries had common problems and these were refugees,
kashmir and division of assets.
Refugee prorblem was major problem between the two countries as the radcliff award was
announced on 16 august and many people found themselves on the wrong side of border
leading to migrations on mass scales and some of the worst scenes of communal violence.
Even after the initial migration, there were still substanical amount religious minorities in both
countires who were threatened by locals were hostile to them. It was feared that the scenes
of communal violence would continue and hence liaqat ali khan in april 1950 met with nehru
of India and signed the minorities pact which stated that both countries will be responsible
for the protection of religious minorities in their area. This did reduce the flow of immigrants
hwoever did not entirely stop migration as people still felt threatened and didn’t beleive the
governments word and thought that authorities cannot change the opinion of people and
they also realised that people in minority will not have as much opportunities as people in
majority.

The unsatisfactory manner in which the resources had been distributed had left a long
lasting impact on the foreign policy of Pakistan towards india. At first India refused to give
Pakistan the 500 billion rupees claiming that Pakistan would use it to buy weapons to fight
the war. The reluctance of India to release the assets made the Pakistani government even
more suspicious of India’s motives. One such occasion was when in 1948 april 1 India
closed its headworks and stopped Pakistan’s supply of water. This negatively affected the
agro based economy of Pakistan and made irrigation difficult for Pakistani farmers. India
refused to take matter to international court of justice and later agreed to reelase water only
if Pakistan tried to find other sources of Water. This remained a issue till 1959 when finally
the indus water treaty was signed.
Since partition, Kashmir had been a source of dispute between both countries and caused
constant friction between them. The fighting in 1948 resulted in kashmir being divided
between both countries. However Pakistan was unsatisfied as it retained the smallest part of
kashmir despite kashmir having a muslim majority and sirinagar being given to India. A
cease fire line was drawn which was managed by UN troops. During the 1950s negotiations
were held however no agreement was reached. During 1954 and 1955 India tried to
reintegrate Kashmir into India however after protests from Pakistna dn later UN it stopped.
The Un was so concerned in 1957 that India might takeover kashmir that it released a
declaration marking kashmir as a disputed territory and decided that accession will be done
with respect to people,, voting will be conducted. The kashmir issue remains unresolved to
this day and no refferumdum has been conducted. India was concerned about the american
aid Pakistan was recieveing and hence signed a friendship pact with china in 1954. However
in 1962 china and India went to war over border positioning and china quickly advanced to
where it thought the border belonged and called cease fire. After this India began a
rearrangement program where it started receiving aid from the west so by 1965 India
thought it was strong enough to attack Pakistan. On 6 september India crossed the border
and tired to attack Lahore hwoever Pakistani soldiers fought and successfuly defended the
country. A cease fire was called by UN and the peace agreements were held in tashkent in
1966 january. India’s support of mukhti bahini meant that Pakistan was once again at war
with India in 1971 the war started on 3rd december and lasted 13 days. There was heavy
fighting along the borders of kashmir punjab and bengal where india reached dhaka. A final
settlement was held in july 1972 where simla accord was signed. This improved the relations
between India and Pakistan.
Relations kept detereorating throughtout the 70s however after Zia came into power in 1977,
relations begin to improve as Zia focus shifted to opposing the USSR policy in afghanistan
and kashmir became less of a priority. However at the beginning of 1980, sikhs began to
protest for independence and India accused Pakistan of providing arms and training to SIkh
insurgenet however was never able substanciate these claims. In 1984 october Mrs Gandhi
was assassinated by SIkhs. Rajiv Gandhi her son took control of the government and openly
accused of sikh separarist movement and therefore indrectly Pakistan. Zia declared it a day
of mourning. Relations continue to deteroiirtate and in 1987 were so bad that in january 1987
India began its military exercises in rajasthan desert. These were planned to intimidate
Pakistan. However in a political masterstroke Zia met Rajivv during a cricket match in jaipur
and tensions were settled and war had been avoided.
Pakistan began its neuclear development in 1972 ust one month after the separation. It
opened Karachi nuclear power plant near karachi. Bhuttoa realised the importance of
nuclear power to pakistan as pakistan had less convectional military than india. Did not sign
nucclear non proliferation treaty. and in 1974 after India carried out neculear test, it stepped
up its own nuclear development and opened engineering research labratories near kahuta
near islamabad.
As pakistan’s relations further deteriorated with India, both countries stepped up their
nuclear development and in May 1998 India shocked the world with its nuclear tests wehre it
detonated 5 of its missles. In response just in couple of weeks Pakistan carried out its own
nuclear tests.
There was an area in kashmir which in particular had constant conflicts was around the
siachen glacier. In 1981 Pakistan thought India might takeover the area and sent troops
hwoever they found that India had already stationed 300 troops in the moutnians so the
Pakistani troops also dug in. The region is disolate and infertile such its symbolic importance
that both countries spend more than 500 USD million and 5000 soldiers have died so far. In
1999 kashmiri guerrillas crossed the border into Indian occupied kashmir in response India
sent two fighter planes which were shot down by Pakistan air defenece system, this innitated
a war hwoever president bill clinton intervened and cease fire was called.