SECTION 8.1 (PAGE 443) R. A.

ADAMS: CALCULUS

CHAPTER 8. CONICS, PARAMETRIC 8. If x 2 + 4y 2 − 4y = 0, then

CURVES, AND POLAR CURVES


1 x2 (y − 12 )2
x 2 + 4 y2 − y + = 1, or + 1
= 1.
4 1
Section 8.1 Conics (page 443) 4


1
1. The ellipse with foci (0, ±2) has major axis along the This represents an ellipse with centre at 0, ,
y-axis and c = 2. If a = 3, then b2 = 9 − 4 = 5. The 2
ellipse has equation 1
semi-major axis 1, semi-minor axis , and foci at

√  2
3 1
x2 y2 ± , .
+ = 1. 2 2
5 9 y

x 2 +4y 2 −4y=0
2. The ellipse with foci (0, 1) and (4, 1) has c = 2, centre 1
(2, 1), and major axis along y = 1. If
= 1/2, then
a = c/
= 4 and b2 = 16 − 4 = 12. The ellipse has 1
2
equation
(x − 2)2 (y − 1)2 x
+ = 1. 1
16 12

3. A parabola with focus (2, 3) and vertex (2, 4) has Fig. 8.1.8
a = −1 and principal axis x = 2. Its equation is
(x − 2)2 = −4(y − 4) = 16 − 4y.
9. If 4x 2 + y 2 − 4y = 0, then
4. A parabola with focus at (0, −1) and principal axis
along y = −1 will have vertex at a point of the 4x 2 + y 2 − 4y + 4 = 4
form (v, −1). Its equation will then be of the form
(y + 1)2 = ±4v(x − v). The origin lies on this curve 4x 2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
if (y − 2)2
x2 + =1
1 = ±4(−v 2 ). Only the − sign is possible, and in this 4
case v = ±1/2. The possible equations for the parabola
are (y + 1)2 = 1 ± 2x. This is an ellipse with semi-axes 1 and 2, centred at
(0, 2).
5. The hyperbola with semi-transverse axis a = 1 and foci y
(0, ±2) has transverse axis along the y-axis, c = 2, and
4
b2 = c2 − a 2 = 3. The equation is 4x 2 +y 2 −4y=0

x2
y2 − = 1. (−1,2) 2 (1,2)
3

6. The hyperbola with foci at (±5, 1) and asymptotes

x
x = ±(y − 1) is rectangular, has centre at (0, 1) and
has transverse axis along the line y = 1. Since c = 5
and a = b (because the asymptotes are perpendicular to Fig. 8.1.9
each other) we have a2 = b2 = 25/2. The equation of
the hyperbola is 10. If 4x 2 − y 2 − 4y = 0, then

25 x2 (y + 2)2
x 2 − (y − 1)2 = . 4x 2 − (y 2 + 4y + 4) = −4, or − = −1.
2 1 4

This represents a hyperbola with centre at (0, −2), semi-

7. If x 2 + y 2 + 2x = −1, then (x + 1)2 + y 2 = 0. This transverse√axis 2, semi-conjugate axis 1, and foci at
represents the single point (−1, 0). (0, −2 ± 5). The asymptotes are y = ±2x − 2.

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.1 (PAGE 443)

y  
This is a hyperbola with centre − 23 , 1 , and asymptotes
√
the straight lines 2x + 3 = ±2 2(y − 1).
y
x

−2
4x 2 −y 2 −4y=0 3
(− 2 ,1)
x 2 −2y 2 +3x+4y=2
(−3,1) 1

Fig. 8.1.10

11. If x 2 + 2x − y = 3, then (x + 1)2 − y = 4.

Thus y = (x + 1)2 − 4. This is a parabola with vertex Fig. 8.1.13
(−1, −4), opening upward.
y
14. If 9x 2 + 4y 2 − 18x + 8y = −13, then

9(x 2 − 2x + 1) + 4(y 2 + 2y + 1) = 0
x
⇔9(x − 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 0.

This represents the single point (1, −1).

x 2 +2x−y=3
15. If 9x 2 + 4y 2 − 18x + 8y = 23, then
(−1,−4)
Fig. 8.1.11 9(x 2 − 2x + 1) + 4(y 2 + 2y + 1) = 23 + 9 + 4 = 36
9(x − 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 36
12. If x + 2y + 2y 2 = 1, then
(x − 1)2 (y + 1)2

 + = 1.
1 3 4 9
2 y2 + y + = −x
4 2 This is an ellipse with centre (1, −1), and semi-axes 2

2
3 1 and 3.
⇔ x = −2 y+ . y
2 2 (1,2)

This represents a parabola with vertex at ( 32 , − 12 ), focus

at ( 11 1 13
8 , − 2 ) and directrix x = 8 . x
y (−1,−1) (1,−1) (3,−1)

x+2y+2y 2 =1 9x 2 +4y 2 −18x+8y=23

x
 
3 1
2 ,− 2 (1,−4)

Fig. 8.1.15

Fig. 8.1.12 16. The equation (x − y)2 − (x + y)2 = 1 simplifies to

4x y = −1 and hence represents a rectangular hyperbola
13. If x 2 − 2y 2 + 3x + 4y = 2, then with centre at the origin, asymptotes along the coordinate
 along y = −x, conjugate
axes, transverse axis  axis along

 y = x, vertices at 12 , − 21 and − 12 , 12 , semi-transverse
3 2 9 √
x+ − 2(y − 1)2 = and semi-conjugate
2 4  axes equal to 1/ 2, semi-focal sepa-
 
3 2 2 ration equal to 12 + 12 = 1, and hence foci at the points
x+2 (y − 1)     √
− =1 √1 , − √1
9 9 and − √1 , √1 . The eccentricity is 2.
4 8 2 2 2 2

313
 SECTION 8.1 (PAGE 443) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y √
This is a rectangular√hyperbola with centre√ (0, − 2),
semi-axes a = b = 2, and eccentricity 2. √ The semi-
√ are at (±2, − 2). The
focal separation is 2; the foci
asymptotes are u = ±(v + 2).
In terms of the√original coordinates,
√ the centre is (1, −1),
x
the foci are (± 2 + 1, ± 2 − 1), and the asymptotes are
  x = 1 and y = −1.
1 1
2,2 y
(x−y)2 −(x+y)2 =1 xy+x−y=2

Fig. 8.1.16
(1,−1) x
17. The parabola has focus at (3, 4) and principal axis along
y = 4. The vertex must be at a point of the form (v, 4),
in which case a = ±(3 − v) and the equation of the
parabola must be of the form

(y − 4)2 = ±4(3 − v)(x − v). Fig. 8.1.19

This curve passes through the origin if 16 = ±4(v2 − 3v). 20. We have x 2 + 2x y + y 2 = 4x − 4y + 4 and
We have two possible equations for v: v2 − 3v − 4 = 0 A = 1, B = 2, C = 1, D = −4, E = 4 and
and v 2 − 3v + 4 = 0. The first of these has solutions F = −4. We rotate the axes through angle θ satisfy-
v = −1 or v = 4. The second has no real solutions. The π
ing tan 2θ = B/(A − C) = ∞ ⇒ θ = . Then A = 2,
two possible equations for the parabola are √ 4
B  = 0, C  = 0, D  = 0, E  = 4 2 and the transformed
(y − 4)2 = 4(4)(x + 1) or y 2 − 8y = 16x equation is
(y − 4)2 = 4(−1)(x − 4) or y 2 − 8y = −4x

2
√ 2
√ 1
2u + 4 2v − 4 = 0 ⇒ u = −2 2 v − √
2
18. The foci of the ellipse are (0, 0) and (3, 0), so the centre which represents
is (3/2, 0) and c = 3/2. The semi-axes a and b must  a parabola with vertex at
satisfy a 2 − b2 = 9/4. Thus the possible equations of the (u, v) = 0, √1 and principal axis along u = 0.
2
ellipse are The distance
√ a from the√ focus to the vertex is given by
(x − (3/2))2 y2 4a = 2 2, so a√= 1/ 2 and the focus is at (0, 0). The
2
+ 2 = 1. directrix is v = 2.
(9/4) + b b 1 1
Since x = √ (u − v) and y = √ (u + v), the vertex
2 2
19. For x y + x − y = 2 we have A = C = 0, B = 1. We of the parabola in terms of x y-coordinates is (− 12 , 12 ),
therefore rotate the coordinate axes (see text pages 407– and the focus is (0, 0). The directrix is x − y = 2. The
408) through angle θ = π/4. principal axis is y = −x.
y
(Thus cot 2θ = 0 = (A − C)/B.) The transformation is
y=−x
1 1
x = √ (u − v), y = √ (u + v). x 2 +2xy+y 2 =4x−4y+4
2 2
(−1/2,1/2)
The given equation becomes
x
1 2 1 1
(u − v 2 ) + √ (u − v) − √ (u + v) = 2
2 2 2
√
u 2 − v 2 − 2 2v = 4
 √ 2
u2 − v + 2 = 2
√
u2 (v + 2)2
− = 1. Fig. 8.1.20
2 2

314
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.1 (PAGE 443)

√
21. For 8x 2 + 12x y + 17y 2 = 20, we have A = 8, B = 12, Then A = 0, B  = 0, C  = 5, D  = 5, E  = 0 and the
C = 17, F = −20. Rotate the axes through angle θ transformed equation is
where
B 12 4 √
tan 2θ = =− =− . 1
A−C 9 3 5v 2 + 5u = 0 ⇒ v2 = − √ u
5
Thus cos 2θ = 3/5, sin 2θ = −4/5, and
3 4 which represents a parabola with vertex at (u, v) = (0, 0),
2 cos2 θ − 1 = cos 2θ = ⇒ cos2 θ = .

5 5 1 1
focus at − √ , 0 . The directrix is u = √ and the
2 1 4 5 4 5
We may therefore take cos θ = √ , and sin θ = − √ . 2 1
5 5 principal axis is v = 0. Since x = √ u − √ v and
The transformation is therefore 5 5
2 1 2 1 1 2
x = √ u+√ v u=√ x−√ y y = √ u + √ v, in terms of the x y-coordinates, the ver-
5 5 5 5 5 5

1 1
1 2 1 2 tex is at (0, 0), the focus at − , − . The directrix
y = −√ u + √ v v=√ x+√ y 10 20
5 5 5 5 1
is 2x + y = 4 and the principal axis is 2y − x = 0.
The coefficients of the transformed equation are y




4 2 1
A = 8 + 12 − + 17 =5
5 5 5
B = 0



 x
 1 2 4
C =8 − 12 − + 17 = 20. x 2 −4xy+4y 2 +2x+y=0
5 5 5
The transformed equation is x=2y

u2
5u 2 + 20v 2 = 20, or + v 2 = 1.
4
√ (0, 0), semi-axes a = 2 and
This is an ellipse with centre
b = 1, and foci at u = ± 3, v = 0.
In terms of theoriginal coordinates, the centre is (0, 0),
√ √
2 3 3 Fig. 8.1.22
the foci are ± √ , − √ .
5 5
y

23. The distance from P to F is x 2 + y 2.

8x 2 +12xy+17y 2 =20 The distance from P to D is x + p. Thus

x 2 + y2
x =

x+p
x 2 + y 2 =
2 (x 2 + 2 px + p2 )
(1 −
2 )x 2 + y 2 − 2 p
2 x =
2 p2 .

Fig. 8.1.21 y

22. We have x 2 −4x y +4y 2 +2x + y = 0 and A = 1, B = −4, P=(x,y)

C = 4, D = 2, E = 1 and F = 0. We rotate the axes x=− p
D
through angle θ satisfying tan 2θ = B/(A−C) = 43 . Then
5 3 F x
sec 2θ = 1 + tan2 2θ = ⇒ cos 2θ =
 3  5
⎧
⎪ 1 + cos 2θ 4 2
⎪
⎨ cos θ = = = √ ;
 2 5 5
⇒
⎪
⎪ 1 − cos 2θ 1 1
⎩ sin θ = = =√ .
2 5 5 Fig. 8.1.23

315
 SECTION 8.1 (PAGE 443) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
24. Let the equation of the parabola be y 2 = 4ax. The fo-
cus F is at (a, 0) and vertex at (0, 0). Then the distance
from √the vertex to the focus is a. At x = a, 
y = 4a(a) = ±2a. Hence,  = 2a, which is twice the x
a c
distance from the vertex to the focus. x2 y2
y − =1
a2 b2
y 2 =4ax


Fig. 8.1.26
(a,0) x

27.

S2
Fig. 8.1.24

C2
c2 2
25. We have 2 + 2 = 1. Thus B
a b
F2


c2
2 = b 2 1 − 2 but c2 = a 2 − b2
a P


a 2 − b2 2b
2
F1
= b2 1 − = b . S1
a2 a2
C1
Therefore  = b2 /a.
A
y x2 y2
+ =1
a 2 b2
b


a
c x V

Fig. 8.1.27

Let the spheres S1 and S2 intersect the cone in the circles

C1 and C2 , and be tangent to the plane of the ellipse at
Fig. 8.1.25 the points F1 and F2 , as shown in the figure.
Let P be any point on the ellipse, and let the straight
line through P and the vertex of the cone meet C1 and
C2 at A and B respectively. Then P F1 = P A, since both
x2 y2 segments are tangents to the sphere S1 from P. Simi-
26. Suppose the hyperbola has equation − = 1. The
larly, P F2 = P B.
a2 b2
vertices
√ are at (±a, 0) and
√ the foci are at (±c, 0) where Thus P F1 + P F2 = P A + P B = AB = constant (dis-
c = a 2 + b2 . At x = a 2 + b2 , tance from C1 to C2 along all generators of the cone is
the same.) Thus F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse.
a 2 + b2 y2
− =1 28. Let F1 and F2 be the points where the plane is tangent to
a2 b2
(a + b )b − a 2 y 2 = a 2 b2
2 2 2 the spheres. Let P be an arbitrary point P on the hyper-
bola in which the plane intersects the cone. The spheres
b2 are tangent to the cone along two circles as shown in the
y=± .
a figure. Let P AV B be a generator of the cone (a straight
line lying on the cone) intersecting these two circles at
b2 A and B as shown. (V is the vertex of the cone.) We
Hence,  = .
a have P F1 = P A because two tangents to a sphere from

316
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449)

a point outside the sphere have equal lengths. Similarly,

P F2 = P B. Therefore

P F2 − P F1 = P B − P A = AB = constant,

F
Y P
since the distance between the two circles in which the
spheres intersect the cone, measured along the generators C
V
of the cone, is the same for all generators. Hence, F1
and F2 are the foci of the hyperbola.
X
Q

F1

A A

Fig. 8.1.29
V

B
Section 8.2 Parametric Curves (page 449)

F2
1. If x = t, y = 1 − t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 1) then
x + y = 1. This is a straight line segment.
y

Fig. 8.1.28
1
x=t
y=1−t
(0≤t≤1)

1 x

Fig. 8.2.1

2. If x = 2 − t and y = t + 1 for 0 ≤ t < ∞, then

29. Let the plane in which the sphere is tangent to the cone y = 2 − x + 1 = 3 − x for −∞ < x ≤ 2, which is a half
meet AV at X. Let the plane through F perpendicular to line.
the axis of the cone meet AV at Y . Then V F = V X, y
and, if C is the centre of the sphere, FC = XC. There-
fore V C is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. Hence
x=2−t
Y F is parallel to V C, and we have Y V = V X = V F. y=t+1
If P is on the parabola, F P ⊥ V F, and the line from P
to the vertex A of the cone meets the circle of tangency
of the sphere and the cone at Q, then
(2,1)

F P = P Q = Y X = 2V X = 2V F. x

Fig. 8.2.2
Since F P = 2V F, F P is the semi-latus rectum of the 1
parabola. (See Exercise 18.) Therefore F is the focus of 3. If x = 1/t, y = t − 1, (0 < t < 4), then y = − 1. This
x
the parabola. is part of a hyperbola.

317
 SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y y
 
1
4 ,3 bx=ay
t=4

1
y= x − 1 t=0
a x
t=1
x

y=−1 bx=−ay

Fig. 8.2.3 Fig. 8.2.6

1 t
4. If x = and y = for −∞ < t < ∞, then
1 + t2 1 + t2
7. If x = 3 sin π t, y = 4 cos π t, (−1 ≤ t ≤ 1), then
1 + t2 1
x 2 + y2 = = =x x2 y2
2
(1 + t )2 1 + t2 + = 1. This is an ellipse.

2 9 16
1 1 y x2 y2
⇔ x− + y2 = . t=0
2 4 9 + 16 =1

This curve consists of all points of the circle with centre

at ( 12 , 0) and radius 12 except the origin (0, 0).
y x

t=∞ t=−1 t=1

t=0
t=−∞ x
Fig. 8.2.7

x=1/(1+t 2 )
y=t/(1+t 2 )

Fig. 8.2.4 8. If x = cos sin s and y = sin sin s for −∞ < s < ∞, then
x 2 + y 2 = 1. The curve consists of the arc of this circle
extending from (a, −b) through (1, 0) to (a, b) where
5. If x = 3 sin 2t, y = 3 cos 2t, (0 ≤ t ≤ π/3), then a = cos(1) and b = sin(1), traversed infinitely often back
x 2 + y 2 = 9. This is part of a circle. and forth.
y y
t=0
x=cos sin s
x 2 +y 2 =9 y=sin sin s

x 1 rad
π
t= 3 x

Fig. 8.2.5

π π Fig. 8.2.8
6. If x = a sec t and y = b tan t for − < t < , then
2 2

x2 y2
− = sec2 t − tan2 t = 1.
a2 b2
9. If x = cos3 t, y = sin3 t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ), then
The curve is one arch of this hyperbola. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = 1. This is an astroid.

318
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449)

y
t=π/2 and

x 2/3 +y 2/3 =1 1 = (cos2 t+sin2 t)2 = cos4 t+sin4 t+2 cos2 t sin2 t.

t=0 Hence,
t=π
t=2π
1 + (x − y)2 = 2(cos4 t + sin4 t) = 2(x + y).

(ii) If x = sec4 t and y = tan4 t, then

t=3π/2
(x − y)2 = (sec4 t − tan4 t)2
Fig. 8.2.9 = (sec2 t + tan2 t)2
√ = sec4 t + tan4 t + 2 sec2 t tan2 t
10. If x = 1 − 4 − t 2 and y = 2 + t for −2 ≤ t ≤ 2 then
and
(x − 1)2 = 4 − t 2 = 4 − (y − 2)2 .
1 = (sec2 t−tan2 t)2 = sec4 t+tan4 t−2 sec2 t tan2 t.
The parametric curve is the left half of the circle of ra-
Hence,
dius 4 centred at (1, 2), and is traced in the direction of
increasing y. 1 + (x − y)2 = 2(sec4 t + tan4 t) = 2(x + y).
√ y
x=1− 4−t 2
y=2+t
(iii) Similarly, if x = tan4 t and y = sec4 t, then
−2≤t≤2
1 + (x − y)2 = 1 + (y − x)2
(1,2) = (sec2 t − tan2 t)2 + (sec4 t − tan4 t)2
= 2(tan4 t + sec4 t)
= 2(x + y).

x
These three parametric curves above correspond to
different parts of the parabola 1+(x − y)2 = 2(x + y),
Fig. 8.2.10 as shown in the following diagram.
y
11. x = cosh t, y = sinh t represents the right half (branch) of x=tan 4 t
the rectangular hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = 1. y=sec4 t
The parabola
12. x = 2 − 3 cosh t, y = −1 + 2 sinh t represents the left half 1 2(x+y)=1+(x−y)2
(branch) of the hyperbola x=cos4 t x=sec 4 t
y=sin4 t y=tan4 t

(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2
− = 1. 1 x
9 4
Fig. 8.2.14

13. x = t cos t, y = t sin t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 4π ) represents two 15. The slope of y = x 2 at x is m = 2x. Hence the parabola
revolutions of a spiral curve winding outwards from the can be parametrized x = m/2, y = m 2 /4,
origin in a counterclockwise direction. The point on the (−∞ < m < ∞).
curve corresponding to parameter value t is t units distant
16. If (x, y) is any point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = R 2 other
from the origin in a direction making angle t with the
than (R, 0), then the line from (x, y) to (R, 0) has slope
positive x-axis. y
m= . Thus y = m(x − R), and
14. (i) If x = cos4 t and y = sin4 t, then x−R
x 2 + m 2 (x − R)2 = R 2
(x − y)2 = (cos4 t − sin4 t)2
 2 (m 2 + 1)x 2 − 2x Rm 2 + (m 2 − 1)R 2 = 0
 
= (cos2 t + sin2 t)(cos2 t − sin2 t) (m 2 + 1)x − (m 2 − 1)R (x − R) = 0
= (cos2 t − sin2 t)2 (m 2 − 1)R
= cos4 t + sin4 t − 2 cos2 t sin2 t ⇒ x= or x = R.
m2 + 1

319
 SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
The parametrization of the circle in terms of m is given
by
Y
(m 2 − 1)R P = (x, y)
x=
m2 + 1 b T
 2 
(m − 1)R 2Rm
y=m − R =− 2 a
m2 + 1 m +1 t X
where −∞ < m < ∞. This parametrization gives every x
point on the circle except (R, 0).
y
(x,y)
slope m
x
(R,0)
Fig. 8.2.18

x 2 +y 2 =R 2
3t 3t 2
19. If x = , y = , (t = −1), then
Fig. 8.2.16 1 + t3 1 + t3

27t 3 27t 3
x 3 + y3 = (1 + t 3
) = = 3x y.
17. (1 + t 3 )3 (1 + t 3 )2
y
T As t → −1, we see that |x| → ∞ and |y| → ∞, but
P = (x, y)
a 3t (1 + t) 3t
x+y= = → −1.
t X 1 + t3 1 − t + t2
x
Thus x + y = −1 is an asymptote of the curve.
y

t=1
Fig. 8.2.17

Using triangles in the figure, we see that the coordinates t→∞

of P satisfy t=0 x

x = a sec t, y = a sin t.
folium of Descartes
The Cartesian equation of the curve is
t→−1−

y2 a2
+ = 1.
a2 x2

The curve has two branches extending to infinity to the

left and right of the circle as shown in the figure. Fig. 8.2.19

20. Let C 0 and P0 be the original positions of the centre of

18. The coordinates of P satisfy the wheel and a point at the bottom of the flange whose
path is to be traced. The wheel is also shown in a subse-
x = a sec t, y = b sin t. quent position in which it makes contact with the rail at
R. Since the wheel has been rotated by an angle θ ,
y2 a2
The Cartesian equation is + 2 = 1.
b 2 x O R = arc S R = aθ.

320
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449)

y
Thus, the new position of the centre is C = (aθ, a). Let
P = (x, y) be the new position of the point; then

Tt
x = O R − P Q = aθ − b sin(π − θ ) = aθ − b sin θ,
y = RC + C Q = a + b cos(π − θ ) = a − b cos θ. t
Ct

These are the parametric equations of the prolate cycloid. θt

b
y
P
Q
Pt =(x,y)
S
b t A
C0 C a x
θ
a
O
R x

P0
Fig. 8.2.21
Fig. 8.2.20 If a = 2 and b = 1, then x = 2 cos t, y = 0. This is a
y straight line segment.
If a = 4 and b = 1, then
x=aθ −b sin θ x = 3 cos t + cos 3t
y=a−b cos θ = 3 cos t + (cos 2t cos t − sin 2t sin t)
 
x = 3 cos t + (2 cos2 t − 1) cos t − 2 sin2 t cos t
2π a
= 2 cos t + 2 cos3 t − 2 cos t (1 − sin2 t) = 4 cos3 t
Fig. 8.2.20
y = 3 sin t + sin 3t
= 3 sin t − sin 2t cos t − (cos 2t sin t)
 
= 3 sin t − 2 sin t cos2 t − (1 − 2 sin2 t) sin t
= 2 sin t − 2 sin t + 2 sin3 t + 2 sin3 t = 4 sin3 t
This is an astroid, similar to that of Exercise 11.
22. a) From triangles in the figure,
21. Let t and θt be the angles shown in the figure below. x = |T X| = |OT | tan t = tan t
Then arc ATt = arc Tt Pt , that is, at = bθt . The centre C  
t y = |OY | = si n π2 − t = |OY | cos t
of the rolling circle is Ct = (a − b) cos t, (a − b) sin t .
= |OT | cos t cos t = cos2 t.
Thus
y
x − (a − b) cos t = b cos(θt − t) T y=1 X
y − (a − b) sin t = −b sin(θt − t).

a a−b
Since θt − t = t −t = t, therefore P = (x, y)
b b
1 Y
2


(a − b)t
x = (a − b) cos t + b cos t
b


(a − b)t
y = (a − b) sin t − b sin .
b
O x
Fig. 8.2.22

321
 SECTION 8.2 (PAGE 449) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS


1 1 1 1
b) = sec2 t = 1 + tan2 t = 1 + x 2 . Thus y = . 27. x = 1+ cos t − cos(nt)
y 1 + x2 n n


1 1
y = 1+ sin t − sin(nt)
n n
represents a cycloid-like curve that is wound around the
23. x = sin t, y = sin(2t) circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 instead of extending along the x-
y axis. If n ≥ 2 is an integer, the curve closes after one
revolution and has n − 1 cusps. The left figure below
shows the curve for n = 7. If n is a rational number, the
curve will wind around the circle more than once before
x it closes.
y

Fig. 8.2.23

24. x = sin t, y = sin(3t)

y

Fig. 8.2.27


x 1 1
28. x = 1+ cos t + cos((n − 1)t)
n n


1 1
y = 1+ sin t − sin((n − 1)t)
n n
Fig. 8.2.24 represents a cycloid-like curve that is wound around the
 2
inside circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 + (2/n) and is externally
tangent to x 2 + y 2 = 1. If n ≥ 2 is an integer, the curve
closes after one revolution and has n cusps. The figure
25. x = sin(2t), y = sin(3t) shows the curve for n = 7. If n is a rational number but
y not an integer, the curve will wind around the circle more
than once before it closes.
y

x
Fig. 8.2.25

26. x = sin(2t), y = sin(5t) Fig. 8.2.28

y
Section 8.3 Smooth Parametric Curves and
Their Slopes (page 453)
x 1. x = t2 + 1 y = 2t − 4
dx dy
= 2t =2
dt dt
No horizontal tangents. Vertical tangent at t = 0, i.e., at
Fig. 8.2.26 (1, −4).

322
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.3 (PAGE 453)

2. x = t 2 − 2t y = t 2 + 2t 10. x = t4 − t2 y = t 3 + 2t
dx dy dx dy
= 2t − 2 = 2t + 2 = 4t 3 − 2t = 3t 2 + 2
dt dt dt dt
Horizontal tangent at t = −1, i.e., at (3, −1). dy 3(−1)2 + 2 5
Vertical tangent at t = 1, i.e., at (−1, 3). At t = −1; = =− .
dx 4(−1)3 − 2(−1) 2
3. x = t 2 − 2t y = t 3 − 12t 11. x = cos(2t) y = sin t
dx dy dx dy
= 2(t − 1) = 3(t 2 − 4) = −2 sin(2t) = cos t
dt dt dt dt
Horizontal tangent at t = ±2, i.e., at (0, −16) and π dy cos(π/6) 1
(8, 16). At t = ; = =− .
6 dx −2 sin(π/3) 2
Vertical tangent at t = 1, i.e., at (−1, −11).
12. x = e 2t y = te2t
4. x = t 3 − 3t y = 2t 3 + 3t 2
dx dy
dx d y = 2e2t = e2t (1 + 2t)
= 3(t 2 − 1) = 6t (t + 1) dt dt
dt dt dy e−4 (1 − 4) 3
Horizontal tangent at t = 0, i.e., at (0, 0). At t = −2; = =− .
Vertical tangent at t = 1, i.e., at (−2, 5). dx 2e−4 2
At t = −1 (i.e., at (2, 1)) both d x/dt and d y/dt change
sign, so the curve is not smooth there. (It has a cusp.) 13. x = t 3 − 2t = −1 y = t + t 3 = 2 at t = 1
dx dy
2 2 = 3t 2 − 2 = 1 = 1 + 3t 2 = 4 at t = 1
5. x = te −t /2 y = e−t dt dt
Tangent line: x = −1 + t, y = 2 + 4t. This line is at
dx 2 dy 2
= (1 − t 2 )e−t /2 = −2te−t (−1, 2) at t = 0. If you want to be at that point at t = 1
dt dt instead, use
Horizontal tangent at t = 0, i.e., at (0, 1).
Vertical tangent at t = ±1, i.e. at (±e−1/2 , e−1 ).
x = −1 + (t − 1) = t − 2, y = 2 + 4(t − 1) = 4t − 2.
6. x = sin t y = sin t − t cos t
dx dy
= cos t = t sin t
dt dt π 1
Horizontal tangent at t = nπ , i.e., at (0, −(−1)n nπ ) (for 14. x = t − cos t = −√
integers n). 4 2
Vertical tangent at t = (n + 12 )π , i.e. at (1, 1) and dx 1
= 1 + sin t = 1 + √
(−1, −1). dt 2
1 π
7. x = sin(2t) y = sin t y = 1 − sin t = 1 − √ at t =
2 4
dx dy dy 1 π
= 2 cos(2t) = cos t = − cos t = − √ at t =
dt dt
Horizontal tangent at t = (n + 12 )π , i.e., at (0, ±1).
dt 2
4 
√ π 1 1
Vertical tangent at t = 12 (n + 12 )π , i.e., at (±1, 1/ 2) and Tangent line: x = − √ + 1 + √ t,
√ 4 2 2
(±1, −1/ 2). 1 t
y =1− √ − √ .
2 2
3t 3t 2
8. x= y=
1+t 3 1 + t3 15. x = t 3 − t, y = t 2 is at (0, 1) at t = −1 and t = 1. Since
dx 3(1 − 2t )3 dy 3t (2 − t 3 )
= 3 2
= dy 2t ±2
dt (1 + t ) dt (1 + t 3 )2 = 2 = = ±1,
Horizontal tangent at t = 0 and t = 21/3 , i.e., at (0, 0) dx 3t − 1 2
and (21/3 , 22/3 ).
Vertical tangent at t = 2−1/3 , i.e., at (22/3 , 21/3 ). The the tangents at (0, 1) at t = ±1 have slopes ±1.
curve also approaches (0, 0) vertically as t → ±∞.
16. x = sin t, y = sin(2t) is at (0, 0) at t = 0 and t = π .
9. 3
x =t +t y =1−t 3 Since 
dy 2 cos(2t) 2 if t = 0
dx dy = =
= 3t 2 + 1 = −3t 2 dx cos t −2 if t = π ,
dt dt
dy −3(1)2 3 the tangents at (0, 0) at t = 0 and t = π have slopes 2
At t = 1; = =− .
dx 2
3(1) + 1 4 and −2, respectively.

323
 SECTION 8.3 (PAGE 453) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

17. x = t3 y = t2
dx dy The tangent is horizontal at t = 2, (i.e., (0, −4)), and
= 3t 2 = 2t both vanish at t = 0. is vertical at t = 1 (i.e., at (−1, −3). Observe that
dt dt
dy 2 dx 3t d 2 y/d x 2 > 0, and the curve is concave up, if t > 1.
= has no limit as t → 0. = → 0 as
dx 3t dy 2 Similarly, d 2 y/d x 2 < 0 and the curve is concave down if
t → 0, but d y/dt changes sign at t = 0. Thus the curve t < 1.
is not smooth at t = 0. (In this solution, and in the next y
five, we are using the Remark following Example 2 in
the text.) x=t 2 −2t
y=t 2 −4t
18. x = (t − 1)4
dx
= 4(t − 1)3 x
dt
y = (t − 1)3
dy t=1
= 3(t − 1)2 both vanish at t = 1.
dt t=2
dx 4(t − 1)
Since = → 0 as t → 1, and d y/dt does not
dy 3 Fig. 8.3.21
change sign at t = 1, the curve is smooth at t = 1 and
therefore everywhere.
19. x = t sin t y = t3
dx dy
= sin t + t cos t = 3t 2 both vanish at t = 0.
dt dt 22. If x = f (t) = t 3 and y = g(t) = 3t 2 − 1, then
dy 3t 2 6t
lim = lim = lim = 0,
t→0 d x t→0 sin t + t cos t t→0 2 cos t − t sin t
but d x/dt changes sign at t = 0. d x/d y has no limit at f  (t) = 3t 2 , f  (t) = 6t;
t = 0. Thus the curve is not smooth at t = 0. g  (t) = 6t, g  (t) = 6.
20. x = t3 y = t − sin t
dx d y Both f  (t) and g (t) vanish at t = 0. Observe that
= 3t 2 = 1 − cos t both vanish at t = 0.
dt dt
dx 3t 2 6t
lim = lim = lim = 6 and d y/dt does dy 6t 2
t→0 d y t→0 1 − cos t t→0 sin t = 2 = .
not change sign at t = 0. Thus the curve is smooth at dx 3t t
t = 0, and hence everywhere.
21. If x = t 2 − 2t and y = t 2 − 4t, then Thus,
dy dy
dx dy lim = ∞, lim = −∞
= 2(t − 1), = 2(t − 2) t→0+ dx t→0− d x
dt dt
d2x d2 y and the curve has a cusp at t = 0, i.e., at (0, −1). Since
2
= 2 =2
dt dt
d2 y 1 d dy
= d2 y (3t 2 )(6) − (6t)(6t) 2
dx2 d x/dt dt d x 2
= =− 4 <0
dx (3t 2 )3 3t
1 d t −2 1
= = .
2(t − 1) dt t − 1 2(t − 1)3
for all t, the curve is concave down everywhere.
Directional information is as follows: y

1 2 x=t 3
y=3t 2 −1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
| −−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−→t
d x/dt − + + x
d y/dt − − + −1
x ← → →
y ↓ ↓ ↑
curve    Fig. 8.3.22

324
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.3 (PAGE 453)


23. x = t 3 − 3t, y = 2/(1 + t 2 ). Observe that y → 0, 1 27 9
The tangent is horizontal at t = , i.e., at − , − .
x → ±∞ as t → ±∞. 2 8 4
The tangent is vertical at t = ±1, i.e., (−4, −2) and
dx dy 4t (0, 0). Directional information is as follows:
= 3(t 2 − 1), =−
dt dt (1 + t 2 )2
dy 4t 1
=− 2 t −1 1
dx 3(t − 1)(1 + t 2 )2 2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
| −−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−−−
| −−−−−−−−→
d2x d2 y 4(3t 2 − 1) f  (t) + − − +
= 6t, =
dt 2 dt 2 (1 + t 2 )3 g  (t) − − + +
2
4(3t − 1) 4t (6t) x → ← ← →
3(t 2 − 1) − ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
d2 y (1 + t 2 )3 (1 + t 2 )2 y
= curve    
dx2 [3(t 2 − 1)]3
60t + 48t 2 + 12
4
=
27(t 2 − 1)3 (1 + t 2 )3 For concavity,

d2 y 3(t 2 − 1)(2) − (2t − 1)(6t) 2(t 2 − t + 1)

Directional information: = =−
dx 2 2
[3(t − 1)] 3 9(t 2 − 1)3
which is undefined at t = ±1, therefore
−1 0 1
−−−−−−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−−
|−−−−−−−
|−−−−−−−→t
d x/dt + − − + t −1 1
d y/dt + + − − −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−−−−−−−
| −−−−−−−−−→
x → ← ← → d2 y
y ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ − + −
dx2
curve     curve   
y
x=t 3 −3t−2
The tangent is horizontal at t = 0, i.e., (0, 2), and vertical
y=t 2 −2t−2
at t = ±1, i.e., (±2, 1).
t=−1, 2 x

−1 1
t=1 1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−−−−−|−−−−−−−−→t t= 2
d2 y
+ − +
dx2 Fig. 8.3.24
curve   
25. x = cos t + t sin t, y = sin t − t cos t, (t ≥ 0).
y
dx dy dy
x=t 3 −3t = t cos t, = t sin t, = tan t
2 dt dt dt
y=
1 + t2 d2x
t=0 = cos t − t sin t
dt 2
d2 y
t=1 t=−1 = sin t + t cos t
dt 2

x d x d2 y d y d2x
d2 y 2
−
= dt dt
dt dt 2
Fig. 8.3.23 dx2 dx 3
dt
24. If x = f (t) = t 3 − 3t − 2 and y = g(t) = t 2 − t − 2, then 1
=
t cos3 t
f  (t) = 3t 2 − 3, f  (t) = 6t;  
Tangents are vertical at t = n + 12 π ,
g  (t) = 2t − 1, g  (t) = 2. and horizontal at t = nπ (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).

325
 SECTION 8.3 (PAGE 453) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

4. If x = ln(1 + t 2 ) and y = 2 tan−1 t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, then

t=π
dx 2t dy 2
= ; = .
dt 1 + t2 dt 1 + t2
t=3π/2 t=0 x
The arc length is

 1
4t 2 + 4
t=2π s= dt
0 (1 + t 2 )2
Fig. 8.3.25  1
dt
=2 √ Let t = tan θ
0 1 + t2
dt = sec2 θ dθ
Section 8.4 Arc Lengths and Areas for  π/4
Parametric Curves (page 458) =2 sec θ dθ
0
π/4
1. x = 3t 2 y = 2t 3 (0 ≤ t ≤ 1)  √
= 2 ln | sec θ + tan θ | = 2 ln(1 + 2) units.
dx dy 0
= 6t = 6t 2
dt dt
 1 5. x = t 2 sin t, y = t 2 cos t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ).
Length = (6t)2 + (6t 2 )2 dt .
0
 dx
1 = 2t sin t + t 2 cos t
=6 Let u =
t 1 + t 2 dt 1 + t2 dt
0 dy
du = 2t dt = 2t cos t − t 2 sin t
 2 2 dt
√ 
3/2 
√
2 
=3 u du = 2u  = 4 2 − 2 units ds
1 1
= t 2 4 sin2 t + 4t sin t cos t + t 2 cos2 t
dt

2. If x = 1 + t3 and y = 1 − t2 for −1 ≤ t ≤ 2, then the arc
length is + 4 cos2 t − 4t sin t cos t + t 2 sin2 t

 2
= t 2 (4 + t 2 ).
s= (3t 2 )2 + (−2t)2 dt
−1 The length of the curve is
 2
 2π
= |t| 9t 2 + 4 dt
−1
Let u = 4 + t 2
t 4 + t 2 dt

 1  2  0
du = 2t dt
= + t 9t 2 + 4 dt Let u = 9t 2 + 4  2 4+4π 2
0 0 1 4+4π 1/2 1 3/2 
du = 18t dt = u du = u 

 13  40  2 4 3
1 √
 4
= + u du 8 2 3/2
18 4 4 = (1 + π ) − 1 units.
1  √ √  3
= 13 13 + 40 40 − 16 units.
27
6. x = cos t + t sin t y = sin t − t cos t (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π )
dx dy
3. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ). The length is = t cos t = t sin t
dt dt
 2π
9a 2 cos4 t sin2 t + 9a 2 sin4 t cos2 t dt  2π
0
 Length = t 2 cos2 t + t 2 sin2 t dt
2π 0
=3a | sin t cos t| dt  2π
2π t 2 
0
 = t dt = = 2π 2 units.
1 π/2
0 2 0
=12a sin 2t dt
0 2 7. x = t + sin t y = cos t (0 ≤ t ≤ π )

π/2
cos 2t  dx dy
=6a −  = 6a units. = 1 + cos t = − sin t
2 0 dt dt

326
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.4 (PAGE 458)

 π
Length = 1 + 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t dt a) The surface area generated by rotating the arch about
0  π the x-axis is
π t
= 4 cos2 (t/2) dt = 2 cos dt  2π
0 0 2
π Sx = 2π |y| ds
t 
= 4 sin  = 4 units. 0 π

2 0 t
= 4π (a − a cos t)2a sin dt
0 2
 π

t
= 16π a 2 sin3 dt
0 2
 π


8. x = sin2 t y = 2 cos t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2) t t
= 16π a 2 1 − cos2 sin dt
dx dy 0 2 2
= 2 sin t cos t = −2 sin t

dt dt t
Let u = cos
2
Length

 π/2 1 t
du = − sin dt
= 4 sin2 t cos2 t + 4 sin2 t dt 2 2
0  0
 π/2
= −32π a 2 (1 − u 2 ) du
=2 sin t 1 + cos2 t dt Let cos t = tan u 1
0
− sin t dt = sec2 u du  1
1 
 π/4 = 32π a 2 u − u 3 
=2 sec3 u du 3 0
0 64 3

π/4 = π a sq. units.
 3
= sec u tan u + ln(sec u + tan u) 
0
√ √
= 2 + ln(1 + 2) units. b) The surface area generated by rotating the arch about
the y-axis is

 2π
S y = 2π |x| ds
9. x = a(t − sin t) y = a(1 − cos t) (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ) 0
 2π

dx dy t
= a(1 − cos t) = a sin t = 2π (at − a sin t)2a sin dt
dt dt 0 2
 2π 



 2π t t t
= 4π a 2 t − 2 sin cos sin dt
Length = a 2 (1 − 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t) dt 0 2 2 2
0  2π

 2π  2π  t
√ t = 4π a 2 t sin dt
=a 2 − 2 cos t dt = a sin2 dt 0 2
0 0 2  2π


 π π t t
t t  − 8π a 2
sin 2
cos dt
= 2a sin dt = −4a cos  = 4a units. 0 2 2
0 2 2 0 
 2π  2π
 
2 t  t
= 4π a −2t cos +2 cos dt − 0
2 0 0 2
= 4π a 2 [4π + 0] = 16π 2 a 2 sq. units.
10. If x = at − a sin t and y = a − a cos t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ,
then

dx dy
= a − a cos t, = a sin t; 11. x = e t cos t y = et sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2)
dt dt
dx dy
ds = (a − a cos t)2 + (a sin t)2 dt = et (cos t − sin t) = et (sin t + cos t)

 dt dt
√ √ √ t Arc length element:
= a 2 1 − cos t dt = a 2 2 sin2 dt
2

 ds = e2t (cos t − sin t)2 + e2t (sin t + cos t)2 dt
t √ t
= 2a sin dt.
2 = 2e dt.

327
 SECTION 8.4 (PAGE 458) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

The area of revolution about the x-axis is 15. x = t 3 − 4t, y = t 2 , (−2 ≤ t ≤ 2).
 t=π/2 √  π/2 2t  2
2π y ds = 2 2π e sin t dt Area = t 2 (3t 2 − 4) dt
t=0 0 −2
π/2 
√ e2t  2
= 2 2π (2 sin t − cos t) =2 (3t 4 − 4t 2 ) dt
5 0 0
√  2
2 2π π 3t 5 4t 3  256
= (2e + 1) sq. units. =2 − = sq. units.
5 5 3 0 15

y
12. The area of revolution of the curve in Exercise 11 about x=t 3 −4t
the y-axis is y=t 2

 t=π/2 √  π/2
2π x ds = 2 2π e2t cos t dt A
t=0 0
π/2
√ e 2t  x
= 2 2π (2 cos t + sin t)
5 0
√
2 2π π
= (e − 2) sq. units.
5
Fig. 8.4.15
13. x = 3t 2 y = 2t 3 (0 ≤ t ≤ 1)
dx dy 
= 6t = 6t 2 0
dt dt 16. Area of R = 4 × (a sin3 t)(−3a sin t cos2 t) dt
Arc length element: √ π/2
ds = 36(t 2 + t 4 ) dt = 6t 1 + t 2 dt.  0
The area of revolution about the y-axis is = −12a 2 sin4 t cos2 t dt
π/2
    π/2
t=1 1 t sin(4t) sin3 (2t) 
2π x ds = 36π t 3 1 + t 2 dt Let u = 1 + t 2 = 12a 2 − − 
t=0 0 16 64 48 0
du = 2t dt
 2 (See Exercise 34 of Section 6.4.)
√
= 18π (u − 1) u du 3 2
1 = π a sq. units.

2 8
2 5/2 2 3/2  y
= 18π u − u  a
5 3 1 x=a cos3 t
72π √ y=a sin3 t
= (1 + 2) sq. units. R
15
−a a x

14. The area of revolution of the curve of Exercise 13 about

the x-axis is −a
 t=1  1
2π y ds = 24π t 4 1 + t 2 dt Let t = tan u Fig. 8.4.16
t=0 0
dt = sec2 u du
  π
π/4
= 24π tan4 u sec3 u du 17. x = sin4 t, y = cos4 t, 0 ≤ t ≤ .
0 2
 π/4  π/2
= 24π (sec7 u − 2 sec5 u + sec3 u) du Area = (cos4 t)(4 sin3 t cos t) dt
0
π √ √  0
 π/2
= 7 2 + 3 ln(1 + 2) sq. units.
2 =4 cos5 t (1 − cos2 t) sin t dt Let u = cos t
0
We have omitted the details of evaluation of the final du = − sin t dt
 1

integral. See Exercise 24 of Section 8.3 for a similar 1 1 1
=4 (u 5 − u 7 ) du = 6 − = sq. units.
evaluation. 0 6 8 6

328
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.4 (PAGE 458)

y y x=(2+sin t) cos t
y=(2+sin t) sin t
0≤t≤2π
x=sin 4 t
y=cos4 t
0≤t≤π/2
A
A x
x

Fig. 8.4.17 Fig. 8.4.19

1 1
18. If x = cos s sin s = 2 sin 2s and y = sin2 s = 2 − 12 cos 2s
1
for 0 ≤ s ≤ 2π, then 20. To find the shaded area we subtract the area under the

2 upper half of the hyperbola from that of a right triangle:
2 1 1 1 1
x + y− = sin2 2s + cos2 2s =
2 4 4 4 Shaded area = Area  ABC − Area sector ABC
 t0
1
which is the right half of the circle with radius 1
and = sec t0 tan t0 − tan t (sec t tan t) dt
2 2
centre at (0, 12 ). Hence, the area of R is 0 t0
1
= sec t0 tan t0 − (sec3 t − sec t) dt

2  2 0
1 1 π 
π = sq. units. 1 1
2 2 8 = sec t0 tan t0 − sec t tan t+
2 2
t0
1 
y ln | sec t + tan t| − ln | sec t + tan t| 
x=cos s sin s
2 0
1
y=sin2 s 1
= ln | sec t0 + tan t0 | sq. units.
2
1
2 y

t=t0
x
R t=0
x
Fig. 8.4.18 x=sec t
y=tan t
19. x = (2 + sin t) cos t, y = (2 + sin t) sin t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ).
This is just the polar curve r = 2 + sin θ .
 2π d 
Area = − (2 + sin t) sin t (2 + sin t) cos t dt Fig. 8.4.20
0 dt
 2π
=− (2 sin t + sin2 t)(cos2 t − 2 sin t − sin2 t) dt
0
 2π  21. See the figure below. The area is the area of a triangle
less the area under the hyperbola:
= 4 sin2 t + 4 sin3 t + sin4 t
0   t0
− 2 sin t cos2 t − sin2 t cos2 t dt 1
A= cosh t0 sinh t0 − sinh t sinh t dt
 2π   2
1 − cos 2t  t0 0
= 2(1 − cos 2t) + (− cos 2t) dt 1 cosh 2t − 1
0 2 = sinh 2t0 − dt
 2π   4 0 2
+ 2
sin t 4 − 6 cos t dt 1 1 1
= sinh 2t0 − sinh 2t0 + t0
0 4 4 2
π 9π t0
= 4π + +0= sq. units. = sq. units.
2 2 2

329
 SECTION 8.4 (PAGE 458) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
Section 8.5 Polar Coordinates and Polar
Curves (page 464)

(cosh t0 ,sinh t0 )
1. r = 3 sec θ
r cos θ = 3
x =3 vertical straight line.
A
x 2. r = −2 csc θ ⇒ r sin θ = −2
Fig. 8.4.21 ⇔ y = −2 a horizontal line.

22. If x = f (t) = at − a sin t and y = g(t) = a − a cos t, 3. r = 5/(3 sin θ − 4 cos θ )

then the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about 3r sin θ − 4r cos θ = 5
the x-axis is
3y − 4x = 5 straight line.
 t=2π  t=2π
V = π y2 d x = π [g(t)]2 f  (t) dt 4. r = sin θ + cos θ
t=0 t=0
 2π r 2 = r sin θ + r cos θ
2
=π (a − a cos t) (a − a cos t) dt
0 x 2 + y2 = y + x
 2π


1 2 1 2 1
= π a3 (1 − cos t)3 dt x− + y− =
0 2 2 2
 2π

3 1 1 1
= πa (1 − 3 cos t + 3 cos2 t − cos3 t) dt a circle with centre , and radius √ .
0 2 2 2
  
3 2π
= π a 3 2π − 0 + (1 + cos 2t) dt − 0
2 0 5. r 2 = csc 2θ
 
3 r 2 sin 2θ = 1
= π a 2π + (2π ) = 5π 2 a 3 cu. units.
3
2 2r 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
2x y = 1 a rectangular hyperbola.
y

x=at−a sin t r sin θ

y=a−a cos t
6. r = sec θ tan θ ⇒ r cos θ =
r cos θ
dx x x2 = y a parabola.
t=0 t=2π

Fig. 8.4.22 7. r = sec θ (1 + tan θ )

r cos θ = 1 + tan θ
23. Half of the volume corresponds to rotating x = a cos3 t, y
x =1+
y = a sin3 t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2) about the x-axis. The whole x
volume is x2 − x − y = 0 a parabola.
 π/2
V =2 π y 2 (−d x) 2
0
8. r= √
 π/2
cos2
θ + 4 sin2 θ
= 2π 2 6
a sin t (3a cos t sin t) dt 2 r cos θ + 4r 2 sin2 θ = 4
2 2
0
 π/2 x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 an ellipse.
3 2 3 2
= 6π a (1 − cos t) cos t sin t dt Let u = cos t
0
du = − sin t dt 1
 9. r=
1 1 − cos θ
= 6π a 3 (1 − 3u 2 + 3u 4 − u 6 )u 2 du r−x =1
0


1 3 3 1 32π a 3 r 2 = (1 + x)2
= 6π a 3 − + − = cu. units.
3 5 7 9 105 x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 2x + x 2
y 2 = 1 + 2x a parabola.

330
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.5 (PAGE 464)

2 y
10. r= 2π/3
2 − cos θ
2r − r cos θ = 2
4r 2 = (2 + x)2
1 3
4x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 + 4x + x 2 x
3x 2 + 4y 2 − 4x = 4 an ellipse.

2 −2π/3
11. r=
1 − 2 sin θ
r − 2y = 2 Fig. 8.5.15
2 2 2 2 2
x + y = r = 4(1 + y) = 4 + 8y + 4y π 5π
16. If r = 1 − 2 sin θ , then r = 0 at θ = and .
x 2 − 3y 2 − 8y = 4 a hyperbola. 6 6
y
5π
θ= 6 π
2 θ= 6
12. r=
1 + sin θ
r + r sin θ = 2 x
2 2
r = (2 − y)
x 2 + y 2 = 4 − 4y + y 2
x 2 = 4 − 4y a parabola.

r=1−2 sin θ
13. r = 1 + sin θ (cardioid)
y Fig. 8.5.16

2 17. r = 2 + cos θ
y

−1 3
x x

Fig. 8.5.13


π π 7π Fig. 8.5.17
14. If r = 1 − cos θ + , then r = 0 at θ = − and .
4 4 4
This is a cardioid. π
18. If r = 2 sin 2θ , then r = 0 at θ = 0, ± and π .
y 2
y
√ √
( 2, 2)

x
πx
θ =− 4

π
r=1−cos(θ + 4 )
r=2 sin 2θ
Fig. 8.5.14
Fig. 8.5.18

15. r = 1 + 2 cos θ 19. r = cos 3θ (three leaf rosette)

r = 0 if θ = ±2π/3. r = 0 at θ = ±π/6, ±π/2, ±5π/6.

331
 SECTION 8.5 (PAGE 464) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y y

π/6 π
θ= 6

x x

r 2 =4 cos 3θ

Fig. 8.5.19 Fig. 8.5.22

√
23. r 2 = sin 3θ . Thus r = ± sin 3θ. This is a lemniscate.
r = 0 at θ = 0, ±π/3, ±2π/3, π .
y
π 3π 5π
20. If r = 2 cos 4θ , then r = 0 at θ = ± , ± , ± and π/3
8 8 8
7π
± . (an eight leaf rosette)
8
y
3π
θ= 8 x

π
θ= 8

x
Fig. 8.5.23
r=2 cos 4θ
24. If r = ln θ , then r = 0 at θ = 1. Note that


Fig. 8.5.20 sin θ
y = r sin θ = ln θ sin θ = (θ ln θ ) →0
θ

as θ → 0+. Therefore, the (negative) x-axis is an asymp-

√ tote of the curve.
21. r2 = 4 sin 2θ . Thus r = ±2 sin 2θ. This is a lemniscate. y
r = 0 at θ = 0, θ = ±π/2, and θ = π .
y

r=ln θ

Fig. 8.5.24

Fig. 8.5.21 √
25. r = 3 cos θ , and r = sin θ both pass through the origin,
and so intersect
√ there. Also √
sin θ = 3 cos θ ⇒ tan θ = 3√ ⇒ θ = π/3, 4π/3.
√ [ 3/2, π/3].
Both of these give the same point
π π Intersections: the origin and [ 3/2, π/3].
22. If r 2 = 4 cos 3θ , then r = 0 at θ = ± , ± and
6 2
5π 26. r 2 = 2 cos(2θ ), r = 1.
± . This equation defines two functions of r , namely
6 √ cos(2θ ) = 1/2 ⇒ θ = ±π/6 or θ = ±5π/6.
r = ±2 cos 3θ. Each contributes 3 leaves to the graph. Intersections: [1, ±π/6] and [1, ±5π/6].

332
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.5 (PAGE 464)

27. r = 1 + cos θ , r = 3 cos θ . Both curves pass through the 34. r = sin(2θ ) sin(mθ )
origin, so intersect there. Also For odd m there are m + 1 petals, 2 each of (m + 1)/2
3 cos θ = 1 + cos θ ⇒ cos θ = 1/2 ⇒ θ = ±π/3. different sizes.
Intersections: the origin and [3/2, ±π/3]. For even m there are always 2m petals. They are of n
different sizes if m = 4n − 2 or m = 4n.
28. Let r 1 (θ ) = θ and r2 (θ ) = θ + π . Although the equation
r 1 (θ ) = r 2 (θ ) has no solutions, the curves r = r1 (θ )
and r = r2 (θ ) can still intersect if r1 (θ1 ) = −r 2 (θ2 ) for
two angles θ1 and θ2 having the opposite directions in the 35. r = 1 + sin(2θ ) sin(mθ )
polar plane. Observe that θ1 = −nπ and θ2 = (n − 1)π These are similar to the ones in Exercise 34, but the
are two such angles provided n is any integer. Since petals are joined, and less distinct. The smaller ones can-
not be distinguished. There appear to be m + 2 petals in
r1 (θ1 ) = −nπ = −r2 ((n − 1)π ), both the even and odd cases.

the curves intersect at any point of the form [nπ, 0] or

[nπ, π ]. 36. r = C + cos θ cos(2θ )
The curve always has 3 bulges, one larger than the
29. If r = 1/θ for θ > 0, then
other two. For C = 0 these are 3 distinct petals. For
sin θ 0 < C < 1 there is a fourth supplementary petal inside
lim y = lim = 1. the large one. For C = 1 the curve has a cusp at the ori-
θ →0+ θ →0+ θ
gin. For C > 1 the curve does not approach the origin,
and the petals become less distinct as C increases.
Thus y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
y
y=1
37. r = C + cos θ sin(3θ )
r=1/θ
For C < 1 there appear to be 6 petals of 3 different sizes.
For C ≥ 1 there are only 4 of 2 sizes, and these coalesce
x as C increases.

Fig. 8.5.29 38.

y
30. The graph of r = cos nθ has 2n leaves if n is an even
integer and n leaves if n is an odd integer. The situation
for r 2 = cos nθ is reversed. The graph has 2n leaves
if n is an odd integer (provided negative values of r are r = ln(θ )
allowed), and it has n leaves if n is even.
31. If r = f (θ ), then x

x = r cos θ = f (θ ) cos θ
y = r sin θ = f (θ ) sin θ.

32. r = cos θ cos(mθ ) Fig. 8.5.38

For odd m this flower has 2m petals, 2 large ones and 4
each of (m − 1)/2 smaller sizes. We will have [ln θ1 , θ1 ] = [ln θ2 , θ2 ] if
For even m the flower has m + 1 petals, one large and 2
each of m/2 smaller sizes. θ2 = θ1 + π and ln θ1 = − ln θ2 ,
33. r = 1 + cos θ cos(mθ )
These are similar to the ones in Exercise 32, but the that is, if ln θ1 + ln(θ1 + π ) = 0. This equa-
curve does not approach the origin except for θ = π tion has solution θ1 ≈ 0.29129956. The correspond-
in the case of even m. The petals are joined, and less ing intersection point has Cartesian coordinates
distinct. The smaller ones cannot be distinguished. (ln θ1 cos θ1 , ln θ1 sin θ1 ) ≈ (−1.181442, −0.354230).

333
 SECTION 8.5 (PAGE 464) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
39.
y

r = 1/θ x
A

x
r=θ

Fig. 8.6.2
r = ln(θ )
 π/4
1
Fig. 8.5.39 3. Area = 4 × a 2 cos 2θ dθ
2 0
π/4
The two intersections of r = ln θ and r = 1/θ for sin 2θ 
= 2a 2 = a 2 sq. units.
0 < θ ≤ 2π correspond to solutions θ1 and θ2 of 2 0
y
1 1
ln θ1 = , ln θ2 = − . r 2 =a 2 cos 2θ
θ1 θ2 + π

The first equation has solution θ1 ≈ 1.7632228, giv- x

ing the point (−0.108461, 0.556676), and the second

equation has solution θ2 ≈ 0.7746477, giving the point
(−0.182488, −0.178606).
Fig. 8.6.3

 π/3  π/3
1 1
Section 8.6 Slopes, Areas, and Arc Lengths 4. Area = sin2 3θ dθ = (1 − cos 6θ ) dθ
for Polar Curves (page 468) 2 0 4 0

π/3
1 1  π
= θ − sin 6θ  = sq. units.
4 6 0 12
y
 2π π
1 (2π )2 θ= 3
1. Area = θ dθ = = π 2.
2 0 4
y A

√ x
r= θ
r=sin 3θ

θ =0 θ =2π x

Fig. 8.6.4

 π/8
Fig. 8.6.1 1
5. Total area = 16 × cos2 4θ dθ
2 0
 π/8
=4 (1 + cos 8θ ) dθ
0
 2π
π/8
1 2π 2 θ 3  4 sin 8θ  π
2. Area = θ dθ = = π 3 sq. units. =4 θ+ = sq. units.
2 0 6 0 3 8 
0 2

334
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.6 (PAGE 468)


y 1 2 1 π/2 2
r=cos 4θ 8. Area = πa + 2 × a (1 − sin θ )2 dθ
2 2 0
 π/2

π/8 π a2 2 1 − cos 2θ
= +a 1 − 2 sin θ + dθ
2 0 2


x π a2 3 1 π/2
= + a 2 θ + 2 cos θ − sin 2θ 
2 2 4 0


5π 2
= − 2 a sq. units.
4
y
Fig. 8.6.5
r=a

6. The circles r = a and r = 2a cos θ intersect x

A
at θ = ±π/3. By symmetry, the common area is
4×(area of sector−area of right triangle) (see the figure),
i.e.,
√  √ r=a(1−sin θ )



1 2 1 a 3a 4π − 3 3 2
4× πa − = a sq. units.
6 22 2 6
Fig. 8.6.8
y

r=2a cos θ 9. For intersections: 1 + cos θ = 3 cos θ . Thus 2 cos θ = 1

r=a
and θ = ±π/3. The shaded area is given by

A  π  π/2 
x 1 2 2
2× (1 + cos θ ) dθ − 9 cos θ dθ
2 π/3 π/3
 π

1 + cos 2θ
= 1 + 2 cos θ + dθ
π/3 2

9 π/2
Fig. 8.6.6 − (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2 π/3


π
 3 2π sin 2θ 
1 π π = + 2 sin θ + 
7. Area = 2 × (1 − cos θ )2 dθ − 2 3 4 π/3
2π/2 2
π/2
 π
 9 sin 2θ 
1 + cos 2θ π − θ+ 
= 1 − 2 cos θ + dθ − 2 2 π/3
π/2 2 2 √ √
 
π π √ 3 9 3 π
3 π sin 2θ   π = − 3− + = sq. units.
= π− − 2 sin θ −  − 4 8 4 2 4
2 2 4 π/2 2
π
= + 2 sq. units.
4 y
π/3
y
r=1−cos θ r=3 cos θ

r=1 r=1+cos θ

x
x

Fig. 8.6.7 Fig. 8.6.9

335
 SECTION 8.6 (PAGE 468) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

π 5π dr
10. Since r 2 = 2 cos 2θ meets r = 1 at θ = ± and ± , 13. r = e aθ , (−π ≤ θ ≤ π ). = aeaθ .
6 6 √ dθ
√
the area inside the lemniscate and outside the circle is ds = e2aθ + a 2 e2aθ dθ = 1 + a 2 eaθ dθ . The length of
 the curve is
1 π/6  
4× 2 cos 2θ − 12 dθ √
2 0  π
π/6 1 + a 2 aπ
 √ 1 + a 2 eaθ dθ = (e − e−aπ ) units.
 π π −π a
= 2 sin 2θ  − = 3− sq. units.
 3 3
0

y
 2π
r=1 14. s= a 2 + a 2 θ 2 dθ
0
 2π
A A =a 1 + θ 2 dθ Let θ = tan u
0
x dθ = sec2 u dθ
 θ =2π
r 2 =2 cos 2θ
=a sec3 u du
θ =0
a θ =2π
= sec u tan u + ln | sec u + tan u| 
2 θ =0
Fig. 8.6.10 θ =2π
a  
11. r = 0 at θ = ±2π/3. The shaded area is = θ 1 + θ 2 + ln | 1 + θ 2 + θ | 
2 θ =0
 π a 
1 = 2π 1 + 4π 2 + ln(2π + 1 + 4π 2 ) units.
2× (1 + 2 cos θ )2 dθ 2
2 2π/3
 π  
= 1 + 4 cos θ + 2(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2π/3 15. r 2 = cos 2θ
π  π π dr dr sin 2θ
  2r = −2 sin 2θ ⇒ =−
=3 
+ 4 sin θ  + sin 2θ 
3 dθ  dθ r
2π/3 2π/3
√ √ sin2 2θ √
√ 3 3 3
=π −2 3+ =π− sq. units. ds = cos 2θ + dθ = sec 2θ dθ
2 2 cos 2θ
 π/4 √
y Length = 4 sec 2θ dθ.
2π/3 0
r=1+2 cos θ y

r 2 =cos 2θ
1 3
x
x

−2π/3

Fig. 8.6.11 Fig. 8.6.15


 π
2  π
dr
12. s= + r 2 dθ = 4θ 2 + θ 4 dθ 16. If r 2 = cos 2θ , then
0 dθ 0
 π
= Let u = 4 + θ 2
θ 4 + θ 2 dθ dr dr sin 2θ
0 2r = −2 sin 2θ ⇒ = −√
du = 2θ dθ dθ dθ cos 2θ
 4+π 2 4+π 2
1 √ 1 
= u du = u 3/2  and 
2 4 3 4
1 2 3/2

ds = cos 2θ +
sin2 2θ
dθ = √
dθ
.
= (4 + π ) − 8 units. cos 2θ
3 cos 2θ

336
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 8.6 (PAGE 468)

 
a) Area of the surface generated by rotation about the √ π
i.e., at P1 = 2, and P2 = (0, 0).
x- axis is 4
dr
 π/4
For r 2 = 2 sin 2θ we have 2r = 4 cos 2θ . At P1 we
√ dθ
Sx = 2π r sin θ ds have r = 2 and dr/dθ = 0. Thus the angle ψ between
0
 π/4 √ the curve and the radial line θ = π/4 is ψ = π/2.
dθ
= 2π cos 2θ sin θ √ For r = 2 cos θ we have dr/dθ = −2 sin θ , so the angle
cos 2θ
0
π/4  and the radial line θ = π/4 satisfies
between this curve
 √ r 
= −2π cos θ  = (2 − 2)π sq. units. tan ψ = = −1, and ψ = 3π/4. The two
dr/dθ  θ =π/4
0
3π π π
curves intersect at P1 at angle − = .
4 2 4
b) Area of the surface generated by rotation about the The Figure shows that at the origin, P2 , the circle meets
y- axis is the lemniscate twice, at angles 0 and π/2.
y
 π/4
S y = 2π r cos θ ds
−π/4
 π/4 √
dθ
= 4π cos 2θ cos θ √
0 cos 2θ
π/4
 √ x
= 4π sin θ  = 2 2π sq. units.
0
r 2 =2 sin 2θ r=2 cos θ

17. For r = 1 + sin θ , Fig. 8.6.18

19. The curves r = 1 − cos θ and r = 1 − sin θ intersect on
r 1 + sin θ the rays θ = π/4 and θ = 5π/4, as well as at the origin.
tan ψ = = .
dr/dθ cos θ At the origin their cusps clearly intersect at right angles.
√ For r = 1 − cos θ , tan ψ
√1 = (1 − cos θ )/ sin θ .
If θ = π/4, then tan ψ = 2 +√1 and ψ = 3π/8. At θ = π/4, tan ψ1 = 2 − √ 1, so ψ1 = π/8.
If θ = 5π/4, then tan ψ = 1 − 2 and ψ = −π/8. At θ = 5π/4, tan ψ1 = −( 2 + 1), so ψ1 = −3π/8.
The line y = x meets the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ at For r = 1 − sin θ , tan ψ2 =√(1 − sin θ )/(− cos θ ).
the origin at an angle of 45◦ , and also at first and third At θ = π/4, tan ψ2 = 1√ − 2, so ψ2 = −π/8.
quadrant points at angles of 67.5◦ and −22.5◦ as shown At θ = 5π/4, tan ψ2 = 2 + 1, so ψ2 = 3π/8.
in the figure. At π/4 the curves intersect at angle π/8−(−π/8) = π/4.
y At 5π/4 the curves intersect at angle 3π/8 − (−3π/8)
= 3π/4 (or π/4 if you use the supplementary angle).
r=1+sin θ y
r=1−cos θ

θ = π/4
r=1−sin θ
ψ x

Fig. 8.6.17

Fig. 8.6.19
18. The two curves r 2 = 2 sin 2θ and r = 2 cos θ intersect
where 20. We have r = cos θ + sin θ . For horizontal tangents:
2 sin 2θ = 4 cos2 θ dy d  
2 0= = cos θ sin θ + sin2 θ
4 sin θ cos θ = 4 cos θ dθ dθ
(sin θ − cos θ ) cos θ = 0 = cos2 θ − sin2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
⇔ sin θ = cos θ or cos θ = 0, ⇔ cos 2θ = − sin 2θ ⇔ tan 2θ = −1.

337
 SECTION 8.6 (PAGE 468) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

π 3π dr
Thus θ = − or . The tangents are horizontal at 22. We have r 2 = cos 2θ , and 2r = −2 sin 2θ . For hori-

 8
8  dθ
π π π zontal tangents:
cos − sin ,− and

8 8 8 d sin 2θ


  0= r sin θ = r cos θ + sin θ −
3π 3π 3π dθ r
cos + sin , .
8 8 8 ⇔ cos 2θ cos θ = sin 2θ sin θ
For vertical tangent:
⇔ (cos2 θ − sin2 θ ) cos θ = 2 sin2 θ cos θ
⇔ cos θ = 0 or cos2 θ = 3 sin2 θ.
dx d  2 
0= = cos θ + cos θ sin θ There are no points on the curve where cos θ = 0. There-
dθ dθ
fore, horizontal tangents occur only where
= −2 cos θ sin θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ tan2 θ = 1/3. There are horizontal tangents at
  
⇔ sin 2θ = cos 2θ ⇔ tan 2θ = 1. 1 π 1 5π
√ ,± and √ , ± .
2 6 2 6
For vertical tangents:

θ = π/8 of
5π/8.
Thus  There are vertical tangents at
d


sin 2θ

π π π 0= r cos θ = −r sin θ + cos θ −
cos + sin , and dθ r
8 8 8


 
5π 5π 5π ⇔ cos 2θ sin θ = − sin 2θ cos θ
cos + sin , .
8 8 8 ⇔ (cos2 θ − sin2 θ ) sin θ = −2 sin θ cos2 θ
y
⇔ sin θ = 0 or 3 cos2 θ = sin2 θ.
r=cos θ +sin θ There are no points on the curve where tan2 θ = 3, so the
only vertical tangents occur where sin θ = 0, that is, at
the points with polar coordinates [1, 0] and [1, π ].
y
x
r 2 =cos 2θ

Fig. 8.6.20 x

Fig. 8.6.22
sin 2θ 1
23. r = sin 2θ . tan ψ = = 2 tan 2θ .
r 2 cos 2θ
21. r = 2 cos θ . tan ψ = = − cot θ . For horizontal tangents:
dr/dθ
For horizontal tangents we want tan ψ = − tan θ . Thus tan 2θ = −2 tan θ
we want − tan θ = − cot θ , and √ so θ = ±π/4 or ±3π/4. 2 tan θ
The tangents are horizontal at [ 2, ±π/4]. 2
= −2 tan θ
1 − tan
 θ 
For vertical tangents we want tan ψ = cot θ . Thus we
want − cot θ = cot θ , and so θ = 0, ±π/2, or π . There tan θ 1 + (1 − tan2 θ ) = 0
are vertical tangents at the origin and at [2, 0]. tan θ (2 − tan2 θ ) = 0.
y √ √
θ =π/4 Thus θ = 0, π , ± tan−1 2, π ± tan−1 2.
There are horizontal tangents at the origin and the points
 √   √ 
r=2 cos θ √ √
2 2 −1 2 2 −1
, ± tan 2 and , π ± tan 2 .
2 3 3
x
Since the rosette r = sin 2θ is symmetric about x = y,
there must be vertical tangents at the origin and at the
θ =−π/4 points
 √   √ 
2 2 −1 1 2 2 −1 1
, ± tan √ and , π ± tan √ .
Fig. 8.6.21 3 2 3 2

338
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 8 (PAGE 469)

y y
r=2(1−sin θ )

r=sin 2θ

Fig. 8.6.23 Fig. 8.6.25

26. x = r cos θ = f (θ ) cos θ , y = r sin θ = f (θ ) sin θ .

dr
24. We have r = eθ and = eθ . For horizontal tangents:
dθ dx dy
= f  (θ ) cos θ − f (θ ) sin θ, = f  (θ ) sin θ + f (θ ) cos θ
dθ  dθ
d  2  2
0= r sin θ = eθ cos θ + eθ sin θ ds = f  (θ ) cos θ − f (θ ) sin θ + f  (θ ) sin θ + f (θ ) cos θ dθ
dθ
π  2  2
⇔ tan θ = −1 ⇔ θ = − + kπ,
4 = f  (θ ) cos2 θ − 2 f  (θ ) f (θ ) cos θ sin θ + f (θ ) sin2 θ
 2  2 1/2
where k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .. At the points
[ekπ −π/4 , kπ − π/4] the tangents are horizontal. + f  (θ ) sin2 θ + 2 f  (θ ) f (θ ) sin θ cos θ + f (θ ) cos2 θ dθ
For vertical tangents: 
 2  2
= f  (θ ) + f (θ ) dθ.
d
0= r cos θ = e θ cos θ − eθ sin θ
dθ
π
⇔ tan θ = 1 ↔ θ = + kπ. Review Exercises 8 (page 469)
4

At the points [ekπ +π/4 , kπ + π/4] the tangents are verti- x2

1. x 2 + 2y 2 = 2 ⇔ + y2 = 1
cal. 2 √
Ellipse, semi-major axis a = 2, along the x-axis. Semi-
1 − sin θ minor axis b = 1.
25. r = 2(1 − sin θ ), tan ψ = − . c2 = a 2 − b2 = 1. Foci: (±1, 0).
cos θ
For horizontal tangents tan ψ = − cot θ , so
x2 y2
2. 9x 2 − 4y 2 = 36 ⇔ − =1
1 − sin θ sin θ 4 9
− =− Hyperbola, transverse axis along the x-axis.
cos θ cos θ Semi-transverse axis a = 2, semi-conjugate axis b = 3.
√
cos θ = 0, or 2 sin θ = 1. c2 = a 2 + b2 = 13. Foci: (± 13, 0).
Asymptotes: 3x ± 2y = 0.
The solutions are θ = ±π/2, ±π/6, and ±5π/6.
3. x + y 2 = 2y + 3 ⇔ (y − 1)2 = 4 − x
θ = π/2 corresponds to the origin where the cardioid
has a cusp, and therefore no tangent. There are horizon- Parabola, vertex (4, 1), opening to the left, principal axis
tal tangents at [4, −π/2], [1, π/6], and [1, 5π/6]. y = 1.
a = −1/4. Focus: (15/4, 1).
For vertical tangents tan ψ = cot θ , so
4. 2x 2 + 8y 2 = 4x − 48y
1 − sin θ cos θ 2(x 2 − 2x + 1) + 8(y 2 + 6y + 9) = 74
− =
cos θ sin θ
(x − 1)2 (y + 3)2
sin2 θ − sin θ = cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ + = 1.
37 37/4
2 sin2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
(sin θ − 1)(2 sin θ + 1) = 0 Ellipse, (1, −3), major axis along y = −3.
√ centre √
a = 37, b√= 37/2, c2 = a 2 − b2 = 111/4.
Foci: (1 ± 111/2, −3).
The solutions here are θ = π/2 (the origin again),
θ = −π/6 and θ = −5π/6. There are vertical tangents at 5. x = t, y = 2 − t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2).
[3, −π/6] and [3, −5π/6]. Straight line segment from (0, 2) to (2, 0).

339
 REVIEW EXERCISES 8 (PAGE 469) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

6. x = 2 sin(3t), y = 2 cos(3t), (0 ≤ t ≤ 2) 13. x = t 3 − 3t y = t3

Part of a circle of radius 2 centred at the origin from the dx dy
point (0, 2) clockwise to (2 sin 6, 2 cos 6). = 3(t 2 − 1) = 3t 2
dt dt
Horizontal tangent at t = 0, i.e., at (0, 0).
7. x = cosh t, y = sinh2 t.
Vertical tangent at t = ±1, i.e., at (2, −1) and (−2, 1).
Parabola x 2 − y = 1, or y = x 2 − 1, traversed left to
right. 
dy t2 >0 if |t| > 1
8. x = e t , y = e−2t , (−1 ≤ t ≤ 1). Slope = 2
< 0 if |t| < 1
dx t −1
Part of the curve x 2 y = 1 from (1/e, e2 ) to (e, 1/e2 ). Slope → 1 as t → ±∞.
9. x = cos(t/2), y = 4 sin(t/2), (0 ≤ t ≤ π ). y
The first quadrant part of the ellipse 16x 2 + y 2 = 16,
traversed counterclockwise.
10. x = cos t + sin t, y = cos t − sin t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ) t=1
The circle x 2 + y 2 = 2, traversed clockwise, starting and x
t=−1
ending at (1, 1).
4
11. x= y = t 3 − 3t
1 + t2
dx 8t dy
=− = 3(t 2 − 1)
dt (1 + t 2 )2 dt Fig. R-8.13
Horizontal tangent at t = ±1, i.e., at (2, ±2).
Vertical tangent at t = 0, √
i.e., at (4, 0). 14. x = t 3 − 3t y = t 3 − 12t
Self-intersection at t = ± 3, i.e., at (1, 0).
dx dy
y = 3(t 2 − 1) = 3(t 2 − 4)
t=−1 dt dt
Horizontal tangent at t = ±2, i.e., at (2, −16) and
(−2, 16).
√ Vertical tangent at t = ±1, i.e., at (2, 11) and (−2, −11).
t=± 3 t=0
x

dy t2 − 4 > 0 if |t| > 2 or |t| < 1
Slope = 2
t=1 dx t −1 < 0 if 1 < |t| < 2
Slope → 1 as t → ±∞.
Fig. R-8.11 y
(−2,16)

12. x = t 3 − 3t y = t 3 + 3t (2,11)

dx dy
= 3(t 2 − 1) = 3(t 2 + 1)
dt dt
Horizontal tangent: none. x
Vertical tangent at t = ±1, i.e., at (2, −4) and (−2, 4). x=t 3 −3t
y=t 3 −12t
(−2,−11)

dy t2 + 1 > 0 if |t| > 1
Slope = 2
dx t −1 < 0 if |t| < 1 (2,−16)
Slope → 1 as t → ±∞. Fig. R-8.14
y

(−2,4) x=t 3 −3t 15. The curve x = t 3 − t, y = |t 3 | is symmetric about x = 0

y=t 3 +3t since x is an odd function and y is an even function. Its
self-intersection occurs at a nonzero value of t that makes
x = 0, namely, t = ±1. The area of the loop is
x
 t=1  1
(2,−4)
A=2 (−x) d y = −2 (t 3 − t)3t 2 dt
t=0 0

1
6 3 4  1
= −t + t  = sq. units.
Fig. R-8.12 2 0 2

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 8 (PAGE 469)

y y r =θ

x
x = t3 − t
y = |t 3 |

t=±1

t=0 x Fig. R-8.19

Fig. R-8.15
20. r = |θ |, (−2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π )
y
r=|θ |
16. The volume of revolution about the y-axis is
 t=1
V =π x2 dy
t=0
 1 x
=π (t 6 − 2t 4 + t 2 )3t 2 dt
0
 1
= 3π (t 8 − 2t 6 + t 4 ) dt

0 
1 2 1 8π Fig. R-8.20
= 3π − + = cu. units.
9 7 5 105

21. r = 1 + cos(2θ )
y

17. x = e t − t, y = 4et/2 , (0 ≤ t ≤ 2). Length is

r=1+cos 2θ
 2
L= (et − 1)2 + 4et dt x
0
 2  2
= (et + 1)2 dt = (et + 1) dt
0 0
2

= (et + t) = e2 + 1 units.
0
Fig. R-8.21

22. r = 2 + cos(2θ )
y
18. Area of revolution about the x-axis is
r=2+cos(2θ )

t/2 t
S = 2π 4e (e + 1) dt

2 x
2 3t/2 
= 8π e + 2et/2 
3 0
16π 3
= (e + 3e − 4) sq. units.
3

Fig. R-8.22

 −3π 3π

19. r = θ, 2 ≤θ ≤ 2 23. r = 1 + 2 cos(2θ )

341
 REVIEW EXERCISES 8 (PAGE 469) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y √
27. r = 1 + 2 sin θ approaches
√ the origin in the directions
for which sin θ = −1/ 2, that is, θ = −3π/4 and
r=1+2 cos 2θ θ = −π/4. The smaller loop corresponds to values of θ
between these two values. By symmetry, the area of the
loop is
x
 −π/4 √
1
A=2× (1 + 2 2 sin θ + 2 sin2 θ ) dθ
2 −π/2
 −π/4 √
= (2 + 2 2 sin θ − cos(2θ )) dθ
Fig. R-8.23 −π/2

−π/4
√ 1 
= 2θ − 2 2 cos θ − sin(2θ ) 
2
24. r = 1 − sin(3θ ) −π/2
y π 1 π −3
r=1−sin(3θ ) = −2+ = sq. units.
2 2 2
√
y r=1+ 2 sin θ
π/6

x
−3π/4 −π/4

Fig. R-8.24 Fig. R-8.27

28. r cos θ = x = 1/4 and r = 1 + cos θ intersect where

25. Area of a large loop:
1
1 + cos θ =
 4 cos θ
1 π/3
A=2× (1 + 2 cos(2θ ))2 dθ 4 cos2 θ + 4 cos θ − 1 = 0
2 0 √ √
 π/3 −4 ± 16 + 16 ± 2−1
cos θ = = .
= [1 + 4 cos(2θ ) + 2(1 + cos(4θ ))] dθ 8 2
0

π/3 √
1  Only ( 2 − 1)/2 is between −1
= 3θ + 2 sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ )  √ and 1, so is a possible
2 2−1
√ 0 value of cos θ . Let θ0 = cos−1 . Then
3 3 2
=π+ sq. units. 
4  √ 2 √
 2−1 1+2 2

sin θ0 = 1 − = .
2 2

26. Area of a small loop:

By symmetry, the area inside r = 1 + cos θ to the left of
 π/2 the line x = 1/4 is
1
A=2× (1 + 2 cos(2θ ))2 dθ  π

2 π/3 1 1 + cos(2θ )
 π/2 A=2× 1 + 2 cos θ + dθ + cos θ0 sin θ0
2 θ0 2
= [1 + 4 cos(2θ ) + 2(1 + cos(4θ ))] dθ
π
π/3 3 1 

π/2 = (π − θ0 ) + 2 sin θ + sin(2θ ) 
1  2 4 θ0
= 3θ + 2 sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ )  √ √
2 π/3 ( 2 − 1) 1 + 2 2
√ +
π 3 3  4 √
= − sq. units. √ 
2 4 3 2−1 √ 2−9
= π − cos −1 + 1+2 2 sq. units.
2 2 8

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 8 (PAGE 469)

y x=1/4
r=1+cos θ

θ0 C1

x
A1

S1

Fig. R-8.28
C P F1

Challenging Problems 8 (page 469)

F2
C2

A2
1. The surface of the water is elliptical (see Problem 2 be-
low) whose semi-minor axis is 4 cm, the radius of the S2
cylinder, and whose semi-major axis is 4 sec θ cm be-
cause of the tilt of the glass. The surface area is that of Fig. C-8.2
the ellipse
Let P be any point on C. Let A1 A2 be the line through
x = 4 sec θ cos t, y = 4 sin t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ). P that lies on the cylinder, with A1 on C1 and A2 on C2 .
Then P F1 = P A1 because both lengths are of tangents
drawn to the sphere S1 from the same exterior point P.
This area is
Similarly, P F2 = P A2 . Hence
 t=π/2 P F1 + P F2 = P A1 + P A2 = A1 A2 ,
A=4 x dy
t=0 which is constant, the distance between the centres of the
 π/2 two spheres. Thus C must be an ellipse, with foci at F1
=4 (4 sec θ cos t)(4 cos t) dt and F2 .
0
 π/2
3. Given the foci F1 and F2 , and the point P on the ellipse,
= 32 sec θ (1 + cos(2t)) dt = 16π sec θ cm2 . construct N1 P N2 , the bisector of the angle F1 P F2 . Then
0
construct T1 PT2 perpendicular to N1 N2 at P. By the
reflection property of the ellipse, N1 N2 is normal to the
ellipse at P. Therefore T1 T2 is tangent there.
θ
4 cm T1 N2
P
4 sec θ cm T2
θ
θ
N1

F1 F2

Fig. C-8.1

2. Let S1 and S2 be two spheres inscribed in the cylinder, Fig. C-8.3

one on each side of the plane that intersects the cylinder
4. Without loss of generality, choose the axes and axis
in the curve C that we are trying to show is an ellipse.
scales so that the parabola has equation y = x 2 . If P is
Let the spheres be tangent to the cylinder around the
the point (x0 , x02 ) on it, then the tangent to the parabola
circles C1 and C2 , and suppose they are also tangent to
at P has equation
the plane at the points F1 and F2 , respectively, as shown
in the figure. y = x02 + 2x0 (x − x0 ),

343
 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 8 (PAGE 469) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

which intersects the principal axis x = 0 at (0, −x02 ).

Thus R = (0, −x 02 ) and Q = (0, x02 ). Evidently the 6.
vertex V = (0, 0) bisects R Q. y
y
P = [r, θ ]

[a, θ0 ]
Q P= (x 0 , x02 ) r
a L
θ
θ0
V x
x

R Fig. C-8.6

a) Let L be a line not passing through the origin, and

let [a, θ0 ] be the polar coordinates of the point on
L that is closest to the origin. If P = [r, θ ] is any
Fig. C-8.4 point on the line, then, from the triangle in the fig-
ure,
To construct the tangent at a given point P on a parabola
with given vertex V and principal axis L, drop a perpen- a a
= cos(θ − θ0 ), or r = .
dicular from P to L, meeting L at Q. Then find R on L r cos(θ − θ0 )
on the side of V opposite Q and such that QV = V R.
Then P R is the desired tangent.
b) As shown in part (a), any line not passing through
5. the origin has equation of the form
y
b a
r = g(θ ) = = a sec(θ − θ0 ),
cos(θ − θ0 )
c
for some constants a and θ0 . We have
2 ft
g  (θ ) = a sec(θ − θ0 ) tan(θ − θ0 )
2 ft a g  (θ ) = a sec(θ − θ0 ) tan2 (θ − θ0 )
x  2  2
+ a sec3 (θ − θ0 ) g(θ ) + 2 g  (θ ) − g(θ )g  (θ )
= a 2 sec2 (θ − θ0 ) + 2a 2 sec2 (θ − θ0 ) tan2 (θ − θ0 )
− a 2 sec2 (θ − θ0 ) tan2 (θ − θ0 ) − a 2 sec4 (θ − θ0 )
   
= a 2 sec2 (θ − θ0 ) 1 + tan2 (θ − θ0 ) − sec4 (θ − θ0 )
= 0.
Fig. C-8.5
c) If r = g(θ ) is the polar equation of the tangent to
x2 y2 r = f (θ ) at θ = α, then g(α) = f (α) and
Let the ellipse be 2 + 2 = 1, with a = 2 and foci at
a b g  (α) = f  (α). Suppose that
(0, ±2) so that c = 2 and b2 = a 2 + c2 = 8. The volume
of the barrel is  2  2
f (α) + 2 f  (α) − f (α) f  (α) > 0.
 2  2

2 y2
V =2 π x d y = 2π 4 1− dy By part (b) we have
0 0 8

2
y 3  40π 3  2  2
= 8π y− = ft . g(α) + 2 g  (α) − g(α)g  (α) = 0.
24 0 3

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 8 (PAGE 469)

Subtracting, and using g(α) = f (α) and 8. Take the origin at station O as shown in the figure. Both
g  (α) = f  (α), we get f  (α) < g  (α). It follows of the lines L 1 and L 2 pass at distance 100 cos
from
that f (θ ) < g(θ ) for values of θ near α; that is, the the origin. Therefore, by Problem 6(a), their equations
graph of r = f (θ ) is curving to the origin side of its are
tangent at α. Similarly, if
100 cos
100 cos

 2  2 L1 : r=  π  =
cos θ − 2 −
sin(θ +
)
f (α) + 2 f  (α) − f (α) f  (α) < 0,
100 cos
100 cos

L2 : r=    = .
then the graph is curving to the opposite side of the cos θ − π2 +
sin(θ −
)
tangent, away from the origin.
The search area A(
) is, therefore,
7.
 π

1 4 +
1002 cos2
1002 cos2

A(
) = − dθ
2 π sin2 (θ −
) sin2 (θ +
)
4 −

B 0 x(t) A  π +

4

= 5, 000 cos2
π csc2 (θ −
) − csc2 (θ +
) dθ
x
θ −

4    
= 5, 000 cos
cot π4 + 2
− 2 cot π4 + cot π4 − 2

2
     
R r 2 cos π4 + 2
sin π4 + 2

= 5, 000 cos
  +   −2
sin π4 + 2
cos π4 + 2

   
= 10, 000 cos2
csc π2 + 4
− 1
= 10, 000 cos2
(sec(4
) − 1) mi2 .

For
= 3◦ = π/60, we have A(
) ≈ 222.8 square miles.

Also

A (
) = −20, 000 cos
sin
(sec(4
) − 1)

+ 40, 000 cos2
sec(4
) tan(4
)

A (π/60) ≈ 8645.
Fig. C-8.7 When
= 3◦ , the search area increases at about
When the vehicle is at position x, as shown in the fig- 8645(π/180) ≈ 151 square miles per degree increase
ure, the component of the gravitational force on it in the in
.
y
direction of the tunnel is
mgr mg

ma(r ) cos θ = − cos θ = − x. L2
R R
L1
By Newton’s Law of Motion, this force produces an ac-
celeration d 2 x/dt 2 along the tunnel given by Area A(
)
100 mi
d2x mg

m =− x,
dt 2 R
π/4
that is
O x
d2x g Fig. C-8.8
+ ω2 x = 0, where ω2 = .
dt 2 R
9. The easiest way to determine which curve is which is
This is the equation of simple
√ harmonic motion, with to calculate both their areas; the outer curve bounds the
period T = 2π/ω = 2π R/g. larger area.
For R ≈ 3960 mi ≈ 2.09 × 107 ft, and g ≈ 32 ft/s2 , we The curve C1 with parametric equations
have T ≈ 5079 s ≈ 84.6 minutes. This is a rather short
time for a round trip between Atlanta and Baghdad, or 1
any other two points on the surface of the earth. x = sin t, y= sin(2t), (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π )
2

345
CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 8 (PAGE 469) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

has area C1 is the outer curve, and the area between the curves is
 t=π/2 1/3 sq. units.
A1 = 4 y dx
t=0
π/2 1 y
=4 sin(2t) cos t dt
0 2
 π/2
=4 sin t cos2 t dt
0
Let u = cos t x
du = − sin t dt
 1 4
=4 u 2 du = sq. units.
0 3
The curve C2 with polar equation r 2 = cos(2θ ) has area Fig. C-8.9
 π/4
4 π/4 
A2 = cos(2θ ) dθ = sin(2θ ) = 1 sq. units.
2 0 0

346