ANTIPERSPIRANTS

[Link] Akbuga
26.05.2025
• Antiperspirants are topically applied products designed to reduce
underarm wetness by limiting eccrine sweat production.
• In USA, these products are regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and approved as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs,
because they are intended to affect a ‘function of body’.
• These products have to reduce perspiration to minimum 20%.
• An antiperspirant, is defined by the Department of Health and Human
Services, in the final antiperspirant monograph published in 2003 as
follows: A drug product applied topically that reduces the production
of perspiration (sweat at that site).
BIOLOGY
OF SWEAT
GLANDS
• The axilla region of humans contains apocrine, eccrine, and
sebaceous glands.
• Approximately 25,000 sweat glands/axilla can produce up to 12 g
sweat/hr.
• There is 2 types of glands:
a) Eccrine Glands
b) Apocrine Glands
a) Eccrine Glands
• This is the gland responsible for the majority of sweat production.
• It has a sensory and an excretory function and can be stimulated by
emotional and thermal stimulis.
• It produces clear, colorless, and odorless liquid containing 98% - 99% water
and 1% to 2% inorganic and organic compounds.
• Inorganic components include NaCl and traces of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+,
and Cu2+ ions.
• Organic components include lactic acid, citric acid, formic acid, propionic
acid, butyric acid, urea, and ammonia.
b) Apocrine glands

• In contrast to eccrine glands, the

openings of the glands are not at
the skin surface but appear at the
hair follicle.
• Decomposition of apocrine sweat
by skin bacteria is responsible for
the characteristic odor of human
sweat.
What is Sweat?
• Sweat is sterile and odorless when secreted. But malodor is formed
by the action of bacteria on primarily the apocrin sweat which is rich
in organic material.
• Eccrine sweat is highly diluted liquid.
• Eccrine sweat promotes odor production by 2 ways:
1-a small amount sticky oily substance of apocrin secretion is dispersed
over
2-moisture of this region is ideal for bacterial growth
• Auxiliary hair promotes
-hair act as collocting site for apocrine sweat.
-increase the surface area available for bacterial proliferation.

• "Sweating is a defense mechanism we have to protect ourselves from

overheating.
Odor
Different things can affect odor.
-decomposition of proteins
-lower fatty acids, steroids and lactones (have no smell but fix the odor)
-diet
-physical and physiological conditions
• Pheromones reflects psychological state of the individuals.
Where does
body odor come
from ?

Skin has a layer of bacteria friendly on

its surface called MICROBIOME.
This bacteria help us to stop harmful
bacteria from colonizing and growing.
The bacteria in underarm consume the
amino acids and lipids in the sweat
and create smelly compounds.
COMPOSITION OF
ANTIPERSPIRANT
Active ingredients are:
• Alumium chlorohydrate
• Alumium -di,-sesqui chlorohydrate
• Alumium zirconium chlorohydrate
They,
-are astringent
-have low pH 2-3 cause irritation
-can be hydrolyzed if not washing
-are used at 12-20%
• A buffering agent is needed such as glycine.
Approved Active Ingredients
• 18 active ingredients that are approved for use in antiperspirant products
in the U.S. (OTC).
• Antiperspirant products can require up to 10 consecutive days to reach
maximum effect.
• Benefits can be completely eliminated within 14 days.
• Barriers to compliance are associated with products’ aesthetics rather than
irritation.
• Common barriers are: skin feel product, appereance on skin, effect on
clothes and fragrances.
MEDICAL APPROACHES TO HYPERHIDROSIS
• Hyperhidrosis is defined as excessive sweating.
• Sweat may be in the axillae, the palms, the feet, the face, or a
combination of any or all of the above body parts.
• Treatment ways of hyperhidrosis:
1-Antiperspirants
2-Iontophoresis
3-Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy Surgery
4-Prescription Medications*
*Usually taken only for special occasions when sweat control is important.
5-Botulinum Toxin A Injections

Botulinum toxin A (Botox, Allergan) is the most

effective method of reducing axillary
hyperhidrosis. It is classified as a method of
chemodenervation, since it interrupts the nerve
signal to sweat.
The sweat reduction induced by the botulinum
toxin A lasts for approximately six months, or
longer in some patienst. The treatment does not
completely eradicate axillary sweating, but
significantly diminishes its amount.
DEODORANTS
• Perspiration itself is almost odorless.
• Most of the odor that accompanies
perspiration is caused by the action of
bacteria.
• Deodorants reduce this odor in one of these
ways:
-by preventing the action of bacteria on the
perspiration, antimicrobial-active containg
deo
-by preventing the secretion of perspiration,
antiperspirant-containing deo
-by masking the offensive odor, odor
masking/odor neutralazing deo
• Antimicrobial containing deodorants:
Deodorants that kill or inactivate bacteria contain antiseptic substances
such as alcohol, formaldehyde, boric acid, triclosan, glyceryl fatty acid
esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, esterase inhibitor such as zinc glycinate,
triethyl citrate.

• Odor masking/neutralizing deodorants:

Fragrances have used to mask odors. They are designed to blend with the
underarm odor and they mask odor. These are acting as a chemical
neutralizing, such as zinc carbonate.
DELIVERY and APPLICATION FORMS for ANTIPERSPIRANTS
• Antiperspirants can be formulated as different forms such as;
Solution, suspension, emulsion
• Application forms are such as;
Stick, roll-on, cream, gel, aerosol, powder
Rules concerning efficacy:
• aqueous solution > anhydrous suspension
• aqueous solution > sprayable O/W emulsion > O/W emulsion roll-on > O/W
emulsion cream
• O/W emulsion > W/O emulsion
• low viscous suspension > suspension stick
Deodorant Sticks
Deodorant sticks are solidified by 6-8% of sodium stearate. The deodorizing agent and a fragrance are
dissolved in a hydrophilic carrier.

• Two stick categories can be differentiated;

Ethanol-based and propylene glycol-based sticks

*Transparency is usually achieved by usage of a high polyol content.

• Clarifying agents for sticks such as PPG-14 butyl ether, Cocamide DEA, Lauramide DEA, Steareth-100
have been used.

• Ethanol-based sticks are preferred if it is the intent of the formulator to create a cooling sensation.

• Propylene glycol-based sticks tend to be more resistant to shrinkage, and solubilization of a fragrance
is easier in some instance.
Deodorant Aerosols

• Spray products containing a solution of an antimicrobial active in an ethanol

and/or propylene glycol carrier, blended with a liquefied propellant.

• The difference from an antiperspirant active containing aerosol is that the

deodorizer is solubilized in an alcohol or polyol-based formulation and
not suspended.

• Deodorant sprays provide a dry skin feeling to the underarm skin because they
are anhydrously formulated.
• Typically, 20% to 60% of the sprayable contents of an aerosol reach the skin, because the
liquefied hydrocarbon propellant evaporizes as it is sprayed. Propane, butane, isobutane
are the most commonly used propellants.
• They condense to form a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid with densities of 0.51 to
0.58 g/mL at 208 oC. These propellants are inflammable in the presence of air or oxygen.
Labeling of cosmetic aerosols concerning flammability risks.
• The formulator of an aerosol has to optimize the following parameters to get a dry
deodorant product:
Spray rate
Spray shape
Particle size
Fragrance/deodorizer concentration
Pressure of the aerosol can
• Deodorants can be formulated in acidic, neutral, or alkaline environment.
Designing a deodorant, the formulator should have in mind the following points:
Long-term deodorization
No irritation potential
Good solubility of the active in the delivery system
Selection of a stable fragrance
Viscosity control of the product 50
Good skin feeling of the product
Pump spray Wt%
Antiperspirant aerosol Wt%
Suspension roll-on Wt%
Water 35.6
65.
Volatile silicone 13.
Volatile silicone Quaternium-18 4 Alcohol 60.0
0
Quaternium-18 hectorite 0.8
13. PEG-40 hyd. 2.0
hectorite Ethanol 0.8
5 Castor oil –
Silica
0.5 Antiperspirant 10.
Antiperspirant 20. powder 0 Deodorizer 2.0
powder 0 Propellant 75.
Fragrance 0.4
(butane/propane) 0
Fragrance 1.
 Antiperspirants and Cancer
• A few studies in recent years have theorized that aluminum-based antiperspirants
may increase the risk for breast cancer.

• According to the authors of these studies, most breast cancers develop in the
upper outer part of the breast - the area closest to the armpit, which is where
antiperspirants are applied. The studies suggest that chemicals in antiperspirants,
including aluminum, are absorbed into the skin, particularly when the skin is
nicked during shaving. These studies claim that those chemicals may then interact
with DNA and lead to cancerous changes in cells, or interfere with the action of the
female hormone estrogen, which is known to influence the growth of breast
cancer cells.
• Because estrogen can promote the growth of
breast cancer cells, some scientists have suggested
that the aluminum-based compounds in
antiperspirants may contribute to the
development of breast cancer. In addition, it has
been suggested that aluminum may have direct
activity in breast tissue. However, no studies to
date have confirmed any substantial adverse
effects of aluminum that could contribute to
increased breast cancer risks.
• A 2014 review concluded there was no clear
evidence showing that the use of aluminum-
containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics
increases the risk of breast cancer.
What is known about the ingredients in
antiperspirants and deodorants?
• Aluminum-based compounds are used as the active ingredient in
antiperspirants. These compounds form a temporary “plug” within
the sweat duct that stops the flow of sweat to the skin's surface.
Some research suggests that aluminum-containing underarm
antiperspirants, which are applied frequently and left on the skin near
the breast, may be absorbed by the skin and have estrogen-like
(hormonal) effects.
• Some research has focused on parabens, which are preservatives used in some
deodorants and antiperspirants that have been shown to mimic the activity of
estrogen in the body’s cells. It has been reported that parabens are found in breast
tumors, but there is no evidence that they cause breast cancer. Although parabens
are used in many cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical products, most deodorants and
antiperspirants in the United States do not currently contain parabens. The National
Library of Medicine’s Household Products Database has information about the
ingredients used in most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants.
FRAGRANCE/PERFUMES
• Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aromatic
compounds, fixatives and solvents used to give the human body,
animal, food objects and living spaces a pleasant scent. It has been
used for centuries by mankind.

• Perfumes are supposed to release a continuous pleasant fragrance

that will provide a long lasting feeling of freshness.
CLASSIFICATION OF PERFUMES

Bright floral Fragrance from one or several Estee lauder’s Beautiful

flowers
Green Fragrance from cut grass or Calvin Klein’s Eternity
leaf
Aquatic A clean smell reminiscent of Davidoff Cool Water
ocean
Citrus Freshening effect Faberge Brut

Fruity Aromas of fruits other than Ginestet Botrytis

citrus
Gourmand Scent with edible or desert Thierry Mugler’s Ang
like qualities
CLASSIFICATION OF PERFUMES
Class % of aromatic compound Duration (h)

Perfume 20-30 6-8

Eau de Perfume 15-20 4-5

Eau de Toilette 5-15 2-3

Eau de Cologne 2-4 2

COMPOSITION OF PERFUME
Perfumes are mainly composed of,
1. Essential oils: Derived from natural aromatic plant extracts and/or
synthetic aromatic chemicals. E.g. limonene, linalool, geraniol, citral
etc.
2. Fixatives: Natural or synthetic substances used to reduce the
evaporation rate. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol etc.
3. Solvents: The liquid in which the perfume oil is dissolved in is
usually 98% ethanol and 2% water. Alcohol allows fragrance to spread
along with it and does not permit microbial growth in the perfume.
INGREDIENTS CAUSING ALLERGIC REACTION

IGRENDIENTS USE SIDE EFFECTS

Sandal woods Fragrance Hypersensitivity

Benzyl alcohol Fixative Skin irritant causing redness and pain

Benzyl benzoate
Sweet balsamic Odor Skin irritation like blister, itching, scaling, redness.

Acetone Solvent Inhalation cause dryness of mouth & throat

Ethyl acetate Solvent Defatting effect on skin & may cause drying & cracking