Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
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1. Kinetic energy (Động năng): 𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚v2
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2. Potential energy (Thế năng): 𝐸 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Where,
● m: mass (kg)
● v: velocity (m/s)
● g: gravity acceleration (m/𝑠2)
● h: height (m)
Unit:
Examples:
1. Calculate the kinetic energy in joules of an automobile weighing 2135 lb and traveling at
55 mph. (1 mile = 1.6093 km, 1lb = 453.59 g).
A) 1.2 ×104
B) 2.9 ×105
C) 5.9 ×105
D) 3.2×106
E) 3.2 ×10-6
2. The kinetic energy of a 7.3 kg steel ball traveling at 18.0 m/s is __________ J.
A)1.2× 103
B) 66
C) 2.4× 103
D) 1.3×102
E) 7.3
System and surrounding:
+opened system: exchange energy and matter with surrounding
+closed system: only exchange energy with surrounding
+isolated system: not exchange energy and matter with surrounding
First law of thermodynamics:
+ Internal Energy: (nội năng J) total energy of a system (kinetic + potential).
+Energy is conserved:
∆𝐸 = 𝑄 + 𝑊,
Where
Q: heat (J),
W: work (J)
Gain/ Absorb heat (thu nhiệt/ hấp thụ nhiệt): Q > 0
Lost heat (mất nhiệt/ tỏa nhiệt): Q < 0
Work done on the system/ Work done by the surroundings: W > 0
Work done by the system/ Work done on the surroundings: W < 0
3. The internal energy of a system is always increased by __________.
A) adding heat to the system
B) having the system do work on the surroundings
C) withdrawing heat from the system
D) adding heat to the system and having the system do work on the surroundings
E) a volume compression
4. The internal energy of a system __________.
A) is the sum of the kinetic energy of all of its components
B) is the sum of the rotational, vibrational, and translational energies of all of its
components
C) refers only to the energies of the nuclei of the atoms of the component molecules D) is
the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the components
E) none of the above
5. When a system __________, ΔE is always negative.
A) absorbs heat and does work
B) gives off heat and does work
C) absorbs heat and has work done on it
D) gives off heat and has work done on it
E) none of the above is always negative.
6. The value of ΔE for a system that performs 111 kJ of work on its surroundings and gains
89 kJ of heat is __________ kJ.
A) -111
B) -200
C) 200
D) -22
E) 22
7. The value of ΔE for a system that performs 13 kJ of work on its surroundings and loses 9
kJ of heat is __________ kJ.
A) 22
B) -22
C) -4
D) 4
E) -13
Enthalpy(H)
∆𝐻 𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛. 𝐻 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ 𝑚. 𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
where,
∆𝐻rxn : enthalpy of reaction
m, n : stoichiometric coefficient (hệ số cân bằng)
Exothermic process (Lose heat): ∆𝐻 < 0
Endothermic process (Absorb heat): ∆𝐻 > 0
★ Note: At constant pressure, ∆𝐻 = Q
Standard enthalpy change (∆𝐻°): all reactants and products are in their standard states.
(điều kiện tiêu chuẩn)
- Standard enthalpy change of formation (∆𝐻°f) of the most stable form of any element is
zero.
8. Which one of the following is an endothermic process?
Absorb heat
A) ice melting
B) water freezing
C) boiling soup
D) Hydrochloric acid and barium hydroxide are mixed at 25 °C: the temperature
increases.
E) Both A and C
9. Which one of the following is an exothermic process?
A) ice melting Lost heat
B) water evaporating
C) boiling soup
D) condensation of water vapor
E) Ammonium thiocyanate and barium hydroxide are mixed at 25 °C: the temperature
drops.
10.A __________ ΔH corresponds to an __________ process.
A) negative, endothermic
B) positive, exothermic
C) positive, endothermic
D) zero, exothermic
E) zero, endothermic
[Link] a given process at constant pressure, ΔH is negative. This means that the process is
__________.
A) endothermic
B) equithermic
C) exothermic
D) a state function
E) energy
[Link] the data in the table below, ∆ H° rxn for the reaction
2CO(g) +O2 (g)→ 2CO (g) is __________ kJ
A) -566.4
B) -283.2
C) 283.2
D) -677.0
E) The ∆ ° H f of O2(g) is needed for the calculation.
13. Given the data in the table below, ∆ H° rxn for the reaction
Ca(OH)2+2H3AsO4 → Ca(H2AsO4) + 2H2O is __________ kJ.
A) -744.9
B) -4519
C) -4219
D) -130.4
E) -76.4
[Link] the data in the table below, ∆ H° rxn for the reaction
4NH3(g)+ 5O2 (g) → 4NO(g)+6H2O(l) is __________ kJ.
A) -1172
B) -150
C) -1540
D) -1892
E) The ∆ ° Hf of O2(g) is needed for the calculation.
[Link] value of ∆ H° for the reaction below is -126 kJ. The amount of heat that is released
by the reaction of 25.0 g of Na2O2 with water is __________ kJ.
A) 20.2
B) 40.4
C) 67.5
D) 80.8
E) -126
[Link] value of ∆ H° for the reaction below is -790 kJ. The enthalpy change accompanying
the reaction of 0.95 g of S is __________ kJ.
A) 23
B) -23
C) -12
D) 12
E) -790
Hess Law: : ∆𝐻 for overall reaction will equal the sum of the enthalpy changes for the
individual steps.
21. In the reaction below, ∆ H° f is zero for
A) Ni(s)
B) CO(g)
C) PF3 (g)
D) Ni(CO)2(PF )2 (l)
E) both CO(s) and PF3 (g)
22. For which one of the following reactions is the value of ∆H° rxn equal to ∆ H° f for
the product?