Communication Engineering Tutorial Sheet
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Powered by AIAdding a parity bit increases the number of bits per character from 7 to 8. Consequently, the data transmission rate is increased from 700,000 bits per second to 800,000 bits per second ().
To meet a 75 kHz bandwidth, a raised cosine filter with roll-off factor α should be chosen to ensure the spectral occupancy aligns with channel constraints. For a bit duration of 10 μs, the symbol rate is 100 kHz, and adjusting α can optimize spectrum to avoid symbol interference ().
With an ECG bandwidth of 100 Hz, the Nyquist rate is 200 Hz. Doubling gives a sampling rate of 400 Hz. For 10 patients at least twice the Nyquist rate, the minimum bandwidth required is 8,000 Hz or 8 kHz ().
The Nyquist rate for a signal with a bandwidth of 15 kHz is 30 kHz (). To encode a sample with 65,536 quantization levels requires 16 bits, as log2(65,536) = 16 ().
The maximum SQNR for sinusoidal signals in quantization can be expressed as SQNR = (3/2) * (2^2L), where L is the number of quantization levels. This assumes uniform distribution of quantization error without slope overload ().
Sampling at 44,100 samples per second instead of the Nyquist rate (30,000) increases the number of bits per second to 705,600 bps when using 16 bits per sample (). The minimum bandwidth needed for this signal is 352.8 kHz ().
ASCII requires 7 bits to encode each character because it is designed for 128 characters (). Therefore, if a computer generates 100,000 characters per second, the transmission rate is 700,000 bits per second without any parity bits ().
Quantizing into 1024 levels requires 10 bits per sample (as log2(1024) = 10) (). Assuming the sampling rate is 10.8 MHz, the binary pulse rate is 108 million bits per second, resulting in a minimum bandwidth of 54 MHz required to transmit the signal ().
The Nyquist rate for a 4.5 MHz bandwidth is 9 MHz. Sampling 20% above this rate results in a sampling rate of 10.8 MHz ().
The Nyquist rate for 4 kHz is 8 kHz. Sampling 20% above gives a rate of 9.6 kHz. With a 2% amplitude error, 12 bits are used (10 bits for precision + 2 extra bits for framing), resulting in a minimum data rate of 576,000 bits per second after adding the 2% extra bits ().