For a system with a 600 Kbps data rate, using M-ary PSK modulation over a 400 KHz bandwidth with desired bit error probability Pbe=10^-3 and Grey code mapping, Es/n and Eb/n can be calculated. Using the relationship between the energy per bit (Eb), bit rate, and bandwidth, and considering the SNR required to achieve the given Pbe, the Es/n is calculated by finding the energy needed per symbol considering the constellation size (in M-ary PSK) and mapping it to Eb/n using the bit to symbol ratio .

For binary PSK transmission at a rate of 10^6 bits per second, with a noise power spectral density of 10^-10 watts per hertz, the average carrier power required to maintain an average probability of error Pe of ≤10^-4 can be calculated using the relation between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Pe. By plugging the values into the formula for Pe in a BPSK system and solving for the carrier power, we find that the necessary power must be set so that the SNR meets the required threshold for Pe ≤10^-4 .

In an FSK system transmitting binary data at 2.5×10^6 bits per second, white Gaussian noise with zero mean and a power spectral density of 10^-20 watts per hertz can significantly affect the symbol error probability. The noise causes energy dispersion, reducing differentiation between the frequency states representing binary ones and zeros. The average probability of symbol error is computed by analyzing the modulation scheme's SNR and employing it in the error probability formula specific to FSK, showing that increased noise directly impacts the error rate by reducing SNR .

For a 100 kbps signal over an AWGN channel with N0=10^-9 W/Hz and an error probability requirement of Pe=10^-5, the required transmitted power differs between BPSK and BFSK. In general, BPSK requires less power than BFSK to achieve the same Pe because BPSK inherently has a better error performance due to its coherent detection. Calculations show that BPSK requires lower transmitted power than BFSK for the same error probability because BFSK uses non-coherent detection, which is less efficient in power usage .

Key differences between the given constellation diagram in Fig1 and a standard 8-PSK system include the arrangement and spacing of the points. In a standard 8-PSK, points are equidistantly spaced on a circle, maximizing distance for a given power and reducing probability of error. If Fig1 shows irregular spacing or variance in distance, it can indicate differences in modulation resilience to noise, affecting overall performance. These differences illustrate how constellation design impacts error probability and bandwidth efficiency .

In a BPSK system, the average probability of error Pe is affected by carrier phase uncertainty, denoted as ϕ. The presence of phase error can cause a shift in the decision threshold, leading to incorrect bit decisions. Mathematically, as the phase error ϕ increases, the effective signal constellation rotates, causing the distance between points to decrease, thus increasing Pe. The error probability can be expressed as an increasing function of ϕ, indicating that as the phase uncertainty grows, the system's ability to accurately demodulate decreases .

In analyzing a narrowband system with in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels, the overall symbol error probability Pe is calculated as Pe=PeI + PeQ - PeIPeQ. This formula arises from the principle of statistical independence: the error on the I and Q components can be treated independently, and the combined probability accounts for the reduced likelihood that both channels are errored simultaneously due to overlap, hence the subtraction of PeIPeQ. This calculation reflects the aggregate error from both modulation paths .

A 16-QAM constellation diagram with 8 different phases and 2 amplitudes would feature four points aligned in a circular pattern for each phase, divided into two amplitudes. At each phase position, two of the four points would represent the different amplitude levels, doubling the number of points compared to traditional QAM systems with fewer phase distinctions. This configuration provides better phase diversity while maintaining amplitude variations for encoding .