Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
CXC CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
SECTION 2: COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
TOPIC C : TRIGONOMETRY
Candidates should be able to :
✓ Define the radian
✓ Convert degrees to radians and radians to degrees
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✓ Use the formula for arc length 𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃 and sector area 𝐴 = 2 𝑟 2 𝜃
✓ Evaluate sine, cosine and tangent for angles of any size given either in degrees or radians
3
✓ Evaluate the exact values of sine, cosine and tangent for 𝜃 = 0, , , , , , , 2
6 4 3 2 2
✓ Draw the functions sin(kx), cos(kx) and tan(kx) where k is 1 or 2 and 0 x 2
✓ Derive the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
✓ Use the addition formulae for sin (A± B), cos (A± B) and tan (A± B)
✓ Derive the multiple angle identities for sin 2x, cos 2x and tan 2x
✓ Prove simple identities
✓ Find solutions of simple trigonometric equations for a given range, including those involving the
use of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
Radian measure
Angles may be measured in degrees or in grades or in radians. Look on your calculator for the “DRG”
key and scroll between the three modes.
A radian is defined to be the angle subtended by an arc AB which is equal in length to the radius
of the circle.
In one complete revolution there are 360o
Since the circumference of a circle is 2𝜋𝑟
then the number of radians in a complete
revolution is 2 π r ÷ r or 2π
So, 360° = 2πc
or 180° = πc
So when we convert we can use
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Exercise
1. Convert the following angles in degrees to angles in radians
a) 90° =
b) 60° =
c) 270° =
d) 120° =
e) 30° =
f) 45° =
g) 540° =
h) 135° =
i) 50° =
j) 15° =
2. Convert the following angles in radians to angles in degrees
a) =
6
b) =
5
5
c) =
2
2
d) =
9
3
e) =
4
7
f) =
12
5
g) =
4
7
h) =
6
3
i) =
8
j) =
10
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Arc length and area of sector
We can develop simple formulae for the length of an arc and the area of a sector when the given angle
is measures in radians rather than degrees.
Length of arc AB = =
Area of sector OAB = =
So the length of arc AB = l = rθ and the area of sector OAB = ½ r2θ
Examples
3. Find the length of an arc which is subtended by an angle of 2c in a circle of radius 6cm.
3
4. Find the area of a sector which is subtended by an angle of in a circle of radius 11 cm
5
5. The length of an arc in a circle of radius 8cm is 5cm. Find the angle subtended at the center of
the circle.
6. The area of a sector of a circle is 5 cm². If its radius is 4cm, find the angle of the sector and the
length of its arc.
7. The area of a sector is 15cm² and the length of its arc is 3cm. Calculate
a) the radius of the sector of the circle
b) its angle
8. The perimeter of a sector is 128cm and its area is 960cm². Find the possible values of the radius
of the sector and its angle. [This one is a little tricky.]
Further practice: Toolsie Additional Maths pg 301 Ex. 9.1 1-16
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Trig ratios for angles of any size
Choose a value for the angle x so that x is acute (it lies between 0o and 900 EXCEPT 450 ) and then
using your calculator complete the table below
x 180o - x 180o + x 360o – x
Sine
Cosine
tangent
Now choose another acute angle for x and go again
x 180o - x 180o + x 360o - x
Sine
Cosine
tangent
If the angle chosen is in radians then we have
x 𝜋-x 𝜋+x 2𝜋 - x
Sine
Cosine
tangent
We can condense these identities into a simple CAST circle which will help you remember them.
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Exercise
Without using your calculator, complete the following identities where the angle required is acute.
9. cos 302o = cos (360° − °) = cos °
10. sin 153°
11. cos 243°
12. tan 305°
13. cos 99°
14. tan 164°
15. sin 341°
16. cos 256°
17. sin 154°
18. tan 289°
Special angles
The trig ratios (sin x, cos x and tan x) for angles of 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o, 90o, 180o, 270o and 360o or if in
radians then………………………………………………………………………………………………..
can be given in an exact form which you must be able to derive or recall. [Notes on file paper.]
We can now transfer the values to the table below.
Angle
Angle
sine
cosine
tangent
There is an easy way to remember these values.
Learn the sine row as …………………………………………………………………………………......
The cosine row is obtained by ……………………………………………………………………………
and the tangent values are obtained by …………………………………………………………………..
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Solution of basic equations
When we solve a trig equation our calculators will give us one solution only. To find the others we must
use the CAST circle.
Examples
19. Solve the following equations for 0𝑜 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360𝑜
a) sin x = 0.468
b) cos x = 0.249
c) tan x = 2.6
d) sin x = -0.145
e) cos x = -0.436
f) tan x = -0.362
20. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝜋
a) sin y = 0.276
8
b) cos y = 17
c) tan y = √5
d) sin y = - 0.5
e) cos y = -0.786
f) tan y = -3
Extra Practice: Toolsie Add Maths Ex 9.9 Q 1-30 pg 373-374
Graphs of trig functions
We need to be able to sketch the graphs of y = sin x, y = sin 2x, y = cos x, y = cos 2x, y = tan x and
y = tan 2x for 0 x 2 .
y = sin x and y = sin 2x:
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
y = cos x and y = cos 2x
y = tan x and y = tan 2x
Identities
There are relationships between the trigonometric ratios that we need to explore.
sin x
= = = =
cos x
So tan x =
If we apply Pythagoras’ Theorem to the triangle on the left, we
find that
…………………………………………………
Now we can use this in the following:
sin² x + cos² x = + = = =
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
Addition formulae (or compound angle formulae)
When we find a trig ratio of the sum or difference of two angles we must use the following identities
sin (A + B) =
sin (A – B) =
cos (A + B) =
cos (A – B) =
tan (A + B) =
tan (A – B) =
Examples
3 8
21. If angles A and B are acute and sin A = and cos B = , without using a calculator, find the
5 17
exact value of
a) sin(A + B)
b) cos(A + B)
c) tan (A – B)
12 7
22. If sin X = − 13 (180o < X < 270o) and cos Y = − 25 (90o < Y < 180o), without using a calculator,
find the exact value of
a) sin (Y – X)
b) cos (X – Y)
c) tan (X + Y)
23. Using the addition formulae, find the exact value of
a) sin 15o
𝜋
b) cos (12)
5𝜋
c) tan (( 12 )
Multiple angle identities
If we let A = B in the addition formulae it is possible to derive the double-angle formulae.
sin 2A = sin (A + A)
=
=
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
cos 2A = cos (A + A)
=
=
But we can express this identity in two other ways.
cos 2A =
cos 2A =
tan 2A = tan (A + A) = =
Examples
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24. If angle M is acute and tan M = 13, without using a calculator, find the exact value of
a) sin M b) cos M c) sin 2M d) tan 2M
We can use all of the basic identities given above to prove other, more interesting, identities and to solve
more interesting equations.
Examples
25. Solve the following equations for 0o ≤ x ≤360o
a) 5 sin2 x = 2 sin x
b) 8 sin x = 3 cos2 x
26. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
c) cos (x + 3 ) = 2 sin (x + 6 )
d) sin 2x = cos x
e) cos 2x = 3 cos x – 2
27. Prove that
a) (1 + tan2 Y) cos2 Y ≡ 1
b) sin4 P – cos4 P ≡ 1 – 2 cos2P
1
c) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
d) (sin A + cos A)2 ≡ 1 + sin 2A
sin 2𝑋
e) tan X ≡ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑋
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
CXC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
SECTION 2 : TOPIC C : TRIGONOMETRY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝜋
1. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑝 and 0 < 𝜃 < , then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2
𝑝 1 √𝑝2 +1
A B C D √𝑝2 + 1
√𝑝2 +1 √𝑝2 +1 𝑝
2. If 𝜃 is an acute angle and 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 = 0, then the value of 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 is
1
A B 2√5 C 2√6 − 1 D 2√6 + 1
5
2𝜋
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =
3
1 √3 1 √3
A −2 B − C D
2 2 2
5
4. If 𝜃 is an obtuse angle and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 8, then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√39 √39 5 8
A − B − C D
5 8 √39 √39
𝜋
5. If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , then the solution of 2√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A B C D
3 4 5 6
𝜋
6. tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) sin (2 − 𝜃) =
A −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 B 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 C −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 D 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
7. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, then 𝜃 =
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
A 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 B 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 C 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 D , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
8. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 − 1 =
A 0 B 1 C 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 D −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1
9. − =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
−2 2
A −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 B 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 C 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 D 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
10. For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, the solutions to the equation 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥+ 5sinx + 1 = 0 are
𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
A 𝑜𝑟 B 𝑜𝑟 C 𝑜𝑟 D 𝑜𝑟
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
CXC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
SECTION 2 : TOPIC C : TRIGONOMETRY
PAST PAPER (TYPE) QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
(a) Find all the angles between 0o and 360o which satisfy the equation 4 cos2𝜃 = 4 sin θ + 1
(b) Find all the values of x between 0 and 6 for which 2 sin x + 3 cos x = 0. [8]
QUESTION 2
(a) Find all the angles between 0o and 360o which satisfy the equation
3(sinA – cosA) = 2(sinA + cosA) [4]
(b) Find all the angles between 0 and 3 radians which satisfy the equation
1 + 3cos2y = 4siny [4]
QUESTION 3
1 1
Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) can be written in the form 𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 and find the value of k. [4]
QUESTION 4
Solve for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, the equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [4]
QUESTION 5 (CXC 2019)
(a). A compass is used to draw a sector of radius 6 cm and area 11.32 cm2
(i) Determine the angle of the sector in radians
(ii) Calculate the perimeter of the sector.
√5
(b) A right-angled triangle XYZ has an angle,𝜃, where sin 𝜃 = . Without evaluating, calculate the
5
exact value (in surd form if applicable) of
(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (ii) sin 2𝜃
2 1
(c) Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
QUESTION 6
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
Given that A is acute and that sin 𝐴 = , express, without using a calculator, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 in the form
√3
𝑎 + √𝑏, where a and b are integers. [5]
QUESTION 7
(a) Find all the angles between 0 and 360o which satisfy the equation 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 8𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.
o
[5]
2𝑦
(b) Given that 4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 6, find the value of y for which 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) + √3 = 0. [3]
QUESTION 8
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 2
Prove that 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + = [4]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
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Queen’s College, Barbados Topic 9 Trigonometry
QUESTION 9
7𝜋
Without using a calculator, find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 12 [3]
QUESTION 10
𝜋
(a) A sector is cut from a circle of centre O. The angle at O is 6 . If the perimeter of the sector is
5
(12 + 𝜋) cm, what is the area? [4]
6
2
(b) Solve the equation 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°. [5]
1
(c) Given that tan(𝜃 − 𝛼) = 2 and that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 3, use the appropriate compound angle formula to
find the value of the acute angle 𝛼. [3]
QUESTION 11
𝜋 1
(a) Show that cos (𝑥 + 6 ) = 2 (√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥), where x is acute. [2]
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
(b) Prove the identity ( )≡ 1+ [4]
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
QUESTION 12( CXC 2018)
(a) A wire in the form of a circle with radius 4 cm is reshaped in the form of a sector of a circle with
radius 10 cm. Determine, in radians, the angle of the sector, giving your answer in terms of 𝜋.
(b) Solve the equation for 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 +3cos 2𝜃 = 2 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 . Give your answer(s) to 1 decimal place.
1 1 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(c) Prove the identity 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
QUESTION 13(CXC 2017)
(a) Figure 1 shows a plot of land, ABCD (not drawn to scale). Section ABC is used for building and
the remainder for farming. The radius BC is 10m and the angle BCD is a right angle.
B 50𝜋
i. If the building space is 3 m3, calculate the angle ACB in
radians.
ii. Working in radians, calculate the area used for farming.
10 m
A
𝜃
D C
𝜋 √3 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 √2
(b) Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 = 2 , sin 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 2 show without using a calculator that
2
𝜋 𝜋
cos ( 4 − 3 ) √2 + √6
=
2𝜋 2√3
sin 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
(c) Prove the identity 1 - 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≡ sin 𝜃
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