IS
QUALITATIVE INORGANIC ANALYS
I. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
QF THE SALT
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 · Col our and appearanc;e Bim:orbluish-gr,een Cu 2+ or Ni2•
of salt is not ed
Greenish. •Niz+
-fez+
9af'k..bl'GWR
Fe3•
Pink-<Violet
Co 2•
bigh t,pin k,.flesh Golour-o r..du11
ear thy GGlour -Mn2+
€olourless V 2 Ni2• , Fe2• ,
1 Absence of Cu • ,
2
Fe3•, co • , •
t mmoniacal smell NH /
2. Odo ur tes t is conducted.
Take a pinc h of s~lt /
r like smell
bet wee n the fingers and 0(inega
rub wit h a dro p of wat er.
SmeU-of-rcttten-eggs
ca 2• mig ht be present ✓
( / 3. Flame Test: Die gla s~ d
in [Link] I .1. a nd dip the
sam e Ina sma ll qua ntit y Gr:im
L
Bric
-
k
-
red
--
(no t persistent)
- - - - - - - + - - - -- -
son red ([Link])
- --,, ---- --1
s,l!.might be present -!,-
- - -- -ent-✓ - ------;
of the given salt.
L-- - -- - - -- - - +Ba-2•-mig ht be pres
reen (appears
Intr odu ce this to the Persistent grassy-g
non -lum inou s Bunsen afte r prolonged heating)
flam e Guz.t mig ht be present
Brig ht bluish green
\
Mn2• mig ht be present
Green flashes
zn2• mig ht be present
L-ight [Link]
Pb2+ mig ht be present '
aul l blui sh.w hite
- ===-:) - T&Q~-_} C\,• (.r
c.,,,,. "i)~ eo~ eJ
- ' ... .,. c,, ~'
I
I\ 1 ~
.,I.
~o, LC ' r
"\ rl u. )
[Link] fern
- - - - ---r:A~bs
-e -
-:-::nce of Ca2 ' , Bah , sr·, -
I
No characteristic flame
2• Mn2• 1 zn2• Pb2+
coloura tion Is observed Cu , '
(Or) presence of NH4+, At 3• ,
Ml+
11. ANION ANALYSIS A.
PRELIMINARAV TESTS FOR
ANIONS :
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION tNFERANCE
1. A pinch of the salt in a test i"
tube is treated with 1-2 ml of
Colourless, odourless gas Presence of carbon ate '
..
dilute ,ulph u~d Hu..
with brisk effervescence,
turns lime water milky.
.
I
'
'-
No characteristic gas Absence of carbon ate
l •f
evoJution
2. A pinch of salt in a test tube
\.('dfourless gas with pungent Presence of [Link] ✓
is WWQa d with ,conc.
smell is evolved which gives
sulphur ic acid.
,, dense white f4mes when a
. "~ +~t -t~ glass rod dipped in
ammon ium hydroxide is I
shown at the mouth of'the
' test tube
Reddish-brown-vapeuf'-9-With [Link] ~rom ide
ptmgen t~mell, -wrns [Link]
paper-yet lew..4t-dees-not-
tum-fe S0,rsolution-blac~..
E>[Link].s..with Pr~nee -et-lod ide 1'
pungent-smell, turns-st-arch
papei:-blue~ [Link] ate is
forffled on-th~ ides-of·the
t-ube.
Reddish brown gas with Presence of nitrate _;_
pungen t smell, t-w:ns FeSCl.i
· Mel wppu -h,\,u; \,lY\f
satt:1tioo-black. Evolutio n-of
-brown [Link]~t-k>A-of-
papeJ baU
Colourless vapours, vinegar Presence of acetate ,.J.....
smell, turns blue litmus red.
Sevlk , 0. I NC_. ' ... l,dj
0 pJ-1 [Link]-j 1r l
[sol]
r.-. A,"[Link]\lll o-i Al\.~Or\.
•~~I A b,l [Link],..\.C' 1 I l \. \i
No characteristic gas or
vapour ev'olution is observed CH3Coo·
-
Absence of c1· er ,. NOJ. 1
I I I
-
Sulphate or phosphate is
suspected.
3. Salt solution+BaClz solution. I
White ppt Presence of SulPb._ate orv
phosphate _
~
l
I
'
Absence of Sulphate or
No White ppt ·phosphate
B. CONFIRMATORY TESTS fOR ANIONS· .
.- Jrbon ates lco,'·J
J
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
J;, A pinch of the salt in a Brisk effervescence of CO2 ..Bresence of soluble carbonate
test tube is treated which turns lime water milky. is confirmed
with 1-2 ml of dilute ~,
sulphuric acid
·' I
Presence of soluble carbonate
0- To one portion of the Formation of white precipitate
in the solution is confirmed
salt solution add
magnesium suiphate
.
solution+ ammonium ( '
hydroxide . I
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
<A white precipitate is formed Presence of chloride is
1. ~cidify a portion of tJ:ie
which soluble in ammonium
is confirmed
aqueous-solution with
[Link]-acid, boil, cool hydroxide
.Srv,.,y> 1-(J and add silver nitra_te
solution.
f11140)
p
ence of ch lo ri de co nf
irm ed
. . t ~b ta in ed Pres
lecu ._\.
r t. To A ye llo w pree1p1ta e '
2. Chromvl chloride tes
d solid
a mixture of th e sa lt an
, ad d
po tas siu m dlchromate
at an d
co ne. Sulphuric acid he
ou gh
pass th e red va po ur s thr
ye llo w
NaOH so lut ion . To th e
so lut ion th us ob tai ne
d, ad d
d ac eta te
[Link] acid an d lea
so lut ion .
~ romide (B rl INFERENCE
OBSERVATION Presence of br om ide
is
EXPERIMENT e is
e A light ye llo w pr ec ipi tat co nf irm ed
1. Acidify a po rti on of th all y
ob tai ne d which is pa rti
aq ue ou s so lut ion with
ol soluble in NH4OH
dil .ni tri c acid, bo ll, co
an d sil ve r nit rat e
so lut ion Pr es en ce of Br om ide is
br ow n
of Evolution of yellowish
2. He at a small qu an tity ich tu rn co nf irm ed
vapours of br om ine wh
th e sa lt wi th solid
c sta rch pa pe r ye llo w
MnO2 an d cone. Sulphuri
ac id
I
~ o d id e (l"j INFERENCE
OBSERVATION nf irm ed
EXPERIMENT fo rm ed Pr es en ce of Iod ide is co
e A ye llo w pr ec ipi tat e is
1. Ac idi fy a po rti on of th 4OH
wi th which is insoluble in NH
aq ue ou s so lut ion
ol
dil .N itr ic acid, bo il, co
an d ad d sil ve r nit rat e
nf irm ed
so lut ion
po ur s of Pr es en ce of iod ide is co
y of Evolution of vio let va
2. He at a small qu an tit pa pe r
iodine which tur ns sta rch
th e sa lt wi th so lid MnO2
blu e
an d [Link] acid
1
)( N itr at e (N03 "j lec.v..v\.
INFERENCE
I OBSERVATION
EXPERIMENT nit ro ge n Presence of Ni tra te is
of Dark br ow n fu me s of
1. He at a sm all qu an tit y co nf irm ed
pe ro xid e ar e evolved
th e sa lt wi th cone.
Sulphuric acid an d a few
co pp er chips.
2. Brown ring test: Add a A dark brown ring is forme d at Presen ce of nitrate is confir med
small quant ity of freshl y th~ junctio n of the layers of the
prepa red soluti on of acid and the solutio n
Sc..t,. ""- [Link] f errous sulpha te to a
part of the aqueo us salt
solutio n and then pour
cone.s ulphur ic acid
slowly along the sides
of the test tube.
~ce tate ( CH 3 coo-1
OBSER VATIO N INFERENCE
EXPER IMENT
Pleasa nt fruity smell of ester. Presen ce of acetat e is
1 · Take a small quant ity of
confirm ed.
the salt in a test tube .
Add cone. Sulph uric
acid and heat. Now add
a few drops of ethan ol
and shake . Pour the
conten ts of the test
tube in a beake r half-
filled with water and
stir. Presen ce of acetat e is
Smell like that of vinega r
2. Prepa re a paste of the confirm ed
salt with a pinch of
oxalic acid and a few
drops of water in a
watch glass. Rub the
paste and smell
2
._/'Su lpha te (S0 4 -) INFERENCE
OBSER VATIO N
EXPER IMENT Presen ce of sulpha te is
A white precip itate is forme d
1. To a part of the aqueo us confirm ed
which is insolu ble in [Link] I
soluti on of salt and
barium chlori de
soluti on Presen ce of sulpha te is
A white precip itate is forme d confirm ed.
2. To a part of a aqueo us which is solubl e in excess of
soluti on of salt add lead hot_!! mmon ium acetat e
aceta te solutio n. solutio n.
CATION ANAL VSIS
PRELIMINARY TEST FOR CATIONS:
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
\ /. A pinch of salt+ dll. NaOH No characteristic gas Absence of group zero
and heat, show a moist red evolution. (NH4•)
litmus paper at the mouth
of the test tube Evolution of a colourless gas
with the smell of ammonia, Prese~ of group zero
red litmus paper turns blue (NH/ )(
.
1..-2. Salt solution in water+
'
No characteristic ppt Absence of group I (Pb2• )
[Link]
White ppt Presence of Group I (Pb2• )
~ ...3. Salt solution in water+ No characteristic ppt Absence of Group II (Cu 2• ) l.
[Link]+ammonium ~
sulphide solution Black ppt. Presence of Group II (cu2• )
•
(4, Salt solution+solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group Ill (All+)
V
ammonium chlorid.e, boil
and cool+excess White gelatinous ppt Presence of Group Ill (All+)
ammonium hydroxide
~ ~5. Salt solution+solid No characteristic ppt Absence of Group IV (Zn 2• ,
ammonium chloride;b'oil Ni 2+, Co2• , Mn 2• )
ii Afi-eeol+excess Dirty white ppt Presence of zn 2• "I.,
ammonium hydroxide+3 Flesh coloured ppt Presence of Mn2•
drops of ammonium Black ppt Presence of Co2• or Ni 2+
sulphide
t-,l/4. Salt solution+solid No characteristic ppt. Absence of Group V
(Ba~ 2•,Sr2±-) _
ammonium chloride,Aroil
and ~!+excess ,...-Mg2• might be p ~
ammonium
I
hydroxide+(NH4)z C03 soln. White ppt Presence of Group V
(-Bf12·,ca2♦,~
~
~ ,i
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS:
p9r NH/
\) I/
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. \ A pinch of salt+[Link] Formation of dense whit e
and heat, show a glass fumes of ammonium
NH4+ IS Confirmed
rod dipped in [Link] at chloride
the mouth of the test
tube
~
©
\
Salt solutiol')+ Nessler's
reagent
~
I
Reddish browi11 ppt
NH4+ IS Confirmed
/
<
\
-¥fo r Pb 2+
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt solutio n+ Kl solution yellow ppt of lead iodide
Pb2+ is confirmed
2. Salt solutio n+ potassi um Yellow ppt of lead
chroma te solution chroma te
Pb2+ is confirmed
'"1fo r Cu 2+
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt solutio n + excess of Deep blue solution cu2+ is confirmed
ammon ium hydroxi de
solutio n
2. Acidify the above deep Chocolate brown ppt. cu2+ is confirmed
blue solutio n with
[Link] tic acid and add
potassi um ferrocy anide
solutio n
T
/F or Al 3+ INFERENCE
I [Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
_,__ /
\ 1.) / r Salt solution + dil HCI+ a A blue lake formation Af3+ is confirmed
~✓
few drops of blue litmus
solution+ammonium
hydroxide solution in
excess
I
I
2. Salt solution+ [Link] Blue ash formation AP+ is confirmed
acid+cobalt nitrate
solution dip a filter paper
in the solution and show
it to the Bunsen flame
2
or Zn+
}
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt solution+sodium White ppt is formed and it
hydroxide solution (drop
Zn 2+is confirmed
dissolves in excess NaOH
wise addition)
2. Salt solution+ potassium White/ bluish white ppt
ferrocyanide solution
Zn 2+is confirmed
I
j Eor Mn 2+
I [Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Salt solution+ NaOH White ppt that turns dark
solution, shake with bromine water Mn 2+ is confirmed
I
2. To the dark ppt add few Pink coloured solution
drops of [Link]
Mn 2+ is confirmed
acid+lead peroxide, boil,
cool and allow to settle
> :w'ie r Co 2+
EX PE R IM E N T O B SE R VA TI O N IN FE RE NC E
S I.N o.
e tic ac id+ Ye llo w pp t Co 2 + is co nfi rm ed
1. Sa lt so lut ion + a c
siu m
a cry sta l of po tas
nit ra te an d wa rm
Sm l Blu e co lou r in eth
er lay er Co 2 + is co nfi rm ed
Sa lt so lut ion + 0 .
2. eth er + on e cry sta l of
mo niu m thi oc ya na te
am
ow to
an d s ha ke an d all
se ttle
2
'fiFo r N i + IN FE RE NC E
O B SE R VA TI O N
S I.N o. E X P E R IM E N T t N i2 + is co nfi rm ed
dro ps of Br igh t ros e red pp
Sa lt so lut ion + few
1. m hy dr ox ide +
am mo niu
w dr op s of dim eth yl
fe
gly ox im e
bla ck pp t
N i2 + is co nfi rm ed
ce ss
Sa lt so lut ion + ex
2.
wa ter , bo il
Na OH +b ro mi ne
W r' B a
2 IN FE RE NC E
O B SE R VA TI O N
+
\> i- E X P E R IM E N T B ? co nfi rm ed
~ I. N o . dro ps of
ye llo w pp t
Sa lt so lut ion +f ew
I( ~ ~
ma te,
po tas siu m ch ro
\
so lut ion
-
Ba 2 + is co nfi rm ed
Gr as sy gre en
co nc .H CI
Fla me tes t (sa lt+
2. en on a gla ss
pa ste is tak I
an d sh ow n to fla me
ro d
~ orSr2+
INFERENCE
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
l. Salt solution+ammonium Whit e ppt sr2+ is confirmed
sulphate solution
2. Flame test (salt+[Link] Crimson red flame sr2+ is confirmed
paste is taken on a glass colouration
rod and shown to flame
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
[Link].
1. Salt solution+ammonium White ppt Ca 2+is confirmed
oxal~te solut ion+f ew drops
of ammonium hydroxide
solution
2. Flame test (salt+[Link] brick red flame Ca 2+is confirmed
paste is taken on a glass colouration
rod and shown to flame)
r Mg2+
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
ching
1. Salt solution+solid ammonium White ppt on scrat
chloride+ammonium hydroxide the sides
of the test Mg2+ is confirmed
with a glass rod
in slight + excess disodium tube
hydrogen phosphate solution
2. Salt solution +conc.N itric Pink ash formati on
Mg2+ is confirmed
acid+co balt nitrate solution , dip
a filter paper and show to
Bunsen flame