STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Lecture1 Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, students will be
able to:
• Define Structural Analysis.
• Know the historical background of
structural analysis.
• Visualize the phases of a typical structural
engineering project.
Structural Analysis
- the prediction of the
performance of a given
structure under prescribed loads
and/or other external effects,
such as support movement and
temperature changes.
Common Performance
Characteristics in Design of
Structures:
(1)Stresses or Stress Resultant
- axial forces, shear forces, bending
moments
(2) Deflections
(3) Support Reactions
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- Dawn of History : structures were
designed by trial and error using rule of
thumb based on past experience
- Mid 17th Century : engineers began
applying Mechanics (Math and
Science) in designing structures
Some of the Magnificent
Structures from Earlier Eras Still
Existing
- Egyptian Pyramids (about 300 BC)
- Greek Temples (500 – 200 BC)
- Roman Coliseum and Aqueducts
(200BC – AD200)
- Gothic Cathedrals (AD100 – 1500)
MAGNIFICENT STRUCTURES
Egyptian Pyramids Parthenon Temple of Poseidon
Roman Coliseum Roman Aqueducts Gothic Cathedral
CONTRIBUTORS
Galileo Galilei
- considered as the originator of the theory of
structures
The book: Two New Sciences
-published in 1638, discussed the analysis on the
failure of simple structures including cantilever beams
and the approximate predictions on the strength of
beams
- ushered a new era of structural engineering in
which analytical principles of mechanics and strength
of materials would have major influence on the design
of structures
CONTRIBUTORS
17th Century
Robert Hooke (1635-1730)
- developed the law of linear relationship
between the force and the deformation of materials
(Hooke’s Law)
Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)
- formulated the laws of motion and developed
calculus (foundational mechanics)
CONTRIBUTORS
John Bernoulli (1667 – 1748)
- formulated the principle of virtual work
Leonhard Euler ( 1707-1783)
- developed the theory of buckling columns
Charles Agustin de Coulomb (1736-1806)
- presented the analysis of elastic bending of
beams
CONTRIBUTORS
18th Century
Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785-1836)
- published a treatise on elastic behavior of
structures (1st textbook on modern theory of strength
of materials) in 1826.
B.P. Clapeyron (1799 – 1864)
- formulated the three-moment equation for the
analysis of continuous beams
CONTRIBUTORS
19th Century
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
- presented the method of consistent
deformations and the law of reciprocal deflections
Otto Mohr (1835 – 1918)
- developed the conjugate beam method for
calculation of deflection and Mohr’s circle of stress
and strain
CONTRIBUTORS
Alberto Castigliano (1847 – 1884)
- formulated the theorem of least work
C.E. Greene (1842 – 1903)
- developed the area moment method
Heinrich Muller-Breslau (1851 – 1925)
- presented a principle for constructing an
influence line
CONTRIBUTORS
George A. Maney (1888 -1947)
- developed the slope deflection method (the
precursor of matrix stiffness method)
Hardy Cross (1885 – 1959)
- developed the moment distribution method in 1924
(most widely used by structural engineers between 1930 to
1970)
- provided significant understanding on the behavior
of statically indeterminate frames
- design of high rise buildings and other huge
structures would not have been possible without the
moment distribution method of analysis
1950’s
-development of the revolutionized
structural analysis using computers
- computers could solve large
systems of simultaneous equations that
was usually performed in weeks but now
in seconds
Contributors on the current computer
method on structural analysis:
- J.H. Argyris - R.K. Livesley
- R.W. Clough - H.C. Martin
- S. Kelsey - M.T. Turner
- E.L. Wilson - O.C. Zienkiewicz
Structural Engineering
- the science and art of planning, designing
and constructing safe and economical structures
that will serve their intended purposes
Note: Structural Analysis is an integral part of any
structural engineering project, its function being
the prediction of the performance of the
proposed structure.
PHASE OF A TYPICAL STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT
PLANNING PHASE
PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
ESTIMATION OF LOADS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Are the safety Revise
and N
serviceability
Structural
O
satisfied? Design
YES
CONSTRUCTION PHASE