Science Reviewer!!!

By: Some Random Indian.

Reference: Notebook, Science Book 9, Folders,
Wikipedia, and a sprinkle of AI. 😊
Lesson 1: Volcanoes
Volcanoes- There are mountains, hills, or any vent opening on the Earth’s
crust, through which lava, rocks, and other fragments are expelled.

Volcanism- pertains to all volcanic activities and phenomena.

 Volcanoes have been around the earth for 250 million years
 There are about 1,500 active volcanoes, and countless on the ocean
 Volcanoes are located where tectonic plates meet.
 75% of the active volcanoes lies in the “Ring of Fire”

Volcanoes are formed when heat and pressure causes the rock to melt
and turn to magma, then magma is forced up to the surface of the
earth because magma is less dense. Then it flows out of an opening
called a “vent”

 Vents are openings that allow magma to flow out of the surface during
a volcanic eruption

Types of Volcanic events

Main Vent- The primary outlet at the top of a volcano where eruptions
usually occur.

Secondary Vent - Smaller openings on the sides of the volcano where lava
or gas can also escape.

Fissure Vents - Long cracks in the ground where lava flows out, often
without forming a mountain-like volcano

TYPES OF CONES

Shield Cone – A shield volcano is a broad, domed structure formed by

the eruption of highly fluid basaltic lava and some pyroclastic
materials. These volcanoes have gentle slopes due to the thin lava
spreading out in all directions from a central vent. Their eruptions are
typically non-explosive, resembling liquid overflowing from a container.
The largest shield volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, rising 17,000
meters from its based on the ocean floor to 4,170 meters above sea
level. It is also one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, with its most
recent eruption in 1984.

Cinder Cone – Cinder cones are small, steep-sided volcanoes built

from pyroclastic fragments such as ash, cinders, and volcanic rocks
(scoria). These materials are ejected explosively from a single vent and
fall back around it, forming a cone-shaped hill. Cinder cone eruptions
are usually short-lived and moderately explosive. They rarely grow
taller than 400 meters. A well-known example is Paricutin in Mexico,
which famously emerged from a cornfield in 1943.

*Fun Fact – Cinder Cones can occur to become parasitic cones

Tephra – Airborne fragments of lava

Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano) – Stratovolcanoes are tall,

steep, and symmetrical volcanoes formed by alternating layers of
hardened lava, ash, and pyroclastic materials. These layers build up
over many eruptions, creating a strong and layered structure.
Stratovolcanoes typically produce explosive and dangerous
eruptions due to the high viscosity of their magma, which traps gases
until pressure builds up. They are commonly found at convergent
plate boundaries, where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a
continental plate. One of the best-known examples is Mount Mayon in
the Philippines, famous for its almost perfect cone shape and frequent
activity.

Volcanoes are classified according to their activity

Active – these are volcanoes that are usually erupting or have recently
erupted. In the Philippines by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Volcanoes that have erupted within the
last 10,000 years are still active.
Today PHIVOLCS listed 23 active volcanoes, 21 of them which have
historical eruptions, and 2 are strongly fumarolic volcanoes.
Inactive – Generally, these are volcanoes that are dormant or extinct.
These kinds of volcanoes have been considered sleeping for a
considerable time. To identify a inactive or extinct volcano, the volcano
must not erupt or have had any activity for the last 10,000 years.
PHIVOLCS currently lists 355 inactive volcanoes.

Types of Degree of Explosion

Icelandic - A very gentle, non-explosive eruption where basaltic

lava flows quietly from long fissures (cracks) rather than a central
vent. Explosion: Low

Hawaiian - Calm, gentle eruption of very fluid basaltic lava.

Explosion: Low

Strombolian – Called the “lighthouse of the Mediterranean” Mildly

explosive bursts of gas and lava blobs from the vent. Explosion:
Moderate.

Vulcanian - Short violent explosions of viscous magma, ash, and gas.

Explosion: Moderate – High.

Pelean - Powerful eruptions with pyroclastic flows (fast-moving hot

gas and rock). Explosion: High

Plinian - Extremely violent and explosive, sending ash and gas high
into the stratosphere. Explosion: High

MT. PINATUBO
One of the most significant volcano in the Philippines, known for its
eruption in June 1991. Located in Zambales, before the eruption Mt.
Pinatubo was long dormant for 450 years.

Timeline:

April 2nd, 1991 – The first rumblings after 450 years (small amount of
ash were thrown 800 meters up in the air.

May – June 1991 – small tremors were recorded in the volcano

June 3rd, 1991 – Pinatubo ejects ash which lasted for 30 mins (up to
2000 quakes were recorded a day)

June 9th, 1991 – Ash and steam ejected from the volcano for 8 hours,
Pyroclastic debris, and flows reached 5km away from the crater.

June 12th, 1991 (Wednesday 8:15am) - Evacuation was ordered, and

34km high eruption column.

8:51am – Around the same day, and during the evacuation, 3 major
explosions sent a mushroom cloud over 20km into the air. Ash, pumice
and other fragments were ejected. Rivers overflowed due to the
pyroclastic flows. And around midnight more explosions sent ash 25
km into the atmosphere.

June 13, 1991 – Another violent eruption created further ash fall
covering 3 settlements, and winds carried the ash in all directions
(Due to Typhoon Yunya)  This is just speculation, but I just searched
this.

Friday June 14th, 1991 – 4th major eruption happened in 1:09pm ash
went 25 km above the vent. Then at 3:30 pm the eruption sent a
cauliflower shaped flower cloud of volcanic debris 30 km in the air.

Saturday June 15th, 1991 – 2 climatic and violent eruptions occurred at

dawn, which caused a pyroclastic flow travelling at 80km. Then 7 more
eruptions caused the ash cloud 18km wide. By 10:27 am, a violent
eruption forced debris up, 13:42 Powerful tremors begin, and at 14:30-
all of PHIVOLCS seismographs near the volcano were inoperative, and
the most violent phase lasted 3 hours and generated a 3km high
eruption column, and the ash cloud covered 50,000sq miles.

THE EFFECTS OF THE ERUPTION

- Up of 12km of rocks were blasted into the atmosphere
- The Formation of the volcano became a large caldera
- And a large area of the volcano was affected by pyroclastic flows.

THE EFFECTS OF ASH

 - In the 1st 3 months after the climatic eruptions 200 lahars occurred.
About 300 people were killed, mostly because of roof collapse due
to the wet ash. 364 communities, and 2.1 million people were
impacted. 8000 homes were destroyed. And the Pyroclastic flows
filled river valleys with hot volcanic rocks, which killed vegetation,
and rendered land fertile.
- The Growth Domestic Product or GDP fell at 3%
- The Aeta Tribe were the most affected
- PHIVOLCS has now estimated that over 847 people had died.

GLOBAL IMPACTS

- The Mt. Pinatubo Eruption injected the most aerosols into the
atmosphere.
- It reduced sunlight reaching the earth surface by up to 5% for 3
years
- And the Northern Hemisphere temperatures decreased by 0.5 – 0.6
C.
- The Guiness World Records recorded Mt. Pinatubo as the 2 nd largest
volcanic eruption in 20th Century.

Thing’s to remember

Lahar - a destructive, fast-moving mudflow or debris flow composed of

volcanic debris and water, often triggered by volcanic eruptions or heavy
rainfall on volcanic slopes.

PHIVOLCS – “Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology”. a Philippine

national institution dedicated to provide information on the activities
of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis.

Caldera - a large, bowl-shaped volcanic depression formed when a volcano

erupts and collapses, often after emptying its magma chamber.

Pumice - a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when a gas-
rich froth of glassy lava solidifies rapidly.
CLIMATE
Very coldd… x_x
Climate - refers to the long-term, average weather conditions of a particular
region, typically assessed over 30 years or more, encompassing factors like
temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.

Weather – refers to the short-term of the atmosphere, describing for example

the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear
or cloudy.[

The climate of the Philippines is either of 3 types that is characterized by

relatively high temperatures, oppressive humidity, and plenty of rainfall.

CLIMATE ZONE – are regions with distinct temperature as influenced by the

latitude where they are located.

3 Main Climate Zones

- Tropical or torrid zone – lies from 0 to 30 above and below the

equator.
- Temperate zone – lies from 30 to 60 from the equator.
- Polar or frigid zone – lies beyond 60 above and below the equator.

Climate Conditions of the Philippines

Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere,
extending from the surface up to about 12 kilometers. It contains
most of the atmosphere's mass and is where all weather events
like rain, clouds, and storms occur. In this layer, temperature
decreases with altitude, starting from around 15°C at ground
level to about -55°C at the top. Commercial airplanes usually fly near
the upper troposphere.

Stratosphere
Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from
around 12 to 50 kilometers in altitude. This layer is home to the
 ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the
sun. Unlike the troposphere, the temperature here increases with
altitude, rising from -55°C to about 0°C, due to the presence of
ozone. Weather balloons and some jets can reach this layer.

Mesosphere
The mesosphere stretches from 50 to about 85 kilometers above
Earth’s surface. It is known as the coldest layer of the atmosphere,
with temperatures dropping to -90°C or even lower. The temperature
in the mesosphere decreases with altitude. This is the layer where
meteors burn up due to friction with atmospheric particles. It is too
high for aircraft and too low for satellites.

Thermosphere
The thermosphere lies above the mesosphere and extends from
about 85 to 600 kilometers or more. In this layer, the temperature
increases dramatically with altitude, reaching up to 2,500°C or
higher, although the air is so thin that it wouldn’t feel hot to humans.
This layer contains ionized gases, which cause the beautiful auroras
(northern and southern lights). The International Space Station
(ISS) orbits within this layer.

Exosphere
The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere, starting
from about 600 kilometers and extending up to 10,000 kilometers
or more. It gradually fades into the vacuum of space. The exosphere
contains very few gas particles, mostly hydrogen and helium, and
particles move at high speeds. Despite the high energy, the extreme
thinness of this layer makes it feel very cold. Many satellites orbit
within the exosphere.

CONSTELLATIONS 😊
._.
constellation is a group of stars that forms a recognizable pattern or shape
in the night sky, traditionally named after mythological figures, animals, or
objects.
Photosphere – The atmosphere of hot gases

Corona – The outermost atmosphere of the sun

Solar wind - a continuous flow of charged particles, primarily electrons and

protons, emitted by the Sun into space.

Magnitude - is used to measure the brightness of celestial objects, such as

stars, planets, and galaxies.

Five Characteristics used to classify stars are

 Color
 Temperature
 Size
 Composition
 Brightness

Super Giants – very large stars that use hydrogen very fast making them die
in a very short time.

Northern Constellations – Andromeda, Aquila, Boötes, Cassiopeia,

Cepheus, Corona Borealis, Cygnus, Delphinus, Draco, Equuleus, Hercules,
Lyra, Ophiuchus, Pegasus, Perseus, Sagitta, Serpens, Triangulum, Ursa Major,
and Ursa Minor.

Zodiacal Constellations – Aries, Aquarius, Cancer, Capricorn, Gemini, Leo,

Libra, Pisces, Sagittarius, Scorpius, Taurus, Virgo

Southern Constellations – Ara, Argo Navis, Canis Major, Canis Minor,

Centaurus, Cetus, Corona Australis, Corvus, Crater, Eridanus, Hydra, Lepus,
Lupus, Orion, Pisces Austrinus.

Many of these constellations came from the Babylonians, and the Greeks

Balatik Constellation – A figure of a trap used to trap wild pigs

Polaris – Known as the North Star.

The Main stars that point to Polaris are

 Dubhe
 Merak

These Stars are located at the Big Dipper

International Astronomical Union – Formed in 1919. Known for listing the
official 88 constellations and approved in 1928. Eugene Joseph Delporte – An
astronomer known to improve the system in 1930.

Winter Constellations

- Orion, Perseus, Taurus, the Pleiades Cluster, Canis Major, Cetus,

Eridanus, and Gemini

Summer Constellations

- Cygnus, Lyra, Aquila, Sagittarius, and Scorpius.

The Largest Constellation by Area is HYDRA

HEY! IF YOU FAIL, THAT’S KINDA ON YOU. BUT IF YOU PASS GOOD JOB!!!! 😊

-Random Indian in a scam call center