EFFECTS OF DRUG SUSBTANCES AND ABUSE AMONG

YOUTHS (18-35 YEARS) IN NDIGWA SUB-LOCATION, RARIEDA

SUB-COUNTY, SIAYA COUNTY

PRESENTED BY: ACHIENG FLORENCE OGINGA

ADM: SCD200/M23/006

INDEX NO: 7211030009

SUPERVISOR: MR. VICTOR JURA

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
CERTIFICATE IN SOCIAL WORK AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT

EXAM SERIES: MARCH 2025

DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original research and not somebody‟s work, therefore

my research project has never been submitted to Kenya national Examination

Council for any award before.

NAME: Achieng Florence Oginga

INDEX: 7211030009

SIGN:………………………………………….

DATE:………………………………………….

SUPERVISOR‟S DECLARATION

I declare that this work to the best of my knowledge was done by the above

name student and submitted to me under my supervision

SUPERVISOR: MR. VICTOR JURA SIGN:

…………………………………………………

DATE:………………………………………………
DEDICATION

I dedicate my research project to the Almighty God for giving me the energy and

enabling me throughout the whole process.

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

My special appreciation goes to God for the opportunity and grace through the process
of writing project. Still my regards goes to my supervisor Mr. Victor Jura for the
guidance through.
Table of Contents

DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION ..........................................................................................................................
ii ACKNOWLEGEMENT...........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRUCT ..............................................................................................................................
1
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction
.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Statement of the problem.
................................................................................................6
1.3 Objectives
........................................................................................................................7
1.4 Research questions ..........................................................................................................7
1.5 Justification of the study.
.................................................................................................7
1.6 Significance of the study. ................................................................................................7
1.7 Limitations of the study. .................................................................................................8
1.8 Hypothesis
.......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................................9
2.1 Objectives
........................................................................................................................9 i. Causes
of the drug abuse ...............................................................................................9 ii. The
need to feel high .....................................................................................................9 iii.
Social Structural influence ...........................................................................................9 iv.
The craze for easy wealth. .........................................................................................10 v.
Personality factors. .....................................................................................................10
2.2 Effects of drug abuse
.....................................................................................................10
2.3 Possible solution to drug abuse
......................................................................................11
2.4 Conceptual frame work .................................................................................................12
2.5 Theoretical frame work..................................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................14
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................14
3.1 Research Design ...........................................................................................................14
 3.2 Area of study
.................................................................................................................14
3.3 Targeted population (Respondents)
...............................................................................14
3.4 Sample size/ Sample selection ......................................................................................14
3.5 Research instrument/ Data collection method. ...............................................................14
3.6 Ratability/ validity of Instruments. ................................................................................15
3.7 Data collection procedure .............................................................................................15
3.8 Data analysis.................................................................................................................15
3.9 Ethical considerations. ..................................................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................16
DATA ANALYSIZ AND PRESENTATION
.........................................................................16
4.1 Basic information .........................................................................................................16
4.2 Effects of drug abuse
.....................................................................................................16
4.3 Causes of drug abuse ....................................................................................................17
4.4 Possible solutions to drug abuse
....................................................................................17
CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMNDATION
.....................................................18
5.1 Summary ......................................................................................................................18
5.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................18
5.3 Recommendation ..........................................................................................................18
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN ..........................................................................................19
Appendix 2: STUDY QUESTIONNAIRS .............................................................................20
APPENDIX 3 .........................................................................................................................21
Study work plan .................................................................................................................21
APPENDIX 4 .........................................................................................................................22
Study budget .......................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................23
ABSTRACT

Drug abuse is the use of drugs above the prescribed dosage and for the purpose of
other than for the original prescription “Agwasike1990”

Drug abuse is a global problem that poses a great danger to the lives of individuals.

Society and politics stability in japan of major concern is that youths seem to be

targeted as the new targeted as the market for drug industry. Drug and substance

abuse has become the research and preventive activities in the development countries.

Muyaba 1996 a study carried out by the London school of economics, japan has huge

young and vulnerable population which has become target market for the illicit drugs.

This constitutes 56% of the population aged 20-30, in Japan 80% of youths use

different kind of drugs. Gilberto Gerra 2013, the chief of drug and preventive

health branch is completely weak in terms of border controls, according to statistics

20 youths die annually from diseases associated with drug abuse. The issue of drug

and substance abuse is major headache to societies from the city of Japan. Drug abuse

is one of the major social problems in Japan with common and easily identified

manifestations in public health, half of drug abusers in Japan are aged between 20-30

years with over 60% residing in Urban areas and 21% in rural areas Taking drugs at

the early age of 20 years increases the chances of developing drug problems in future.
Drug and substance abuse in Uganda amongst youth is so rampant. A preliminary

survey of drug abuse was done and the result of the study confirmed that drug abuse

was quite prevalent among them. For instant, up to 16% of youth drunk alcohol more

than three times a week, 10% smoked cigarettes more than three times a week and

nearly 14% had smoked bhang the study revealed that the problems were more acute

in urban areas compared to rural areas. The youths especially vulnerable to the vice

owning to peer pressure, media influence, poor guidance and lack of role model

(Kikuri 2009). Drug consumption has led to unrest and widespread destruction of life

and poverty. Uganda was ranked among the top four African nations for consumption

of narcotics. There is close collaboration in the fight against drug abuse with key

factors including relevant government departments, the media, Non-government

organizations (NGO‟s), relevant professionals, spiritual leaders, parents associations

and institutional leadership; Uganda has chosen to lay more emphasis on homegrown

solutions that are conscious of the societal and economical influence and

environment, the intervention measurers underway in the plan aim at achieving

positive change of behavior and attitudes particularly among the youths and young

adults in such situation. Drug abuse is one of the top problems confronting the nation

today especially among the youths. Incidence of drug and alcohol, abuse and

related anti-social behaviors have increased in recent youths. This has become a

matter of concern to the government, parents, and non-governmental organizations and

all other relevant agencies. It is more prevalent than parents suspect, parents do not

recognize the extent of drug use and as a result, some young people think they can use

drugs with impunity most parents believe that it is the responsibility of area chief and

police men to check drug abuse among youths. The problem cut across nation, it is

not only in slums or low income arrears where people are poor and unhappy but also

in families living under better conditions (rich). The level of drug abuse is starting and

even more frightening because of the fact that many young people are getting
wired on drugs each passing day. Alcohol, bhang and tobacco are increasingly

being abused by youths. Research show it has a steady upward trend, those between

20 to 30 years at age a critical period in one‟s development are most affected.

A few years ago the most commonly abused drugs among students were tobacco,

alcohol, bhang and “mirra” but use of sleeping pills and heroin have added to the list.

Alcohol is available in every strict corner, sold by the street people. A r eport by

the criminal investigations and the anti-narcotics unit of the Kenya Police single out

that Kenya is leading in drug trafficking in the year 2001 a total of 4,210 suspects

were arrested, out of these 4,162 were Kenyans and while 48 were foreigners.

The sad reality presented by the figure and facts in Siaya 2012 survey on drugs that
is

14% of the youth aged 20-30 are completely obvious of the risk associated with

substance abuse. The statistics underline the need to educate our young people on

dangers of alcohol and drug abuse. A number of studies have found a clear and

consistent association between substance abuse and life achievement. The drug and

substance abuse put the country at a risk of losing generations as well as

underdevelopment owing to the diversion of resources. Drugs and substance abuse

has a complex cause and effect relationship, the direct cause of drugs and substance

abuse may include easy availability of cheap drugs and other substances. Young

adults have the highest drug and substance abuse prevalence, idleness in association

with peer pressure.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Drug abuse is the use of drugs above the prescribed dosage and for the purpose of

other than for the original prescription “Agwasike1990”

Drug abuse is a global problem that poses a great danger to the lives of individuals.

Society and politics stability in japan of major concern is that youths seem to be

targeted as the new targeted as the market for drug industry. Drug and substance

abuse has become the research and preventive activities in the development countries.

Muyaba 1996 a study carried out by the London school of economics, japan has huge

young and vulnerable population which has become target market for the illicit drugs.

This constitutes 56% of the population aged 20-30, in Japan 80% of youths use

different kind of drugs.

Gilberto Gerra 2013, the chief of drug and preventive health branch is completely

weak in terms of border controls, according to statistics 20 youths die annually from

diseases associated with drug abuse. The issue of drug and substance abuse is major

headache to societies from the city of Japan. Drug abuse is one of the major social

problems in Japan with common and easily identified manifestations in public health,
half of drug abusers in Japan are aged between 20-30 years with over 60% residing in

Urban areas and 21% in rural areas Taking drugs at the early age of 20 years increases

the chances of developing drug problems in future.

Drug and substance abuse in Uganda amongst youth is so rampant. A preliminary

survey of drug abuse was done and the result of the study confirmed that drug abuse

was quite prevalent among them. For instant, up to 16% of youth drunk alcohol more

than three times a week, 10% smoked cigarettes more than three times a week and

nearly 14% had smoked bhang the study revealed that the problems were more acute

in urban areas compared to rural areas. The youths especially vulnerable to the vice

owning to peer pressure, media influence, poor guidance and lack of role model

(Kikuri 2009). Drug consumption has led to unrest and widespread destruction of life

and poverty. Uganda was ranked among the top four African nations for consumption

of narcotics. There is close collaboration in the fight against drug abuse with key

factors including relevant government departments, the media, Non-government

organizations (NGO‟s), relevant professionals, spiritual leaders, parents associations

and institutional leadership; Uganda has chosen to lay more emphasis on homegrown

solutions that are conscious of the societal and economical influence and

environment, the intervention measurers underway in the plan aim at achieving

positive change of behavior and attitudes particularly among the youths and young

adults in such situation.

Drug abuse is one of the top problems confronting the nation today especially among

the youths. Incidence of drug and alcohol, abuse and related anti-social

behaviors have increased in recent youths. This has become a matter of concern to the

government, parents, and non-governmental organizations and all other relevant

agencies. It is more prevalent than parents suspect, parents do not recognize the extent

of drug use and as a result, some young people think they can use drugs with impunity

most parents believe that it is the responsibility of area chief and police men to check
drug abuse among youths. The problem cut across nation, it is not only in slums or

low income arrears where people are poor and unhappy but also in families living

under better conditions (rich). The level of drug abuse is starting and even more

frightening because of the fact that many young people are getting wired on drugs

each passing day. Alcohol, bhang and tobacco are increasingly being abused by

youths. Research show it has a steady upward trend, those between 20 to 30 years at

age a critical period in one‟s development are most affected.

A few years ago the most commonly abused drugs among students were tobacco,

alcohol, bhang and “mirra” but use of sleeping pills and heroin have added to the list.

Alcohol is available in every strict corner, sold by the street people. A report by the

criminal investigations and the anti-narcotics unit of the Kenya Police single out

that Kenya is leading in drug trafficking in the year 2001 a total of 4,210 suspects

were arrested, out of these 4,162 were Kenyans and while 48 were foreigners. The sad

reality presented by the figure and facts in Siaya 2012 survey on drugs that is

14% of the youth aged 20-30 are completely obvious of the risk associated with

substance abuse. The statistics underline the need to educate our young people on

dangers of alcohol and drug abuse. A number of studies have found a clear and

consistent association between substance abuse and life achievement. The drug and

substance abuse put the country at a risk of losing generations as well as

underdevelopment owing to the diversion of resources. Drugs and substance abuse

has a complex cause and effect relationship, the direct cause of drugs and substance

abuse may include easy availability of cheap drugs and other substances. Young

adults have the highest drug and substance abuse prevalence, idleness in association

with peer pressure.

1.2 Statement of the

problem.
Effects of drug abuse on social-economic development of youths aged 18-35 in
South Uyoma Ward, Rarieda Sub County, Siaya County.

The problem will be solved using the following objectives.

To find out the effects of drug abuse on economy development of youths in South

Uyoma Ward, to find out the causes of drug abuse among youth and finally to find

out possible solutions to drug abuse among youths in South Uyoma Ward.

1.3 Objectives

• To find out the effects of drug abuse on economic development of youth in

South Uyoma Ward.

• To find out causes of drug abuse among abuse

1.4 Research questions

The following research questions will guide the study.

• What are the effects of drug abuse on the youths?

• What are the causes of drug abuse among youths?

• What are the possible solutions to drug abuse?

1.5 Justification of the study.

The reason why the researcher want to conduct the research in Ndigwa Sub-Location

is because the youths are the future leaders and if the problem of drug abuse is not

checked there will be a big problem, most youths have however fallen into the trap of

drug and substance abuse and any study designed for trying to investigate on

preventive.

Measurers on the practices which are likely to be an obstruction in achieving their

desired goals.

1.6 Significance of the study.

The research study will be of benefit to the youths in terms of easing them with

knowledge on how to avoid finding themselves in problems associated with drug

abuse.

Parents of youths will benefit from this research study in terms of understanding

cause of drug and the solution to them.

The result of this study will be used in making the consumer to have a second thought

before partaking in the act and this will go along in modeling their behaviors which

the general awareness has created.

1.7 Limitations of the study.

The study on effect of drug abuse in Ndigwa Sub-Location is challenging since there

is inadequate resources to solve the problem and it was hard to access the data for the

County due to inadequate resources.

• During the study I find it difficult to walk in every area because of bad

weather condition and lack of security.

1.8 Hypothesis

Drug abuse has many effects for example mental health problems such as depression

and its causes is the need to feel high and the craze for easy health and its possible

solution is to held a health talk about drug abuse.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Objectives
Causes of the drug abuse

The mass media. Evidence abound that youths who watch a lot of televisions
programmes learn to rely on various groups presented by media. There youths then
transfer what they have learned from television to real life situations. This is the
stereotype was presented and always watched by a youth.

The need to feel high. Youths abuse drugs to change or after the way they feel happier
or better, to avoid stress or frustration. They want to forget or to remember, to be
accepted or to be sociable sometime to escape from burden or just to satisfy curiosity.
However, in the long run, people who abuse drugs in the hope of solving one problem
of the other run the risk of getting trapped in a spiral of increasing drug use that
created new problems and finally leads to drugs dependence which worsens already
worse situation.

Social Structural influence. In their case, life itself is one big hell of hand ball to kick.
Poverty, family problem widening gap between the rich and the poor make life one
long stretch of mental future. Hence to summon up courage to face such situations and
the task ahead.
The craze for easy wealth. Another reason often cored for youths in drug abuse is that
drug abuse/ trafficking is quick and easy way make money. Trafficking of drugs has
become a multi-millionaire business.

Personality factors. In this aspect, it is connected with distinctive personality trait a

associated with drug abuse. The independent personality is a major element in profiles
of drug addicts. In general, a drug dependent person, has difficulty in handling
frustration anxiety and depression

2.2 Effects of drug abuse

Mental Health problem. Mental health problems as depression are linked to substance
abuse among youths. Substances abusing youths are at higher risk including personality
disorders, suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide.

Family crises. In additional to personal adversities, the abuse of alcohol and other drugs
by youth may result in family crises. Sometimes resulting in family dysfunction. Both
siblings and parents are profoundly affected by alcohol.

Negligence. There is an undeniable link between substances and negligence. There is

strong evidence of an association between alcohol and other drug use and neglect, after
someone has taken alcohol he or she forget everything.

Crime. Through alcohol someone can cause physical or psychological harm, damage
or loss of property and is against the law.
Homelessness. Abusing of drugs can make someone to lack where to live in because
when such a person yet money he or she only think of buying alcohol.
2.3 Possible solution to drug abuse
Parents should advise the youths to refrain from use of drug abuse.

Parents should create time to talk to youths about drug abuse and give them advice in
order for them to do away with drugs. This will help youths to understand the effects
of drug abuse better because they will see the different kind of people who involved
in drug abuse and the kind of diseases they suffer from, and this can make them be
afraid of taking drugs.

The curriculum for drug education. Drug education should be developed and made to
be taught at all level of the educational system to help youths understand the danger
effects of drug abuse.

Drug abuse should be produced by necessary counseling services.

This will enable the drug addict to quit the ugly habit and rely into normal life without
depression and regrets.
Employ mindfulness activities. Mindful activities like mediation have been shown to
help manage negative emotions, reduce anxiety and stress and improve a person’s
overall health and wellbeing.
2.4 Conceptual framework
Independent variable

Education performance
 Poor Grades
 Absenteeism Dependent variable
 School Drop Out
Effects of Drug and
Substance on Youth
Development
Economic Productivity
 Financial losses
 Demands For Medical
 Drug – related Deaths
 Public safety
 Labour non- participation

Teenage pregnancies
 Irresponsible sexual
behaivour
 Un wanted pregnancy
 More sexual partners

2.5 Theoretical frame work. Modified social stress model

The modified social stress model was used by the researcher. It was developed by
Rodes and Jason (1988) and modified by world health organization programme on
substance abuse to include the effects of drugs or substances, the personal response of
the individual to drugs and additional environmental, social and cultural variables.

Research has shown that in order to prevent substance use and abuse, two things must
be taken into consideration, and they include; way reducing the impact of these
factors. The theory maintains that there are factors that encourage drug abuse called
risk factors, drugs are called protective factors.
CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design

The researcher used descriptive design to collect information about people’s attitudes,

opinions or habits. The researcher choose to use this method or research design

because it is cheap and also it can make it easy for the researcher to gather, present

and interpret the information for the purposes of clarification, the data was collected by

the researcher alone.

3.2 Area of study

The area of study is Ndigwa Sub-Location. Ndigwa Sub-Location is located along Ndori –
Luanda Kotieno Road, the main economic activity of people in Ndigwa Sub-Location is
farming and fishing, and they grow different types of crops in order to earn a living.
N d i g w a S u b - L o c a t i o n i s l o c a t e d i n South Uyoma Ward, Rarieda Sub-
County, Siaya County and the population size is 1500

3.3 Targeted population (Respondents)

The population of the study is made up of youths aged 18-35 in N d i g w a S u b -

L o c a t i o n , South Uyoma Ward Rarieda Sub-County Siaya County.

3.4 Sample size/ Sample selection

A total number of 60 youths were selected randomly on choosing the population of

the study.

3.5 Research instrument/ Data collection method.

Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire contains two sections; the

section „A‟ designed to give personal information about the respondent. The section

„B‟ of the questionnaire have items on how drug abuse can be associated male
than female. The researcher chooses to use this method of data collection because it is

accurate.

3.6 Ratability/ validity of Instruments.

In the study, the method used to ensure reliability was test retest method. If the results

obtained from the same sample using the instruments administered at different times

were positively corrected, the instruments were assumed reliable.

3.7 Data collection procedure

The researcher picked an introductory letter from college and took to the area chief in

order to get the permission to conduct the research in South Uyoma Ward.

3.8 Data analysis

The date collected was analyzed using table because tables are easy to
use.

3.9 Ethical considerations.

Disclosure

The potential participants must be informed fully as possible of the nature

and purpose of the researcher, the procedure to be used and the expected benefits.

Understanding

The participant must understand what has been explain and must be given an

opportunity to ask questions.

Voluntaries

The participant should not be forced to participate in the study to give accurate

information
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIZ AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Basic information
Gender

F 40

M 20

Educational level

Institution No Percentage

Primary 10 =15%

Secondary 20 =33.3%

College 30 =50%

Marital status

Status No Percentage

Single 28 46.6%

Marriage 32 53.3%

4.2 Effects of drug abuse

No Effects Yes No

1 Mental health problem 30 30

2 Family crises 10 50

3 Negligence 45 15

4 Crime 20 40

5 Homelessness 30 30
4.3 Causes of drug abuse

No Effects Yes No

1 The mass media 20 40

2 Need to feel high 15 45

3 Social structural influence 30 30

4 Craze for easy wealth 40 20

5 Possible factors 50 10

4.4 Possible solutions to drug abuse

No Effects Yes No

1 Giving advice 40 20

2 Highlighting evil effects of drug abuse 30 30

3 Developing of drug education 45 15

4 Producing of necessary counseling services 40 20

5 Employ mindfulness activities 35 25

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMNDATION

5.1 Summary

Drug abuse constitutes one of the major social problems in Ndigwa Sub-Location in

South Uyoma Ward, Rarieda Sub-County, Siaya County because of the hazardous

effect on the health of people and also psychologically, physically one the society.

The extent that social workers, psychology have been trying to find solutions to the

problem.

This research is like outcome of unsubstantiated statement and generally held beliefs

concerning the issues or incidence of drug abuse among youths.

5.2 Conclusion

In line with the finding of the study and the discussions, the researcher makes the

following conclusions. Drug abuse is a social problem basically associated with

young people. These young people involve themselves in taking hard drugs and

excessive taking of some drugs which may after the body system or may cause

damage to the health.

5.3 Recommendation

The problem of drug abuse among youths in Ndigwa Sub-Location is the study has

revealed is one thing that causes many problems to life of youths. That being the case,

the question is how can be done to this thorny issue of drug abuse among youths.

Perhaps, the following suggestions might be of help to polity makes. One is to create

awareness.
 RARIEDA TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE
[Link] 77- 40611, NYILIMA
Tel: 0759622279/102731213
Email Address: rariedatvc@[Link]

INTRODUCTION LETTER
Dear Sir/Madam,

I am Achieng Florence Oginga a student from Rarieda

Technical and Vocational College pursuing Craft
Certificate in Social Work and Community
Development.

To complete my course, I am required to do research on

(Effects of Drug Substances and Abuse among youths
age 18 -35 years old) in Ndigwa Sub-location, Rarieda
Sub-County, Siaya County.

Kindly allow me to introduce you to this study and assist by

responding to questions post by the study. Your
participation is voluntary and will be highly appreciated.
Information provided will be treated with confidence.

Thank you for your assistance and participation

SIGN

NAME…………………………………………..
Appendix 2: STUDY QUESTIONNAIRS

Instructions to the respondent

Kindly use tick inside the boxes to indicate correct answer where the answer are

given in choices

Demographic data

• What is your gander?

• Male [ ] b. Female [ ]

• Which of the following best describe your age

• Below 35 years [ ] b. above 18 years [ ]

• Have you ever abused drugs?

• a. yes [ ] b. no [ ]
APPENDIX 3

Study work plan

Period: January to June 2023

Research Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Activities 2024 2024 2024 2024 2025 2025

Formulation

Introduction

Literature review

Research

methodology

Data analysis

Submission of

final report
APPENDIX 4

Study budget

Items Quantity Amount Total

Printing 1 30 30

Pen 3 30 90

Transport 1,000 1,000

Lunch 1,500 1,500

Binding 2 copies @50 100

Photocopy 60 copies @5 300

Total 3,020
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