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Question 1
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Which statement regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia is false?

Select one:
a. Clinicians do not agree on whether it is a single disorder or a undo
group of disorders.
b. The severity of the disorder and its unusual symptoms make cross out
diagnosis straightforward.
c. Diagnosis is complicated because symptoms of the disorder undo
change over time.
d. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia recognized by cross out
the DSM-5, making the task more complex.
Clear my choice

Question 2
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Which of the following is a neuroendocrine side effect of the traditional antipsychotic medications?
Select one:
a. Decreased release of prolactin cross out
b. Excessive sweating cross out
c. Inhibition of growth hormone cross out
d. Increased sex drive cross out
Clear my choice
Question 3
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Which of the following is/are not a typical symptom of schizophrenia?

Select one:
a. Auditory hallucinations undo
b. Delusions of persecution undo
c. Vague or illogical speech cross out
d. Severe anxiety undo
Clear my choice

Question 4
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Which of the following was an important finding of CATIE, a blinded controlled study comparing multiple antipsychotics to replicate "real-
world" prescriptions to a representative patient population?
Select one:
a. Overall rates of drug discontinuation were about 55%. undo
b. Newer antipsychotic drugs are much more effective than first undo
generation drugs and should be the first choice.
c. Drug effectiveness is very different under conditions similar to cross out
routine clinical practice compared with controlled trials.
d. Drug effectiveness is very similar under conditions similar to cross out
routine clinical practice compared with controlled trials.
Clear my choice

Question 5
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The most consistent functional abnormality in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia is
Select one:
a. global rather than localized EEG responses to stimuli. cross out
b. eye-movement problems that impair the ability to track cross out
objects.
c. hypofrontality. cross out
d. a deficit in stimulus perception and cognitive processing. cross out
Clear my choice
Question 6
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The most all-encompassing perinatal risk factor for schizophrenia appears to be

Select one:
a. maternal exposure to second-hand smoke. cross out
b. maternal and/or fetal inflammatory responses. cross out
c. maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. cross out
d. age of mother during pregnancy. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 7
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Prenatal inflammation models such as maternal exposure to polyI:C during pregnancy results in _______ in hippocampal neurogenesis.
Select one:
a. short-term increases cross out
b. long-term increases cross out
c. short-term decreases cross out
d. long-term decreases cross out
Clear my choice

Question 8
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One way that parkinsonian side effects from antipsychotic medications can be treated is
Select one:
a. with anticholinergic drugs, like Cogentin cross out
b. by adding second dopamine blocker from the phenothiazine cross out
class (because these effects are due to receptor
supersensitivity).
c. with drugs that increase acetylcholine to balance the effects cross out
of dopamine blockade.
d. by adding an atypical antipsychotic to the traditional cross out
neuroleptic medications.
Clear my choice
Question 9
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Parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia include

Select one:
a. anxiety. cross out
b. sedation. cross out
c. flailing movements. cross out
d. loss of facial expressions. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 10
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Which of the following is thought to be responsible for tardive dyskinesia in patients taking antipsychotics?
Select one:
a. Downregulation of D2 receptors cross out
b. Upregulation of D2 receptors cross out
c. Downregulation of 5-HT2 receptors cross out
d. Upregulation of 5-HT2 receptors cross out
Clear my choice

Question 11
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Which findings in rat experiments support glutamate signaling involvement in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Select one:
a. Chronic AMDA antagonism causes inflammation and activation undo
of microglia and cytokines in specific brain regions.
b. Chronic NMDA agonism causes inflammation and activation of undo
microglia and cytokines in specific brain regions.
c. Blocking NMDA receptors in VTA results in an increase in DA cross out
release in the PFC and reduced release of DA in the nucleus
accumbens.
d. Blocking NMDA receptors in VTA results in an increase in DA cross out
release in the nucleus accumbens and reduced release of DA
in the PFC.
Clear my choice
Question 12
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Which statement about molecular genetic research on schizophrenia is true?

Select one:
a. It has moved forward on the assumption that schizophrenia cross out
involves a single gene.
b. It has identified potential "schizophrenia genes" on cross out
chromosomes 10 and 14.
c. It involves identifying immune disorders in people with cross out
schizophrenia.
d. At present, 145 loci have been identified as likely sites for cross out
genes that increase the risk for developing schizophrenia
Clear my choice

Question 13
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Which of the following is evidence for a possible role for glutamate in symptoms of schizophrenia?
Select one:
a. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help cross out
explain the negative symptoms.
b. Overactivity of glutamatergic NMDA receptors can help cross out
explain the cognitive symptoms.
c. Blocking glutamatergic NMDA receptors with PCP or ketamine cross out
produces a psychotic syndrome similar to symptoms of
schizophrenia.
d. Increased levels of glutamate are found in post-mortem cross out
studies of individuals with schizophrenia.
Clear my choice
Question 14
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Abilify (aripiprazole) can simultaneously decrease DA receptor activation in some brain regions and increase it in others, and this drug is
classified as a(n)
Select one:
a. partial agonist. cross out
b. competitive antagonist. cross out
c. noncompetitive antagonist. cross out
d. inverse agonist. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 15
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How do the newer drugs valbenazine and deutetrabenazine act to reduce tardive dyskinesia in patients taking neuroleptics?
Select one:
a. They inhibit the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase cross out
(COMT), which degrades DA in the synapse, halting its
signaling.
b. They enhance glutamate activity at NMDA receptors. cross out
c. As muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists, they reduce excess cross out
ACh activity.
d. They reduce the amount of DA that can be released into the cross out
synapse by inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter,
subtype 2 (VMAT2).
Clear my choice
Question 16
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Which of the following is associated with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia?

Select one:
a. Cognitive functions are most affected by the excess activity in cross out
the disinhibited mesolimbic pathway.
b. Early damage to the indirect basal ganglia pathway results in cross out
the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
c. High mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss cross out
may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
d. The model attempts to identify the cause of the proposed undo
early mesocortical cell loss.
Clear my choice

Question 17
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Which of the following is not a dopamine pathway affected by antipsychotic medications?

Select one:
a. Pathway from hypothalamus to pituitary cross out
b. Mesocortical pathway cross out
c. Pathway from the thalamus to the cortex cross out
d. Nigrostriatal pathway cross out
Clear my choice

Question 18
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Polymorphisms in the _______ gene, which codes for proteins _______, are associated with a higher probability of schizophrenia.
Select one:
a. RELN; involved in monoamine synthesis cross out
b. RELN; involved in intracellular transport and axon elongation cross out
c. DISC1; involved in neurogenesis and neuronal migration cross out
d. DISC1; found in dendritic spines cross out
Clear my choice
Question 19
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The time course of effectiveness for antipsychotic medications has been explained by all of the following observations except that
Select one:
a. dopamine receptor blockade is not directly linked to clinical cross out
improvement.
b. chronic dopamine autoreceptor blockade may result in cross out
receptor supersensitivity, and hence decreased dopamine
turnover.
c. a depolarization block can occur in response to increased cross out
dopamine turnover, which results from the initial antipsychotic
drug blockade of receptors.
d. over time, antipsychotics decrease their binding to DA cross out
receptors and begin to act at other receptor populations.
Clear my choice

Question 20
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Concerning the incidence and severity of schizophrenia,

Select one:
a. although treatment is available, about 50% of people with the cross out
disorder spend a large part of their lives in psychiatric
hospitals.
b. approximately 5% of the general population will receive a undo
diagnosis of schizophrenia at some point in their lifetimes.
c. the disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable. cross out
d. the incidence of the disorder is highest among young women cross out
in their late teens and early twenties.
Clear my choice
Question 21
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Which evidence supports the idea that traditional antipsychotic medications act on the dopamine system?
Select one:
a. There is a decrease in dopamine-induced prolactin release undo
from the pituitary gland during treatment with antipsychotic
drugs.
b. There is no correlation between the potency of an undo
antipsychotic drug and its ability to displace a labeled ligand
from dopamine receptors.
c. antipsychotic drugs cause parkinsonian side effects, which are cross out
known to involve dopamine.
d. antipsychotics that have a higher affinity for DA receptors and undo
do not require higher doses to be clinically effective.
Clear my choice

Question 22
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To address the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, new pharmacological approaches are being developed that target specific aspects
of various neurotransmitter systems, including
Select one:
a. acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate. cross out
b. serotonin and glutamate. cross out
c. GABA and glutamate. cross out
d. glycine, dopamine, and GABA. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 23
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Which model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?
Select one:
a. The dopamine hypothesis cross out
b. The glutamate-dopamine model cross out
c. The DA imbalance hypothesis cross out
d. The neurodevelopmental model cross out
Clear my choice
Question 24
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The symptoms of schizophrenia that tend to be more difficult to treat are

Select one:
a. the positive symptoms. cross out
b. the positive and the negative symptoms. cross out
c. the negative symptoms and the cognitive symptoms. cross out
d. the cognitive symptoms and the positive symptoms. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 25
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Which statement regarding broad-spectrum antipsychotics is false?

Select one:
a. They block many receptor types, in addition to the D2 cross out
receptor.
b. They include the best-known atypical neuroleptic, clozapine. cross out
c. They work best with some combination of D2 and 5-HT2 cross out
receptor blockade.
d. They typically show high affinity for D1 receptors. cross out
Clear my choice

Question 26
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Both inhibiting the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor drug atomoxetine
are strategies used to treat _______ by _______.
Select one:
a. cognitive symptoms; enhancing PFC DA function cross out
b. tremors; reducing PFC DA function undo
c. cognitive symptoms; enhancing PFC glutamate levels cross out
d. tremors; reducing PFC glutamate levels undo
Clear my choice
Question 27
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All of the following evidence supports the idea that there is a strong genetic component to schizophrenia except
Select one:
a. the monozygotic twin concordance rate is 48% but they share cross out
100% of their genes.
b. first-degree relatives of schizophrenics are 12 times more cross out
likely than the general population to develop schizophrenia at
some point in their lifetimes.
c. second-degree relatives of schizophrenics are four times more cross out
likely than the general population to develop schizophrenia in
their lifetimes.
d. even when twins are reared apart, the difference in cross out
concordance rates is maintained, with the monozygotic rates
always higher than the dizygotic rates.
Clear my choice

Question 28
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A change observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia is

Select one:
a. enlarged volume of the temporal lobe and limbic structures. cross out
b. shrinkage of the ventricles. cross out
c. increase in definition of selected cortical layers. cross out
d. disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells. cross out
Clear my choice
Question 29
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Which of the following does not support the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Select one:
a. Amphetamine produces a greater release of dopamine in cross out
people with schizophrenia than in control subjects.
b. Baseline levels of HVA do not differentiate controls and people cross out
with schizophrenia.
c. Increased dopamine receptors are found in post-mortem cross out
brains of people with schizophrenia.
d. An exaggerated DA response results in more severe positive cross out
symptoms.
Clear my choice

Question 30
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Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?
Select one:
a. Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a cross out
precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in
mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.
b. Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a cross out
precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in
mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.
c. NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of cross out
midbrain mesolimbic
DA neurons that project to limbic regions.
d. Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in cross out
mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in
mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.
Clear my choice
Question 31
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Which statement about tardive dyskinesia (TD) is true?

Select one:
a. It occurs in about 50% to 60% of people treated with undo
neuroleptic medications.
b. Its cause is not well understood, but it may be linked to excess cross out
dopamine receptors or a D1-D2 receptor imbalance.
c. The incidence of TD tends to decrease with increasing age of undo
patients.
d. It is a motor side effect of neuroleptics that goes away when cross out
drug treatment is stopped.
Clear my choice

Question 32
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Why are selective D2 receptor antagonists like sulpiride not usually a first choice as antipsychotic agents?
Select one:
a. Hormonal side effects are common. cross out
b. Their effects on the autonomic nervous system are not cross out
tolerated well by patients.
c. They cause too much sedation. cross out
d. They impact the cardiovascular system more than researchers cross out
had hoped.
Clear my choice

Question 33
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Marked out of 1

The _______ receptor is most involved in the therapeutic effects of the traditional antipsychotics.
Select one:
a. D1 cross out
b. D2 cross out
c. D3 cross out
d. D4/5 cross out
Clear my choice

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