STAS111
- The early times of internet still follows
CHAPTER 11 Gutenberg Principle
JOHANNES GUTENBERG - Many investment appears to serve and create
opportunities with e-commerce as the major
- Born February 3, 1468, German blacksmith new web-based phenomena
and public - Accgd to Stacy (2008), the development of
- Responsible for shaping the nature of the internet in our world, changed 2 major
society by establishing the first form of expansions:
spreading information called Gutenberg
Principle POST-GUTENBERG PRINCIPLE or SOCIAL
INFORMATION PRINCIPLE (Stacy, 2008)
GUTENBERG PRINCIPLE Uploading and downloading of different forms
of media were now possible through internet
Distribution of information become possible, but access
expensive and yet institutionalized
Spreading and publishing of information were
PRE-GUTENBERG WORLD now much easier because of different tools.
- Books were created manually by hand Information can now be in the hands of every
- Transcribed through clay, papyrus, wax and individual and all potential individuals.
parchment
- In 1440, the first printing press was built
through Johannes Gutenberg which heralded
the start of mass communication
INFORMATION AGE
GUTENBERG REVOLUTION
- There are three (3) distinct historical periods
“The printing press was an important step for this revolution of information technology
towards the democratization of knowledge” - (Washington, DC, Office of the Assistant
Einstein, 1969 Secretary of Defense OASD, Command
and Control
:( Research Program CCRP,
- Gutenberg Revolution is a term used to 1997)
express the democratizing effects of the - The first modern information revolution began
invention of the printing press among society in the mid-nineteenth century and includes
- Democracy was born through the invention of telegraph, telephone and radio.
the printing press and the effects it had on - These three inventions have greatly helped in
society improving the people’s lives
- It allowed people to have voice who weren’t - Improved communication and have by passed
able to spread their messages before even further the second modern information
revolution followed the first one and extended
POST-GUTENBERG WORLD until the mid-20th century and includes
television, early generation computers and
- 1920, the radio broadcasting was introduced satellites
- Marked a significant jump in the speed of - These inventions have greatly instances in a
communication faster time
- Made the spreading of information even more - The third modern information revolution
quickly and widely probably began in the 1980’s and has
- 1970, the Information Age accelerated global surpassed the two other revolutions. This age
communication which includes our time is now called as the
- Microprocessor began and took it as the knowledge revolution
introduction to the internet browser, which - This includes advance information
made the information age significant to up technologies and has a remarkable impact in
this day the politics, economics, sociology and culture
of knowledge creation and distribution
- Accdg to Brown (2018), among the three “homes”
billion people around the world, 40% use 12. Gender relations have been profoundly
online social media. Social media users affected by social media.
spend an average of two hours everyday 13. Human conversations and relationships are
tweeting or liking posts on different platforms. now polymedia.
14. Memes in social media serve as moral police
that have set the standards of normal behavior
among the general public.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS IMPACT TO THE 15. Social media is a privacy threat, but not for
SOCIETY the non-users.
- Social media has become a form of virtual
reality and a form of escape from the tyranny In general, social media and the advancement
of life. Accdg to Merriam Webster (2016), of information technology has greatly
Social media is defined as a form of electronic influenced daily living of people.
communication wherein the users share
information, ideas and even videos by
creating online communities.
- Social media is not only a communication tool
but it also serves as an avenue for
collaboration and reviewing of information and ADDITIONAL INFO
opinions.
- Social media also serve as a brand Word - combination of sounds that represents
monitoring tool that help boosts their sales something
- Mark Schaefer (2011), an author, blogger and Scire - to know
Social Media Marketing consultant cited a Metaphysis - after nature
summary in his blog of how the world has
changed because of social media. (QUIZ)
Democracy began when the printing press was
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO SOCIETY invented.
1. Social media made the society less The first modern information revolution was NOT
individualistic and traditional groups more also known as the Knowledge Revolution.
reinforced.
2. In education, including informal learning, Learning, including formal and informal
social media served as an important catalyst. education, is now easier with the help of Social
3. Selfie shared in social media send different Media.
messages worldwide.
4. In the world of social media, online equality is Social media is defined as a form of electronic
different from offline equality. communication wherein the users share
5. Not the company, but the people who use information, ideas and even videos by
social media define its functionality. communities.
6. The public social media can be viewed as
traditionalist or conservative. Social media DOES pose a threat to our privacy.
7. Posted photos and use of emoji's in social
media has shifted human communication
8. The world became less homogenous because CHAPTER 12
of social media. BIODIVERSITY
9. Personal commerce has been greatly
promoted with the help of social media. - Not actual advancement
10. Group-communication arises because of - Condition of phenomena
social media. - Biological diversity
11. Social media, for some, served as their online - Variety of life in the world or in a particular
habitat or ecosystem are seen
- Number of types of plants and animals that - Mt. Makiling contains more tree species than
exist in a particular area or in the world the whole continental United States, whose
- If an area is biodiverse, it has very high land area is 32 times bigger than the
number of types of species Philippines.
- Of 1,000 species of orchids found, 70% are
restricted to the hotspot
GENETIC BIODIVERSITY - As many as 9,000 flowering plants can be
found
- Differences in the genetic make-up of a - Endemic flowers: gingers, begonias,
distinct species and to the genetic variations gesneriads, orchids, and pandans are
within a single species particularly high in endemic species
- Concerns DNA sequences - Rafflesia schadenbergiana, second largest
- Refers to one organism, but does look rafflesia in the world
different due to differentiation in genes/DNA - Rafflesia consueloae, smallest rafflesia.
Named after aling consuelo??? Naol
SPECIES BIODIVERSITY - Waling-waling, euanthe sanderiana (vanda
sanderiana) found only in davao
- Variety of species within a habitat or a region - Philippine eagle, largest eagle. Endemic only
- Related to numbers and spread in davao
- How many different species live in an - Rhincodon typus, largest fish
ecosystem and how are they distributed? - Tridacna gigas, largest clam
- Pandaka pygmaea, smallest fish
ECOLOGICAL BIODIVERSITY - Tarsius syrichta, smallest primate
- Philippine mouse-deer. Smallest hoofed
- Deals with the variations in ecosystems within animal
a geographical location and its overall impact - Tylonycteris pachpus, smallest bat
on human existence and the environment. - pisidium , smallest shell
- Type of environment - Conus gloriamaris, expensive shell
- Visayan spotted deer, endangered
- Bubalus mindorensis, largest land mammal.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY Endemic/endangered in ph
- 352 endemic butterflies
[Link] food and medicines - Forest cover had gotten higher compared to
[Link] aid ecosystem stability 2010
[Link] and existence values are important - 500 known coral reefs are found
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY
- Biogeographic region that is both a significant
- One of the most richest biodiversity in the reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with
world destruction
- 70% of earth’s biodiversity - Number 26: PH
- One of the 18 megadiverse countries
- Has more than 52,177 described species, half
of which are endemic found nowhere else in BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION SQUAD (emz)
the world
- 66% of plants are endemic, 86% of IUCN - International Union for Conservation of
amphibians, 35% bird species, 61% mammals Nature (has database of how many keme is
that are endemic endangered, categorizes keme)
- Richest marine biodiversity DENR - Department of Environment and Nature
- 3325 species of fishes, 120 are endemic and Resources
94 endangered; 5 of 7 pawikans in the world
MASS EXTINCTION gene banks, within the care of humans.
- Global decrease in the amount of life In situ Conservation - it is the process of
- Extinction of a number of species in a protecting species in its natural habitat, either by
relatively short time establishment and management of protected
- 5 natural mass extinction areas where the species abound, or by
defending the species from predators
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY (QUIZ)
[Link] Change - human cause Biodiversity is the variety of life in the world or in
[Link] loss and degradation a particular habitat.
[Link]
[Link] species Species biodiversity DOES NOT refers to the
[Link] differences in the genetic make-up of a distinct
[Link] potential threats species
The importance of biodiversity includes: supports
GENETIC ENGINEERING healthy ecosystem; good for the economy;
serves as a source of medicine
“Means making changes to DNA in order to
change the way living things work” The following are threats to biodiversity:
pollution, habitat loss, climate change
- Creates new crops and farm animals
- Make bacteria that can make medicines The GMOs are organisms whose genetic
- Grow human body parts material has been altered using genetic
- Prevent genetic diseases, change humans engineering technique
- Cloning technique in preventing endangered
species extinct Species biodiversity refers to the variation in
- Mostly used in agriculture species within a habitat or region
- Genetically modified organisms
Biodiversity helps maintain ecological balance
Philippines is one of the few megadiverse
countries in the world
Biodiversity hotspots are the most threatened
areas of high biodiversity
Endangered species are considered to be facing
a very high risk of extinction in the wild
Genetic engineering and cloning can be used to
prevent endangered species from being extinct
ADDITIONAL INFO NANOTECHNOLOGY (NANO WORLD)
Ex situ Conservation - It is the process of - Involves very small things
protecting species outside of its natural habitat - Intended to create nano robots
by removing a species from its threatened - A hybrid science engineering and chemistry
habitat and placing it in a new location, like - Science of creating molecular sized machines
zoological gardens, aquaria, captive breeding that can manipulate matter one atom at a time
centers, botanical gardens, seed banks and - Study of the manipulation of matter at a scale
of about 1 to 100 nanometers
- It involves the characterization, design, and K. ERIC DREXLER (1986)
production of structures, devices, and
systems with unique properties by fine-tuning - Gave the idea of molecular machinery,
the physical, chemical, mechanical and manufacturing and computation
optical properties of materials at the - Inspired by Feymann’s concepts, Drexler
nanoscale independently used the term nanotechnology
in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology
GOALS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY - 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight
Institute to help increase public awareness to
[Link] atoms individually and place them help increase public awareness and
in a pattern to produce a desired structure understanding of nanotechnology concepts
[Link] the nanomachines to manufacture and implications
consumer goods at a molecular level, piercing
together one atom or molecule at a time
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
APPROACHES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY ANCIENT INDIA
TOP-DOWN BOTTOM-UP - Oldest known human-made nanomaterials
(600 BC)
Creating nano-scale Assembling nano - Unique black coatings of ancient pots which
materials by physically materials are made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
or chemically breaking atom-by-atom or
down larger materials molecule-by-molecule SUMERIANS MESOPOTAMIANS
(self assembly)
Bigger to smaller scale - Have been documented to in use since the
Smaller to bigger use 9th century in Mesopotamia for ancient
pottery
- Gold particles nano scaled have optical
RICHARD FEYNMANN (1959) properties that cause the luster
- Introduced the possibility of building things ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
atom by atom
- Fermentation process on nanolevel
- “The principles of physics, as far as I can see,
- Nanoparticles or nano-crystals of galenite
do not speak against the possibility of
(lead sulfide) were formed in hair dying
maneuvering things atom by atom.”
process
- Father of nanotechnology
- “There’s plenty room at the bottom”
ANCIENT ROME
- December 29, 1959
- Nobel prize in physics, 1965
- Lycurgus cup
- Bowl making
NORIO TANIGUCHI (1974) MIDDLE AGES
- Professor of Tokyo Science University - Stained glass windows made from gold and
- Coined the term Nanotechnology silver nanoparticles that have been
- Processing, separation, consolidation and shaped/sized to produce different colors or
deformation of materials by one atom or by shades.
one molecule. - Stained-glass used on byzantine churches
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES ADDITIONAL INFO
- Department of Science and Technology - Nano refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten
Industrial Technology Development Institute raised to negative nine.
(DOST-ITDI) agency that provides help in
research or experiment about nanotechnology Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of
matter on an atomic or subatomic scale.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN (QUIZ)
THE RURAL AREAS
The oldest known human-made nanostructure
[Link] and more readily accessible solar was NOT discovered in Mesopotamia
cells based on quantum scale
[Link] water using nano-catalysts or Norio Taniguchi invented the word
nanoporous membranes that will filter off nanotechnology
impurities
[Link] agricultural productivity assisted by Nanotechnology can be applied to medicine
nanotechnology
[Link] care using portable medical Nanotechnology is the science of creating
diagnostic kits using nanotechnology molecular-sized machines that can manipulate
[Link] in ICT in computations and matter one atom at a time
telecommunications may bring education
effectively K. Eric Drexler did NOT invented the word
nanotechnology
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF Nanotechnology can enhance agricultural
NANOTECHNOLOGY productivity
[Link] treatment and purification We could use nanotechnology to clean our
[Link] remediation environment
[Link] nanocomposites
The Top-Down approach of nanotechnology
DOES NOT refers to methods where devices
creates themselves by self-assembly
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
[Link] issues CLIMATE CHANGE
[Link] issues
[Link] - IPCC usage: any change in climate over time,
whether due to natural variability or from
human activity
- Alternate: change of climate, attributed
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
directly or indirectly to human activity that
alters composition of global atmosphere and
Reduce the May be harmful for
is in addition to natural climate variability
side-effects associated environment
observed over comparable time periods
with cancer treatment
- Natural phenomenon and has been occurring
since the earth came into being
Enhance the May be explosive
- Change in the average weather of a given
absorption of drugs
area or region
- Include temperature, wind patterns, and
Hard to detect
precipitation. This change is referred to in a
global sense and concerns the earth as a
whole
- Regional weather change
to more circular. The more eccentric the orbit,
GLOBAL WARMING the greater the difference in the amount of
insolation the earth receives when it is
- Increasing temperatures worldwide considered farthest or nearest the sun
- Change during climate change
- Enhanced greenhouse effect
MILANKOVITCH CYCLES
GREENHOUSE - Named after Milutin Milankovitch
- Used to explain past climate changes
- House of plants - Climatic changes in the past have been
- Built in gardens with colder temperature in attributed to cycles of 26000, 41000 and
order to preserve heat 100000 years
- Causes natural climate changes
NATURAL HUMAN ENHANCED
GREENHOUSE GASES
- More heat escape - Less heat escape
- Less re-emitted - More re-emitted [Link] dioxide (CO2) - formed from the
head heat combustion of fuels, respiration and volcanic
- Solar radiation - Solar radiation eruptions. Deforestation and conversion of
- Re-radiated heat - Re-radiated heat farmlands to industrial and residential lands
- Less greenhouse - More greenhouse have removed much vegetative cover that
gases gases could absorb CO2
[Link] (CH4) - greenhouse gas that
absorbs more heat. 25x more effective as a
greenhouse gas than CO2
THREE MILANKOVITCH CYCLES
[Link] Oxide (N2O) - stays longer in the
- Changes in axial precession (wobble) in a
troposphere. Absorbs heat 360x better than
26,000 year cycle
CO2. derived from the use of fertilizers and
- Changes in eccentricity (orbit shape) in a
decay of manure from poultry and livestock,
100,000 year cycle
also from the burning of fossil fuels
- Changes in obliquity (tilt) in a 41,000 year
cycle
[Link] (CFC) - released from
FIRST CYCLE air-conditioning and refrigeration. Absorbs
heat 1000 to 7000 times better than CO2.
Earth rotates on its axis, it wobbles or vibrates causes thinning of the ozone layer
like a spinning top (precession), completed in
about 26000 [Link] (HFC) - group of industrial
chemicals primarily used for cooling and
SECOND CYCLE refrigeration, used to replace ozone-depleting
substances. They do not harm the ozone
Is completed about 41000 years, takes into layer as much as the compounds they
account the changes in the earth’s tilt (obliquity) replace, but they also contribute to global
as it orbits the sun. varies from 22 degrees to warming
24.5 degrees
[Link] (PFC) - are powerful
THIRD CYCLE greenhouse gases that were introduced as
alternatives to ozone depleting substances.
Deals with the changes in the shape of the Replaces CFCs in manufacturing
earth’s orbit (eccentricity) around the sun. within semiconductors, they are also used as
100000, the earth’s orbit changes from elliptical solvents in the electronics industry, and as
refrigerants of some specialized refrigeration units. Walk or ride your bike to places. Spread
systems the word about the ban of smoking in public
places
[Link] Hexafluoride (SF6) - used primarily in
the electricity and electronics supply
industries, considered as the most potent ADDITIONAL INFO
greenhouse gas. 23,900x more effective as a
greenhouse than CO2 Climate Change - change in the global or
regional climate patterns
GLOBAL WARMING - gradual increase in the
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GLOBAL overall temperature of the planet caused by
WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE enhanced greenhouse effect
GREENHOUSE EFFECT - natural process that
1. More frequent hot days warms the Earth’s surface
2. More intense heat waves
3. Droughts (QUIZ)
4. Worsening storms
5. Intensified hurricanes Climate change causes changes in the weather
6. More frequent coastal flooding patterns.
7. Warmer ocean surface temperatures
8. Thermal expansion of the seas We are NOT currently experiencing Global
9. Tuvalu Warming due to Milankovitch Cycle
10. Bleaching of coral reefs
11. Melting of ice caps The second Milankovitch Cycle is caused by the
12. Decrease in volume of glaciers changes in the shape of the orbit (eccentricity) of
13. Changes in growing seasons of plants the earth which happens every 26,000
14. Disruption of normal ecosystem (loss of
habitat) Tinatamad na q lagay iba waha gl guys
15. Extinction of organisms
OUR ROLE IN GLOBAL WARMING AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
[Link] vehicle owners/motorists: use hybrid or
electric cars, drive less. Maintain your vehicle
by changing oil regularly (every 5000 km),
keep the engine well tuned following the
owner’s manual
[Link] commuters: try talking to the
jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health
risks of poor vehicle maintenance and
improper driving practices
[Link] the office: reduce use of air
conditioning and ensure that rooms are
sealed. Make sure that lights are energy
efficient. Use natural lighting by opening
window curtains at daytime
[Link] home: use low watt bulbs or energy saving
lights, limit the use of air conditioning units
and keep the temperature a few degrees
higher.
[Link] everyone: report smoke belchers to LTO,
MMDA, and or appropriate local government