CVE30001 Urban Water Resources
Assignment 2: Open Channel Flow and Flood
Estimation Analysis
Lecturer: IR. Dr. Kelvin Kuok King Kuok
Due date: 22nd May 2020
Name Student Email
Elise Emmaculate Elias Gisain 100088860
100088860@[Link]
Emily Png Yik Sze 10085955
100085955@[Link]
Thaneatharran A/L Santharasekaran 100086411
100086411@[Link]
Suryaswaran A/L Vijayandren 100086437
100086437@[Link]
Zaid Ahmed Saifudeen 101222261
101222261@[Link]
Executive summary
The objective of this report is for Swinburne Sarawak Civil & Structural Consulting
Engineers Sdn. Bhd., an engineering consultant company appointed by a housing developer,
Praise Millions Sdn. Bhd. to design a drainage system for a new housing development area
located at Lot 169, Samarahan Land district which consist of 45 houses. As proposed, an
open channel drainage system will be designed for the new housing area. Applications and
methods such as kinematic wave equation, Rational Method and Manning’s equation are used
to choose the most appropriate drain size for major and minor drain for the new housing area.
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
Assumptions made by the team..................................................................................................5
Initial measurements of minor drains.........................................................................................6
Initial measurements of major drains.........................................................................................6
To determine rainfall intensity for major and minor drains.......................................................6
Minor Drains (ARI 5 Years)..................................................................................................6
1st Trial...............................................................................................................................6
2nd Trial...............................................................................................................................7
3rd Trial...............................................................................................................................7
Major drain (ARI 50 years)....................................................................................................7
1st trial.................................................................................................................................7
2nd trial................................................................................................................................7
3rd trial................................................................................................................................8
4th trial.................................................................................................................................8
To estimate peak runoff rate, Qestimate..........................................................................................8
Minor drain.............................................................................................................................8
Major drain.............................................................................................................................9
Shape of drain............................................................................................................................9
Minor drain.............................................................................................................................9
Major drain.............................................................................................................................9
To determine drainage capacity, Qcapacity.....................................................................................9
Minor drain...........................................................................................................................10
Major drain...........................................................................................................................10
Drainage Design Efficiency.....................................................................................................10
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
References................................................................................................................................11
Appendices...............................................................................................................................12
Introduction
Other than being one of the most vibrant cities in the region, Kuching, the capital city of
Sarawak is also the largest city on Borneo Island. One of the biggest urban cities in Malaysia,
it is also considered one of the country’s cleanest city. United Nations (UN), World Health
Organisation (WHO) and the Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC) in Suzhou, China even
voted, acknowledged and awarded this city as one of the world’s healthiest cities. Kuching
honours its 14th anniversary of Healthy City Kuching which started when it joined WHO’s
Healthy Cities project in July of 1994. With an average daily temperature of around 32 °C, a
yearly rainfall of around 4000mm and being usually very humid, Kuching is still considered
nice.
The rapid development of Kuching for the last 10 years has created new housing areas in the
city as well as neighbouring districts such as Batu Kawa, Bau and Samarahan. Recent
constructions of shopping malls and high-rise buildings has become new landmarks for
Kuching.
Figure 1: Site plan of Lot 169, Samarahan land district
Figure 2: Red lines represent minor drains whereas blue lines represent major drain.
Figure 3: Minor drains with their respective sub-catchment areas.
Figure 4: Major drain and its catchment area.
Assumptions made by the team
Scale of site plan is 1: 1116.67
Surface slope of drains are 1:1000.
Surface roughness coefficient is 0.011.
Length of minor drains and area of sub-catchments are assumed to all be the same,
therefore time of concentration, rainfall intensity and peak runoff are identical.
Red arrows in Figure 3 indicate the flow from minor drains to major drains.
For minor drains, initial time of concentration tc is 20 minutes.
Initial rainfall intensity for a design with an ARI of 5 years is 140mm/hr.
Minor drain designed to have an ARI of 5 years.
Blue arrows in Figure 4 indicate the direction of water flow from major drain to the
river.
Initial rainfall intensity for a design with an ARI of 50 years is 180mm/hr.
Major drain designed to have an ARI of 50 years.
Initial measurements of minor drains
Length of drain, L1 = 95mm × 1116.67
= 106083.65mm
= 106.08m
Catchment area, A = (40mm × 1116.67) × (120mm × 1116.67)
= 5985851200mm2
= 0.5985ha
Initial measurements of major drains
Length of major drain, L2 = 19.7cm
= 197mm × 1116.67
= 219983.99mm
= 219.98m
= 220m
Length of flow path, L = L2 + 50m
= 220m + 50m
= 270m
Area of main catchment, A2 = (242mm × 1116.67) × (125mm ×
1116.67)
= (3.772029464 × 1010) × 10-10
=3.77ha
Area, A = A2 + 15ha
= 18.77ha
To determine rainfall intensity for major and minor drains
0.6
6.94 ( L1 × n ) ,
Time of concentration, tc = 0.4 0.3
where
I ×S
Length of flow path, L
Rainfall intensity, I
Surface roughness coefficient, n = 0.011
Surface slope, S = 1:1000 = 0.001
Minor Drains (ARI 5 Years)
1st Trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =140 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 106.08× 0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
1400.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 8.38 mins
Hence, when tc is 8.38 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =185 mm /hr
2nd Trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =185 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 106.08× 0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
1850.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 7.949 mins
Hence, when tc is 7.949 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =190 mm /hr
3rd Trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =190 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 106.08× 0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
1900.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 7.414 mins
Hence, when tc is 7.414 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =192 mm/hr
The final rainfall intensity obtained after conducting the looping method is, I =192 mm/hr
Table 1: Results interpolated from ARI 5 years
Acquired I (mm/hr) tc (mins)
140 8.38
185 7.494
190 7.414
192
Major drain (ARI 50 years)
1st trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =180 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 270 ×0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
1800.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 13.27 mins
Hence, when tc is 13.27 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =195 mm /hr
2nd trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =195 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 270 ×0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
1950.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 12.85 mins
Hence, when tc is 12.85 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =200 mm /hr
3rd trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =200 mm /hr
0.6
6.94 ( 270 ×0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
2000.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 12.72 mins
Hence, when tc is 12.72 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =202 mm/hr
4th trial
Initial assumption for rainfall intensity, I =202 mm/hr
0.6
6.94 ( 270 ×0.011 )
Time of concentration, t c =
2020.4 × 0.0010.3
¿ 12.67 mins
Hence, when tc is 12.67 minutes, rainfall intensity obtained from IDF curve, I =202 mm/hr
The final rainfall intensity obtained after conducting the looping method is I =202 mm/hr .
Table 2: Results interpolated from ARI 50.
Acquired I (mm/hr) tc (mins)
180 13.27
195 12.85
200 12.72
202 12.67
202
To estimate peak runoff rate, Qestimate
CIA
Peak runoff rate, Qestimate = , where
360
Coefficient of runoff, C = 0.9
Rainfall intensity, I
Catchment area, A
Minor drain
Rainfall intensity, I = 192mm/hr
Catchment area, A = 0.5985ha
(0.9)(202)(18.77)
Peak runoff rate,Qestimate =
360
3
¿ 0.2873 m /s
Major drain
Rainfall intensity, I =202 mm/hr
(0.9)(202)(18.77)
Peak runoff rate, Qestimate =
360
3
¿ 9.479 m /s
Shape of drain
It is assumed that the drains are to be square, hence, the lengths of the sides are the same.
This makes the construction process of the drains easier and require shorter time to be
completed.
Minor drain
Length, x=0.56 m
Area, A=x 2=0.3136 m2
2
x 14
Hydraulic radius, R= =¿ m
3x 75
Major drain
Length, x=2.1 m
Area, A=x 2 = 4.41
2
x
Hydraulic radius, R= =¿ 0.7 m
3x
To determine drainage capacity, Qcapacity
2 /3 1/ 2
AR S
Qcapacity = , where
n
Cross-sectional area of drain, A
Hydraulic radius of drain, R
Slope of channel, S
Surface roughness coefficient, n
Minor drain
Qcapacity =(0.3136)¿ ¿
3
¿ 0.2945 m /s
Hence, length of drain should be 0.56m as Qcapacity which is 0.2945m3/s is slightly greater than
Qestimate which is 0.2873m3/s. Any errors made while calculating the estimated peak runoff due
to obtaining inaccurate rainfall intensity was accounted for.
Major drain
2 1
3
(4.41) ( 0.7 ) (0.001) 2
Qcapacity =
0.011
3
¿ 9.995 m /s
x=2.1 m has been opted for major drainage. This is to account for any errors that might occur
from the estimated peak runoff due to the inaccuracy of the rainfall intensity obtained. This is
also done to ensure that Qcapacity >Qestimate .
Drainage Design Efficiency
Qcapacity −Qestimate
Efficiency= ×100 %
Qcapacity
Table 3: Design Efficiency of Drains.
Drain Qestimate (m3/s) Qcapacity (m3/s) Efficiency
Major 9.479 9.995 5.163%
Minor 0.287 0.295 2.712%
The table above shows the design efficiency of the major and minor drains. It is evident that
both drains have positive efficiencies and will be able to discharge water effectively. The
major drains have an efficiency of 5.163% which is slightly higher than minor drains with the
efficiency of 2.712%. Moreover, the drainage capacity, Qcapacity of both drains are also higher
than the respective peak runoff rates, Qestimate , hence proving that the drains can handle the
amount of rainwater that falls in that housing estate.
Conclusion
The team has proposed two drain sizes for the drainage system in the proposed housing area.
The proposed shape for both drains is square. Minor drains are to have an area of 0.3m 2 while
major drains are to be of 4.41m 2. The team has increased the measurements of the drains by a
slight amount from the initial estimated volume of rainfall. This is to ensure that the drains
will be able to withstand large amounts of water discharge even during the rainy seasons for
years to come and prevent flooding from happening in the area. Nevertheless, it is also
important to not throw rubbish into the drains to prevent blockage. Maintenance and
checkups are also crucial to ensure that the drains will work at maximum efficiency and
cause issues for the residents in the future.
Table 4: Summary of proposed drainage shape and size
Drain Shape Depth (m) x Width (m) Area (m2)
Major Square 2.1 x 2.1 4.41
Minor Square 0.56 x 0.56 0.31
References
Ir. Dr. Kuok, KK 2019, ‘Lecture 3&4’, CVE 30001 Urban Water Resource, Learning
materials on Canvas, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak, viewed 15 May 2020.
Ir. Dr. Kuok, KK 2019, ‘Lecture 6’, CVE 30001 Urban Water Resource, Learning materials
on Canvas, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak, viewed 15 May 2020.
Appendices