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Signal Encoding
Techniques
References:-
1) William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition
2) Behrouz Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking 5th Edition
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Signal Encoding Techniques
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Line Coding Schemes
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Encoding Techniques
1. Unipolar Encoding:
• Uses only one voltage level (Positive or Zero).
• Binary '1' is represented by a positive voltage, and binary '0' is represented by zero voltage.
• Simple but not efficient due to no polarity change.
2. Polar Encoding:
• Uses two voltage levels (Positive and Negative).
• Binary '1' is represented by a positive voltage, and binary '0' is represented by a negative voltage (or
vice versa).
• More efficient than unipolar due to symmetrical voltage levels.
3. Bipolar Encoding:
• Uses three voltage levels (Positive, Zero, and Negative).
• Binary '1' alternates between positive and negative voltages, while binary '0' is represented by zero
voltage.
• Reduces DC component and improves error detection.
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Unipolar Encoding
Unipolar encoding uses only one
voltage level.
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Unipolar Encoding
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Polar Encoding
Polar encoding uses two voltage levels
(positive and negative).
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Types of polar encoding
NRZ-L NRZ-I
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Polar encoding- NRZ-L (Non-Return to Zero Level)
In NRZ-L the level of the signal is
dependent upon the state of the bit.
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Polar encoding- NRZ-L (Non-Return to Zero-Inverted)
In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is
encountered.
Inverted means transition at leading edge
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NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding
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Polar Encoding -RZ Encoding
A binary '1' is represented by a positive voltage for half
the bit duration and returns to zero for the remaining
half.
A binary '0' is represented by a negative voltage for half
the bit duration and then returns to zero.
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RZ encoding
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Polar Encoding- Biphase Encoding
• Manchester
• Transition in middle of each bit period
• Transition serves as clock and data
• Low to high represents 1
• High to low represents 0
• Used by IEEE 802.3
• Differential Manchester
• Mid-bit transition is for clocking only
• Transition at start of a bit period represents 0
• No transition at start of a bit period represents 1
• Note: this is a differential encoding scheme
• Used by IEEE 802.5
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Manchester Encoding
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Manchester Encoding
• Transition in middle of each bit period
• Transition serves as clock and data
• Low to High represents 1
• High to Low represents 0
• Used by IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet, baseband coaxial cable and twisted –pair bus LANs)
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Differential Manchester Encoding
• Mid-bit transition is for clocking only
• Transition at start of bit period representing 0
• No transition at start of bit period representing 1
• this is a differential encoding scheme
• Used by IEEE 802.5 (token ring LANs using shielded twisted pair)
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Bipolar Encoding
In bipolar encoding, we use three
levels: positive, zero,
and negative.
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Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
• Binary 0 represented by no line signal
• Binary 1 represented by positive or negative pulse
• Binary 1 pulses alternate in polarity
• No loss of sync if a long string of 1s occurs (long strings of 0s still a
problem)
• No net DC component
• Lower bandwidth (than biphase coding)
• Easy error detection (due to pulse alternation)
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AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)- encoding
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Bipolar-AMI
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Bipolar- Pseudoternary
• Same as bipolar-AMI, except that
• binary 1 represented by absence of line signal
• binary 0 represented by alternating positive and negative pulses
• No advantage or disadvantage over bipolar-AMI
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Summary
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