Senior High School
General Biology 1
Module 10:
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Respiration
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Target
In order to perform the vital life processes, all cells need energy to form
chemical bonds during the synthesis of new parts as well as to activate reactions
that break bonds to convert complex molecules to simple ones.
Autotrophs like green plants and other chlorophyll-bearing organisms such
as algae and certain bacteria produce their own food through the process of
photosynthesis. However, animals and other heterotrophic organisms depend,
directly or indirectly on plants and other photosynthetic organisms for food. The
question is how respiration lets organisms to gain energy from food? Let us find
out in this lesson.
This module contains significant activities in which you will be able to
differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration.
After accomplishing this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-
IIa-j-6)
2. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of
cellular respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7)
And specifically with the following objectives:
1. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration from anaerobic
respiration
2. Discuss how respiration allows organisms to obtain energy from
3. food
4. Give the importance of cellular respiration
Before we begin, test your knowledge on the next page.
1
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
PRETEST
Directions: Read each questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide and water C. Glucose and oxygen
B. Carbon monoxide D. Lactic acid
2. In an anaerobic respiration, what could be the end product?
A. Carbon dioxide and water C. Glucose and oxygen
B. Carbon monoxide D. Lactic acid
3. What type of respiration requires oxygen?
A. Aerobic C. Anaerobic
B. Aerophobic D. Anaerobiotic
4. Which of the following parts of a cell does aerobic respiration take place?
A. Cell membrane C. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm D. Nucleus
5. Which organ excretes carbon dioxide?
A. Heart C. Liver
B. Kidney D. Lungs
6. Which organ breaks down lactic acid?
A. Bladder C. Pancreas
B. Liver D. Stomach
7. What is the molecule produce within the mitochondria when they respire
glucose?
A. ADP C. DNA B. ATP
D. RNA
8. What is the waste energy given off from respiration?
A. Heat C. Kinetic
B. Light D. Sound
9. What happens to your breathing rate when you exercise?
A. It decreases C. It stays the same B. It
increases D. Nothing happens
10. What is one of the reactants of cellular respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide C. Glucose
B. Energy D. water
Jumpstart
2
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Activity 1: Getting Familiar with Cellular Respiration
Direction: Unscramble the words below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of
paper.
1. tap __________________________________________
2. yoilgylssc ____________________________________
3. obrneacai ____________________________________
4. yogxne _______________________________________
5. vrcuyip _______________________________________
6. hfad __________________________________________
7. brcaeoi _______________________________________
8. ofattmneirne __________________________________
9. tocdhinomria _________________________________
10. ieoirntprsa ___________________________________
Activity 2: Gas Given Off by Organisms When They Breathe
Directions: Study the illustration below and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
The illustration indicates the color of bromothymol blue (BTB) solution before
and after you exhale through a straw into the solution.
Blue BTB Yellow BTB
Before exhaling After exhaling
Process Questions:
1. What will happen if you exhale through a straw into the solution?
2. What gas do you give off which causes a change into the solution?
3. What is the purpose of bromothymol blue (BTB) in the solution?
You are doing great! Keep it up.
3
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Lesson
Cellular Respiration: Obtaining
1 Energy from Food
In your previous lesson, the body needs energy and other materials in
order to function and that food that we eat are the sources. They need energy to
move, grow, repair, and reproduce.
Discover
The activity you have done shows what happens to the gas after it
is formed. And that gas is carbon dioxide which is a product of cellular
respiration.
Cellular respiration is a complex process by which energy, in the
form of ATP, is released from food molecules ingested by organisms.
Below is the summary equation of cellular respiration:
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
(C6H12O6) + 6 O2 6 CO2 + H2O + energy
In the past lesson, you have learned that photosynthesis happens in
the chloroplast in plant cells. On the other hand, cellular respiration takes
place in mitochondria (sing. mitochondrion).
It refers to as the cell’s power plant - as a primary site of cellular
respiration. It metabolizes glucose, the most common cell fuel, to generate ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate). Figure 1. Mitochondrion
[Link]
There are several processes under cellular respiration involving in the ATP
formation.
4
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Glycolysis.
It occurs in the cytoplasm by which one glucose molecule (a six-
carbon compound) is broken down into two pyruvic acid (or pyruvate)
molecules (a three-carbon compound) generating two net ATPs and 2
NADH molecules (reduced NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
molecule). The by-products produced in glycolysis enter the mitochondria.
A. Energy investment of 2 ATPs
B. Energy return of 4 ATPs
C. NET:
• PRODUCED 4 ATPs
• USED -2 ATPs
• NET:2 ATPs
D. Produced 2 NADH (proceeds to the ETC)
E. Produced 2 pyruvates (proceeds to Krebs Cycle)
C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2+ 6 H2O + energy
(≈ 36 ATPs)
-2 ATPs
34 ATPs
2 Pyruvates or Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3)
There are two pathways in which ATP can be generated from pyruvic
acid molecules - Aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic Respiration
In aerobic respiration, it involves the use of oxygen. It takes place in
the mitochondrion’s inner matrix and in the cristae.
Figure 2. Summary of Glycolysis
Source: [Link]-a-level-biology-respiration-revise-it-glycolysis
5
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
1. Conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA.
The three-carbon pyruvic acid is first converted into a two-carbon
molecule or acetyl group called Acetyl-CoA. During the transformation, the
pyruvic acid loses H2 and produces CO2 + NADH + H+ (as NAD+ accepts
H2).
Prep stage: 2 NADH
2 CO2
CO2
Pyruvate Co A Acetyl Coenzyme A
NAD+ NADH
2. Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle).
Named after the British biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs) refers to a
series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that break down acetyl-CoA
completely into carbon dioxide and water. It takes place in the
mitochondrial inner matrix. For every molecule of acetyl-CoA that entered
the Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP is produced with three molecules of
NADH and one molecule of FADH2 (FAD – Flavin adenine dinucleotide).
There are two turns of the cycle since 1 glucose = 2 pyruvic acid = 2
acetyl CoA, the number of molecules mentioned are doubled.
3 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of CO2
1 molecule of FADH2 1 molecule of ATP
Figure 4. Krebs cycle
Source: [Link]
6
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
3. Electron transport chain or Oxidative phosphorylation.
It transpires in the cristae of the mitochondrion. It refers to a series
of oxidation processes where (H 2+) carried by NADH2 and FADH2 are
transferred to electron acceptors (Coenzyme Q and cytochrome b, c and
a). ATPs are released and water as a by-product as electrons are
transferred. The final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule.
Figure 5. Electron transport chain
Source: [Link]
In aerobic respiration, the theoretical yield of ATP harvested from
glucose is 38 molecules. This is reduced to 36 in eukaryotes because it
takes 1 ATP to transport each NADH molecule that is generated by
glycolysis inside the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
Anaerobic Respiration
On the other hand, Anaerobic respiration. The term closely related
to this is fermentation which is the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the
use of oxygen.
Fermentation comes in two forms:
A. Alcohol or Ethanol fermentation.
It occurs in some plants cells and some one-celled organisms like
yeasts. During this process, pyruvic acid is converted to (ethyl alcohol).
NAD+ and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) are produced.
The bread made with yeast release CO 2 causes it to rise. Wine and
beer are the products of this process carried out by some microorganisms.
Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
7
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
B. Lactic acid fermentation.
It takes place when there is a short supply of oxygen in the cells.
Lactic acid from glucose in the liver when pyruvic acid accepts hydrogen
from NADH+. This contributes to muscle fatigue.
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid+
Check your mastery on the succeeding activities.
Explore
Activity 1: Give Me More
Directions: Use the key words to complete the statement. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
Energy Lactic acid Biofuel Glucose Cells
Aerobic Wine Oxygen Anaerobic
1. Respiration is the release of energy from glucose and takes place inside all
living ____ ____ ____ L ____.
2-4. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of ___ ___ Y ___ ___ ___, it
involves the complete breakdown of ___ ___ ___ C ___ ___ ___ and releases the
greatest yield of ___ ___ ___ R ____ ___.
5. Anaerobic respiration results in the incomplete breakdown of glucose to
___ A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ____ ___.
6. An example of a fermentation is ___ ___ ___ E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ respiration
in yeast.
7. The ethanol released by fermentation can be used in brewing alcoholic
drinks, such as beer and ___ ___ N ___.
8. The ethanol produced, due to its high energy content can also be used as
___ ___ ___ F ___ ___ ___.
8
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Activity 2. How Respiration Works!
Directions: Label the diagram below on the illustration of complete process.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1
6 8
2
3
4 7 10
Deepen
Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Give a substantial answer to every question. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Describe cellular respiration and why it is needed.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is anaerobic respiration not as beneficial to cells as aerobic respiration?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens to muscles when they are subject to long periods of vigorous
activity and why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Activity 2: Let it Be Filled!
Directions: Fill in the chart below with the proper data. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Basis of
Anaerobic Aerobic
Comparison
Conversion Electron
Fermentatio Krebs
Glycolysis of P.A. to Transport
n Cycle
Acetyl-CoA Chain
1. Raw
materials
2. Parts of the
cell involved
[Link]
process
involved
[Link] of
organisms
involved
5. Amoun
t of ATP
molecules
produced
6. Other
products and
by-products
Wow! You made it this far. Keep going to the next
part.
10
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
Gauge
Directions: Read each questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What end products do yeasts produce in fermentation of glucose?
A. Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
B. Ethyl alcohol and oxygen
C. Lactic acid and carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid and oxygen
2. The presence of lactic acid in the cells of an animal’s muscle tissue is an
indication that the _________. Which of the following completes the
statement?
A. animal carries on a complex form of respiration during daylight hours
B. animal is not adapted to the use of glucose
C. a number of mitochondria in the muscle cells has increased
D. muscle cells have been active during a period of oxygen deficiency
3. How many ATPs are used or consumed in the process of glycolysis?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
4. What is required in an aerobic cellular respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Ethyl alcohol
C. Oxygen
D. Starch
5. One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate as a
result of the _________. Which of the following completes the statement?
A. diffusion of water across a membrane
B. digestion of a protein
C. light reactions of photosynthesis
D. process of glycolysis
6. Water is produced at the end of _________. Which of the following completes
the statement?
A. lactic acid fermentation
B. photosynthesis
C. the electron transport chain
D. Krebs cycle
7. What gas is given off during cellular respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen
C. Methane
D. Oxygen
11
LU_General Biology 1_Module10
8. What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative respiration
C. The Krebs cycle
D. The Calvin cycle
9. What is the end product of glycolysis?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. CO2
C. Lactate
D. Pyruvate
10. The final output of the Krebs cycle includes all the following EXCEPT
_________.
A. ATP
B. CO2
C. FADH2
D. NADP
11. What substance is produced by the conversion of pyruvate before entering
into the citric acid cycle?
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Glucose
C. O2
D. Pyruvate
12. What role does O2 play in aerobic respiration?
A. It combines with acetyl-CoA at the start of the Krebs cycle
B. it combines with H2O to help drive the ADP-ATP formation
C. It is given off as a by-product during the conversion of pyruvate
oxidation
D. It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport
chain
13. Where is FADH2 produced during aerobic respiration?
A. Fermentation
B. Glycolysis
C. The Electron transport chain
D. The Krebs cycle
14. What does the term anaerobic mean?
A. With O2
B. Without bacteria
C. Without CO2
D. Without O2
15. What is the overall equation for the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose?
A. C6H12O6 → Lactic acid + ATP + Heat
B. C6H12O6 + CO2 + Ethyl alcohol + ATP + Heat
C. C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat
D. CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + ATP + Heat
12
LU_General Biology 1_Module10