CHAPTER 4 – EXERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS
Instructor:
Prof. Dr. Uğur Atikol
Chapter 4
Exergy and Exergy Analysis
Outline
Fundamentals on Exergy
Exergy Associated with KE and PE
Irreversibility (Exergy Destruction)
Second Law Efficiency
Nonflow Exergy
Exergy of a Flow stream
Exergy by Heat, Work and Mass
Exergy Balance
Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
The exergy of a system is defined as the maximum
shaft work that can be achieved by both the system
and a specified reference environment
Therefore exergy is a property of both the system and
the environment Heat Source at T
Carnot
Heat
Engine
Xheat = Wmax = (1 - T0/T ) x Q
Exergy transfer by heat Q0
𝑋ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑋𝑄
𝑇0 Dead State
= 1− 𝑄
𝑇 at T0 at T0
Environment
Revision of Fundamentals
Work = f (initial state, process path, final state)
The specified initial state is constant
Maximum work is obtained from reversible process
To maximize the work output, final state = dead state
Dead state means thermodynamic equilibrium of the
system with the environment
Exergy is destroyed whenever an irreversible process occurs
Exergy transfer associated with shaft work is equal to the
shaft work
Exergy transfer associated with heat transfer is dependent
on the temperature of process in relation to the
temperature of the environment
Exergy Associated with KE and PE
Kinetic and potential energies are forms of mechanical
energy
Hence they can be converted to work entirely, i.e. The
work potential or exergy are themselves:
2
exergy of kinetic energy : xke k e
xke ke
V2
2
2
x pe pe g z
exergy of potential energy : x pe p e g z
Exergy Associated with Electricity
Just like shaft work, exergy associated with electricity is
equal to electric energy itself.
Hence, electric energy 𝑊𝑒𝑙 and power 𝑊𝑒𝑙 can be
converted directly to 𝑋𝑒𝑙 and 𝑋𝑒𝑙 respectively:
exergy of electric energy : xel wel
V2
xke ke
exergy power : xel w el 2
x pe pe g z
Surroundings Work
Work produced by a work producing device (that involve
moving boundary) is not always completely usable
Work done by or against the surroundings is known as
surroundings work, Wsurr
In a piston-cylinder device some work is used to push the
atmospheric air out of the way Atmospheric air
Atmospheric air
In this example: P0
Wsurr P0 (V2 V1 )
P0
Useful work:
Wu W Wsurr
System System
W P0 (V2 V1 ) V1 V2
Irreversibility (exergy destruction)
Reversible work (Wrev) is defined as the maximum
useful work that can be generated (or the minimum work
that needs to be supplied) during a process
When the final state of the process is the dead state then
Wrev = Exergy = X
The useful work (Wu) obtained in work producing
devices is less than Wrev due to the irreversibilities
Irreversibility is viewed as the lost opportunity to do
work
Irreversibilities (I) cause exergy destruction
I = Xdes = Wrev,out – Wu,out or Wu,in – Wrev, in
I or Xdes from a Heat Source
High Temperature Reservoir at TH
QH
Carnot
Heat
Engine
Q0 Irreversibilities
Lost available work, 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡
or
Dead State (Environment) at T0 Exergy destruction, 𝑋𝑑𝑒𝑠
Example:
I or Xdes of a Heat Engine
TL
Wrev th ,rev Qin 1 Qin
1200K
TH
300K
W rev 1 (500kW ) 375 kW
500-kJ/s 1200K
180-kW The rate of irreversibility or exergy destruction:
X des I W rev W u 375 180 195 kW
Q L ,total Q H Wu 500 180 320 kW
Q L ,total
300K
Q L ,rev Q H W rev 500 375 125 kW I or X des
I 320 125 195 kW
Q L ,rev
This is not available for
Example taken from Çengel 7th Ed. p.425 converting to work
Example:
Xdes from a Hot Water Tank
When the water is not used the work potential is
completely wasted 0
Exergy stored in the tank is completely destroyed, I = Xdes = Wrev – Wu = Wrev
Hot Water Tank at TH = 80oC
Vout= 0
Outlet valve QH
closed
Carnot
Heat
Hot water Engine
80oC Wu = 0
Q0
10oC
Inlet
Environment at T0 = 10oC
Example:
Xdes from a Hot Water Tank
When the water is used the Xdes can be expressed as:
Exergy destroyed, I = Xdes = Wrev – Wu = Xst – Xout
Hot Water Tank at TH = 80oC
Xout
Outlet QH
Carnot
Heat
Engine
Xst
Q0
Inlet
Environment at T0 = 10oC
Second-Law Efficiency, ηII
Second-law efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual
thermal efficiency to the maximum possible (reversible)
thermal efficiency under the same conditions:
th
For heat engines: II
th,rev
Wu
For work producing devices: II W
rev
Wrev
For work consuming devices: II
Wu
COP
For refrigerators and heat pumps: II
COPrev
Example:
Hot Water Usage from a Tank
X out
II
Xout X st
Outlet
where Xout is the useful exergy extracted from the tank
and Xst is the exergy stored in the tank
Xst Also note that:
X des
Inlet II 1
X st
If all the stored exergy is destroyed, then ηII = 0
If no exergy destruction takes place (reversible case)
then ηII = 1 (maximum). This means that Wu = Wrev
Nonflow Exergy: Exergy of a fixed mass
Any useful work is due to pressure above
atmospheric pressure :
W P dV
( P P0 ) dV P0 dV
Wb ,useful
Work potential due to heat transfer :
WHE 1 T0 Q
T
T
Q 0 Q
T
T0 dS
Q WHE T0 d S
Note that : Wtotal useful WHE Wb ,useful
Substitute Q and W in the energy equation :
Q W dU
( WHE T0 d S ) ( Wb ,useful P0 dV ) dU
Wtotal useful T0 d S P0 dV dU
Wtotal useful dU P0 dV T0 d S
Nonflow Exergy: Exergy of a fixed mass
Equation obtained :
Wtotal useful dU P0 dV T0 d S
Integrating from given state to dead state (0 subscript) :
Wtotal useful (U U 0 ) P0 (V V0 ) T0 ( S S0 )
Availability or Exergy
On a unit mass basis the nonflow exergy can be expressed as :
(u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
Including the kinetic energy and potential energy terms :
1
(u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) 2 g z
2
where g is gravitational acceleration, is velocity and z is elevation.
The exergy change of a nonflow system (from state 1 to 2) :
1
2 1 (u2 u1 ) P0 (v2 v1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 ) ( 22 12 ) g ( z2 z1 )
2
(e2 e1 ) P0 (v2 v1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 )
where e is (u 2 2 gz )
Nonflow Exergy: Exergy of a fixed mass
For incompressible substances it is recalled that :
c
du cdT , dv 0 and ds dT
T
For example, the nonflow exergy of a full tank of hot water
can be evaluated from : 0
(u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
(u u0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
where u is the total specific internal energy
and s is the total specific entropy in the tank.
Note 1 : Suffix "0" denotes the dead state.
Note 2 : Nonflow exergy is the exergy stored in the 𝑋𝑠𝑡 = 𝜙
tank, therefore X st
Flow Exergy: Exergy of a flow stream
For flowing fluids flow energy or flow work was defined before.
This is the energy needed to maintain flow in a control volume,
such that wflow = Pv.
The flow work is done against the fluid upstream in excess of the
boundary work against the atmosphere such that exergy associated
with this flow work:
xflow = Pv – P0v = (P – P0)v
The exergy associated with
flow energy is the useful
work that would be
delivered by an imaginary
piston in the flow section.
Flow Exergy: Exergy of a flow stream
Exergy of a flow stream :
xflowing fluid xnonflowing fluid xflow
1
(u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) 2 g z ( P P0 )v
2
1
(u Pv) (u0 Pv0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) 2 g z
2
1
(h h0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) 2 g z
2
Therefore exergy for a flow stream :
1
(h h0 ) T0 ( s s 0 ) 2 g z
2
The exergy change of a fluid stream (from state 1 to 2) :
1
2 1 (h2 h1 ) T0 ( s 2 s1 ) ( 22 12 ) g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Example: Exergy change during a
compression process
Refrigerant 134a is to be compressed from 0.14 MPa and - 10 C to 0.8 MPa and 50 C.
P2 = 0.8 MPa
Environment conditions are 20 C and 95 kPa. T2 = 50oC
Inlet state :
P1 0.14 MPA
h1 246.36 kJ/kg and s1 0.9724 kJ/kg K win
T1 10 C
Compressor
Exit state :
P1 0.8 MPA P0 = 95 kPa
h1 286.69 kJ/kg and s1 0.9802 kJ/kg K T0 = 20oC
T1 50 C
The exergy change of the refrigerant is determined from :
Refrigerant 134a
1 P1 = 0.14 MPa
2 1 (h2 h1 ) T0 ( s 2 s1 ) ( 22 12 ) g ( z 2 z1 )
2 T1 = - 10oC
(h2 h1 ) T0 ( s 2 s1 )
(286.69 246.36) kJ/kg (293 K )(0.9802 0.9724) kJ/kg K
38.0 kJ/kg
This represents the minimum work input (win,min) required to compress the refrigerant
to the specified state.
Exergy transfer by heat, XQ
Heat source
Temperature: T
Q
T0
The maximum work can be obtained by a carnot engine :
T Exergy transfer
X Q 1 0 Q
T
by heat
Carnot efficiency
When temperature is not constant :
T0
X Q 1 Q
T
Exergy transfer by work, XW There is no
useful work
W Wsurr (for boundary work) transfer
XW associated
W (for other forms of work) with boundary
work when the
pressure of the
Note that Wsurr P0 (V2 V1 ) system is
maintained
constant at
atmospheric
pressure.
Exergy transfer by mass, Xmass
When mass, m, enters or leaves a system the amount of exergy that accompanies it:
X mass m
Mechanisms of Exergy Balance
Total exergy Total exergy Total Change in the
entering the
leaving the
exergy total exergy of
system system destroyed the system
X in X out X des X system
Exergy entering Exergy exiting Exergy destroyed
the system by mass flow, the system by mass flow, during the process
heat and work transfers heat and work transfers
Xmass,in Xmass,out
System
XQ,in XQ,out
Xsystem
XW,in XW,out
Xdes
Also defined as
lost available work, Wlost
Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
Total exergy Total exergy Total Change in the
entering the
leaving the
exergy total exergy of
system system destroyed the system
X in X out X des X system
Exergy entering Exergy exiting Exergy destroyed
the system by mass flow, the system by mass flow, during the process
heat and work transfers heat and work transfers
A closed system does not involve any mass flow
Xmass,in Xmass,out
System
XQ,in Xsystem XQ,out
Xdes
XW,in XW,out
Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
Total exergy Total exergy Total Change in the
entering the
leaving the
exergy total exergy of
system system destroyed the system
X in X out X des X system
Exergy entering Exergy exiting Exergy destroyed
the system by mass flow, the system by mass flow, during the process
heat and work transfers heat and work transfers
Control
Volume
Mass XCV
entering
Xdes
Procedure for Exergy Analysis
Subdivide the process under consideration into sections as
desired
Conduct conventional energy analysis
Select a reference environment
Evaluate energy and exergy values relative to the
environment
Set up the exergy balance and determine exergy
destruction
Define first and second law efficiencies of the system
Interpretation of results and conclusions
Example: Solar Water Heating
System from Hepbasli*
Tw,out Tave
Hot water outlet
Storage
Tank
Cold water inlet
Tw,in
X output X des X output
II 1
X input X input X sun
*Hepbasli A. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2008;12
Solar Collector
The instantaneous exergy efficiency of solar collector :
Increased exergy of water X u
II,col
Exergy of the solar radiation X col
where Tw,out
X u m w [(hw, out hw,in ) T0 ( sw, out sw,in )]
(Note that s dq T CdT T C ln T )
T
m wCw (T w, outTw,in ) T0 ln w, out
Tw,in
Tw,in
T0 Tw, out
Qu 1 ln
Tw, out Tw,in Tw,in
and According to Petela
4
X col 1T 4 T
A IT rsrad , max
rsrad, max 1 0 0
Area Total The maximum 3 T 3 T
global exergy - to -
irradiance energy ratio
for radiation *Petela R. Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation. Solar Energy 2003;74
Tw,out Tave
Storage Tank Ttop
Hot water outlet
Storage
Tank
Cold water inlet
Exergy from the storage tank to the end-user as Tbottom
presented by Xiaowu et al*:
Ttop TbottomT0 m wCw Ttop
X output m wCw (Tave T0 ) m wCwT0 ln 1 ln
T0 Ttop Tbottom Tbottom
Exergy from the collector to the storage tank as
presented by Xiaowu et al*:
Tw, out
X col tank m wCw (Tw, out T0 ) T0 ln
T0
*Xiaowu et al. Exergy analysis of domestic-scale solar water heatersRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2005;9