The amsfonts package

David M. Jones∗

Version 3.00, 2009/06/22

1 Introduction
The amsfonts package provides access to a limited selection of features from the
AMSFonts package. For other features, see the following packages: amssymb,
eucal, eufrak, and euscript. (For wholesale substitution of Euler math, see
Frank Jensen’s euler package.)
This file also contains the external font definitions (.fd files) needed to use
the AMS font collection with LATEX 2ε .
1.1 The psamsfonts option
In early versions of AMSFonts, the 6, 8 and 9 point sizes of many fonts were
implemented only in METAFONT and were not available as separate Type 1
fonts. Because of this, many AMS-LATEX classes and packages were given a
psamsfonts option that would adjust the font definitions so that only the TFM
files corresponding to design sizes available as Type 1 fonts would be used. This
relieved DVI-to-PostScript processors of the responsibility of doing an appro-
priate font substitution, which was of particular value in those early days when
support for Type 1 fonts was still experimental and highly variable.
However, the psamsfonts option had a second, undocumented, effect: It
changed the scaling behavior of the Euler and AMS Symbol fonts. Without the
psamsfonts option, the fonts were made available at the same set of “quantized”
sizes used by default for the standard LATEX fonts. For example, if you asked for
msbm at 13 pt, you would instead get msbm at 12 pt, with a warning about the
substitution. With the psamsfonts option, the AMS fonts were continuously
scalable, so if you asked for msbm at 13 pt, you would get a 13 pt version of the
font. This means that the psamsfonts could change TEX’s formatting decisions,
including which linebreaks were chosen.
As of version 3 of the AMSFonts distribution, there is no longer a discrepancy
between the METAFONT implementations and the Type 1 implementations,
which means that we can use a single set of font definitions for both. The
question then becomes which approach we should adopt. Should we provide the
∗ Previous versions of this package were written by Frank Mittelbach, Rainer Schöpf and

Michael Downes. Most of the code remains unchanged and the credit should continue accruing
to them. However, blame for the commentary and decisions regarding the psamfonts option
and the handling of font scaling belong to the current author alone.

1
2 THE AMSFONTS PACKAGE

fonts only in the standard LATEX quantized sizes or should we allow for full and
continuous scaling?
It is our position that the quantized font sizes are not desirable for their
own merits; they are a legacy of the era when METAFONT was virtually the
only source of fonts for use with TEX and when generating a new size of a font
was onerous and resulted in a potentially long-term use of precious disk space.
In the modern TEX environment, the cost of allowing arbitrary scaling of fonts
is so low that most users will never even be aware of them. Furthermore, any
user who sticks to the standard LATEX document classes and the font sizes they
provide will never stray outside of the officially sanctioned sizes anyway, even
when using the AMSFont package. Any users who do request nonstandard sizes
presumably know what they are doing and should get the font size they ask
for. Although they will have to take special measures to achieve that for the
standard LATEX fonts, we can make their tasks easier by providing the AMS
fonts in a fully scalable form from the beginning.
1.2 The cmex fonts
The situation with cmex is even more stark. In standard LATEX, cmex is only
supplied at 10 pt. That is, no matter what size you ask for, you get cmex
at 10 pt. The amsfonts package redefines the cmex font family so that it is also
continuously scalable. This means that merely loading the amsfonts package
can change line breaks.

2 Customization
You should not change any of the files generated from this module. If you
really want to change the font shape groups preloaded you should copy the
relevant portions to another file (having a different name) and edit the other
file according to your needs.
2.1 The docstrip modules
The following modules are used in an installation procedure to direct docstrip
in generating external files:
sty generate [Link]
eur generate fd for Euler Roman
eus generate fd for Euler Script
euf generate fd for Euler Fraktur
euex generate fd for Euler extra symbols
msa generate fd for AMS symbols (A)
msb generate fd for AMS symbols (B)

3 The implementation
Require LATEX 2ε .
h∗styi
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/12/01]
h/styi
4. PACKAGE OPTIONS 3

Identify the file and version.

hstyi\ProvidesPackage{amsfonts}[2009/06/22 v3.00 Basic AMSFonts support]
heuri\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 Euler Roman]
heusi\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 Euler Script]
heufi\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 Euler Fraktur]
heuexi\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 Euler extra symbols]
hmsai\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 AMS symbols A]
hmsbi\ProvidesFile{[Link]} [2009/06/22 v3.00 AMS symbols B]

4 Package options
h∗styi
\DeclareOption{psamsfonts}{%
\PackageWarningNoLine{amsfonts}{The ’psamsfonts’ option is
obsolete in AMSFonts v3}
}

Process the options for this package.

\ProcessOptions\relax

4.1 Font definitions for cmex

The cmex10 option of amsmath is now obsolete, but it will be some time before
we release an updated version of amsmath. In the meantime, when version 3 of
amsfonts is used with older versions of the amsmath package, we want to disable
the cmex10 option. So, we do two things: (a) in amsfonts, we install the new
cmex definitions unconditionally, and (b) we set the \cmex@opt flag to a value
that will cause amsmath to skip processing of the cmex10 option.
\DeclareFontShape{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}{%
<-7.5>cmex7%
<7.5-8.5>cmex8%
<8.5-9.5>cmex9%
<9.5->cmex10%
}{}%

\expandafter\let\csname OMX/cmex/m/n/10\endcsname\relax

\def\cmex@opt{10}

5 Miscellaneous
In case the amsfonts package is used apart from the amsmath package, we need
to define the following functions.
\providecommand*{\@mathmeasure}[3]{%
\setbox#1\hbox{\frozen@everymath\@emptytoks\m@th$#2#3$}}
\newtoks was still outer in early releases of LATEX 2ε , so we need to take a little
extra care here.
\@ifundefined{@emptytoks}{\csname newtoks\endcsname\@emptytoks}{}
4 THE AMSFONTS PACKAGE

6 Preparing to use the extra math fonts

We declare the encoding schemes for two AMS math symbol fonts. U encoding
with \noaccents@ for math is already provided in base NFSS.
The AMS symbol fonts will be assigned via \DeclareSymbolFont since most
of their characters are accessed with the \mathchardef primitive. This means
that these fonts are loaded for the particular size whenever a size or version
switch is requested by the user. At the present time bold forms of these fonts
don’t exist. So there are no overriding \SetSymbolFont commands for math-
version ‘bold’.
\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSa}{U}{msa}{m}{n}
\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
The next constructs are symbols that work the same in text or math.
They are built the hard way using \hexnumber@\sym.... We can’t use
\DeclareTextSymbol since it only specifies the font by its encoding, which,
being U for both msam msbm, is ambiguous.
\@ifundefined{yen}{%
\edef\yen{\noexpand\mathhexbox{\hexnumber@\symAMSa}55}
}{}
\@ifundefined{checkmark}{%
\edef\checkmark{\noexpand\mathhexbox{\hexnumber@\symAMSa}58}
}{}
\@ifundefined{circledR}{%
\edef\circledR{\noexpand\mathhexbox{\hexnumber@\symAMSa}72}
}{}
\@ifundefined{maltese}{%
\edef\maltese{\noexpand\mathhexbox{\hexnumber@\symAMSa}7A}
}{}
We now define a few symbols which reside in the msam and msbm fonts.
The \catcode change is to ensure that the double-quote character is not active
(which at one time was a problem when something like [Link] was used).
\begingroup \catcode‘\"=12
\DeclareMathDelimiter{\ulcorner}{\mathopen} {AMSa}{"70}{AMSa}{"70}
\DeclareMathDelimiter{\urcorner}{\mathclose}{AMSa}{"71}{AMSa}{"71}
\DeclareMathDelimiter{\llcorner}{\mathopen} {AMSa}{"78}{AMSa}{"78}
\DeclareMathDelimiter{\lrcorner}{\mathclose}{AMSa}{"79}{AMSa}{"79}
The next two definitions redefine the \widehat and \widetilde command
to use a special accent if their argument is suitably wide. (In plain TEX these
commands can produce three different accents depending on the size of the
argument.) The current implementation will tend to give wrong results (tilde or
hat symbol too wide) if these accents are used in script or scriptscript math style.
But making that part work properly is too much effort given the limitations of
TEX 3.x.
\xdef\widehat#1{\noexpand\@mathmeasure\z@\textstyle{#1}%
\noexpand\ifdim\noexpand\wd\z@>\tw@ em%
\mathaccent"0\hexnumber@\symAMSb 5B{#1}%
\noexpand\else\mathaccent"0362{#1}\noexpand\fi}
 7. DEFINING hMATH ALPHABET IDENTIFIERS i 5

%
\xdef\widetilde#1{\noexpand\@mathmeasure\z@\textstyle{#1}%
\noexpand\ifdim\noexpand\wd\z@>\tw@ em%
\mathaccent"0\hexnumber@\symAMSb 5D{#1}%
\noexpand\else\mathaccent"0365{#1}\noexpand\fi}
Now we define two special arrows which are built with special characters from
the first symbol font.
\DeclareMathSymbol{\dabar@}{\mathord}{AMSa}{"39}
\xdef\dashrightarrow{\mathrel{\dabar@\dabar@
\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\symAMSa 4B}}%
\xdef\dashleftarrow{\mathrel{\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\symAMSa 4C\dabar@
\dabar@}}%
%
\global\let\dasharrow\dashrightarrow
To avoid using too many control sequence names by defining all new sym-
bols provided with the two fonts, we defined so far only symbols which are
not assigned via \mathchardef. The majority however will be defined only
if the user loads the amssymb package or explicitly defines symbols using the
\DeclareMathSymbol macro.
Finally we test the \DeclareMathSymbol command by redefining the
Plain TEX symbols which were made up from different characters (and thus
could not change sizes properly) but are now available as real characters. Note
that we have to make them undefined first, otherwise \DeclareMathSymbol will
complain that they are already defined.
\global\let\rightleftharpoons\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\rightleftharpoons}{\mathrel}{AMSa}{"0A}
\global\let\angle\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\angle} {\mathord}{AMSa}{"5C}
\global\let\hbar\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\hbar} {\mathord}{AMSb}{"7E}
Include a few common symbols which are both in msam or msbm and also in
lasy, which might have been loaded already, so it is a good idea to make them
undefined.
\global\let\sqsubset\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsubset} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"40}
\global\let\sqsupset\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\sqsupset} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"41}
\global\let\mho\undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\mho} {\mathord}{AMSb}{"66}
Now we close the group so that " will get its old \catcode back.
\endgroup

7 Defining hmath alphabet identifiersi

\mathfrak The Fraktur alphabet will be accessed by the command \mathfrak inside of
math mode.
 6 THE AMSFONTS PACKAGE

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathfrak}{U}{euf}{m}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathfrak}{bold}{U}{euf}{b}{n}

\mathbb The AMS symbol font B contains the blackboard bold math alphabet. There is
only a single weight of this alphabet so it is used in all math versions.
\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathbb}{AMSb}

7.1 Setting up the fonts for correct accents in math

There are a few hmath alphabetsi which don’t have any or enough accents for
math in the corresponding fonts. For example the \mathbb hmath alphabet
identifier i comes from a symbol font with none of the normal accents in the
correct places. AMS-TEX has a sophisticated solution for this problem: all
math accents are defined in a way that the font where the accents are taken from
depends on the current value of a macro called \accentclass@. To support this
idea hmath alphabet identfiersi which come with their own accents should set
this macro to the number 7 (variable family in the terminology of the TEXbook);
all others should set it to 0 so that the accents are taken from the hmath groupi
zero in the current math version.
There is a \DeclareFontEncodingDefaults macro which declares such de-
faults. For the amsfonts package we set this default in the following way. This
information will be ignored unless the amsmath package is also loaded.
\DeclareFontEncodingDefaults{\relax}{\def\accentclass@{7}}

8 Some backward compatibility definitions

The following commands are provided for compatibility with pre-1995 versions of
the amsfonts package. If a \documentclass command is used the \@obsolete
function will issue a warning saying that the command is obsolete.
Upgraded to robust commands. [bnb, 1996/09/29]
\frak
\Bbb \DeclareRobustCommand{\frak}[1]{%
\bold {\@subst@obsolete{amsfonts}\frak\mathfrak{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\Bbb}[1]{%
{\@subst@obsolete{amsfonts}\Bbb\mathbb{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\bold}[1]{%
{\@subst@obsolete{amsfonts}\bold\mathbf{#1}}}

The \newsymbol command has different syntax than \DeclareMathSymbol

so it cannot use the direct substitution function \@subst@obsolete.
\begingroup \catcode‘\"=12 \relax
\gdef\newsymbol#1#2#3#4#5{%
\@obsolete{amsfonts}\newsymbol\DeclareMathSymbol
\@ifdefinable#1{%
\edef\next@
{\ifcase #2 \or
\hexnumber@\symAMSa\or
\hexnumber@\symAMSb\fi}%
 8. SOME BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY DEFINITIONS 7

\ifx\next@\@empty
\PackageError{amsfonts}{\Invalid@@\newsymbol}\@ehd%
\else
\global\mathchardef#1"#3\next@#4#5
\fi}}
\endgroup

\@obsolete This command gives a warning on the first use that the command given as second
argument is deprecated/obsolete, with the third argument recommended as a
substitute. In compatibility mode we just continue silently.
\long\def\@gobblethree#1#2#3{}
\if@compatibility
\let\@obsolete\@gobblethree
\else
\def\@obsolete#1#2#3{\PackageWarning{#1}{%
Obsolete command \protect#2; \protect#3 should be used instead}}%
\fi

\@subst@obsolete For obsolete commands that have a substitute command.

\def\@subst@obsolete#1#2#3{\@obsolete{#1}#2#3\gdef#2{#3}#2}

First we load the symbols under the official AMS names and then define the
LATEX names via \let unless they are already defined (which probably means
that the lasy fonts are defined).
\begingroup \catcode‘\"=12
\DeclareMathSymbol{\square} {\mathord}{AMSa}{"03}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\lozenge} {\mathord}{AMSa}{"06}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\vartriangleright} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"42}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\vartriangleleft} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"43}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\trianglerighteq} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"44}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\trianglelefteq} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"45}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\rightsquigarrow} {\mathrel}{AMSa}{"20}
Check if the latexsym package has already been loaded
\@ifpackageloaded{latexsym}{\@tempswafalse}{\@tempswatrue}
\if@tempswa
\global\let\Box\square
\global\let\Diamond\lozenge
\global\let\leadsto\rightsquigarrow
\lhd and its relatives look like \vartriangleleft and its relatives, but the
math atom types are different (according to the LATEX book). So we need to
issue different \DeclareMathSymbol statements.
\global\let\lhd\@@undefined
\global\let\unlhd\@@undefined
\global\let\rhd\@@undefined
\global\let\unrhd\@@undefined
\DeclareMathSymbol{\lhd} {\mathbin}{AMSa}{"43}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\unlhd} {\mathbin}{AMSa}{"45}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\rhd} {\mathbin}{AMSa}{"42}
8 THE AMSFONTS PACKAGE

\DeclareMathSymbol{\unrhd} {\mathbin}{AMSa}{"44}
No equivalent of the \Join symbol in lasy is available in msam or msbm so we
make do with a composite of two characters.
\xdef\Join{\mathrel{\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\symAMSb 6F\mkern-13.8mu%
\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\symAMSb 6E}}
\fi
\endgroup
h/styi

9 The .fd files

9.1 AMS symbol font A
h∗msai
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{msa}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{msa}{m}{n}{%
<-6>msam5%
<6-8>msam7%
<8->msam10%
}{}
h/msai

9.2 AMS symbol font B

h∗msbi
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{msb}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{msb}{m}{n}{%
<-6>msbm5%
<6-8>msbm7%
<8->msbm10%
}{}
h/msbi

9.3 Euler Fraktur

h∗eufi
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{euf}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{euf}{m}{n}{%
<-6>eufm5%
<6-8>eufm7%
<8->eufm10%
}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{euf}{b}{n}{%
<-6>eufb5%
<6-8>eufb7%
<8->eufb10%
}{}
h/eufi

9.4 Euler Script

h∗eusi
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{eus}{\skewchar\font’60}
9. THE .FD FILES 9

\DeclareFontShape{U}{eus}{m}{n}{%
<-6>eusm5%
<6-8>eusm7%
<8->eusm10%
}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{eus}{b}{n}{%
<-6>eusb5%
<6-8>eusb7%
<8->eusb10%
}{}
h/eusi

9.5 Euler math extension

h∗euexi
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{euex}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{euex}{m}{n}{%
<-7.5>euex7%
<7.5-8.5>euex8%
<8.5-9.5>euex9%
<9.5->euex10%
}{}
h/euexi

9.6 Euler Math Roman

These fonts are nearly OML encoded but some characters are missing so we use
U encoding again.
h∗euri
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{eur}{\skewchar\font’177}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{eur}{m}{n}{%
<-6>eurm5%
<6-8>eurm7%
<8->eurm10%
}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{eur}{b}{n}{%
<-6>eurb5%
<6-8>eurb7%
<8->eurb10%
}{}
h/euri
The next line goes into all files and in addition prevents docstrip from
adding any further code from the main source file (such as a character table).
\endinput