CHAPTER 2

DRAWING OF MACHINE PARTS

Machine parts which are used to connect two pieces together are called as
fasteners. Example Bolts and Nuts

There are two types of fasteners, viz, temporary fasteners and permanent
fasteners.

Threaded fasteners like bolt and nut are temporary fasteners.

The process of joining different machine parts of machine or engineering products is

called as fastening.

Permanent fastening such as welding, riveting etc. join two parts together
permanently and they cannot be separated without breaking the fastening, but in
the case of temporary fastening, the parts are joined together temporarily and can
be separated easily without breaking the fastening.

A continuous helical groove cut along the outer circumference of a cylindrical

surface is called a screw thread.
A screw thread is an operating element of temporary fastening.
Screw thread occurs on practically all engineering products.
Screw threads are widely used for temporary fastening as well as for transmission of
power from one machine parts to another
TERMS USED IN THREADS / SCREW THREADS

(i) EXTERNAL THREAD

It is a continuous helical groove or ridge cut along the external surface of the
cylinder, e.g. threads on bolts studs, screws etc.
(ii) INTERNAL THREAD
It is a thread on the internal surface of a hollow cylinder e.g. threads of a nut.
(iii) SCREW PAIR
The bolt and nut together called as screw pair.
(iv) PARALLEL AND TAPER THREAD
A thread formed on the surface of a cylinder is called as parallel or straight thread.

A thread formed on the surface of a cone called as taper thread.

(v) RIGHT HAND AND LEFT HAND THREADS

Consider any nut and bolt. Hold the bolt firmly in left hand and rotate the nut
clockwise by the right hand, the nut will screw on the bolt of the threads are right
handed. It is abbreviated as RH thread.
Observe that mostly the bolts and nuts that we use in daily life have RH thread.

A left hand screws thread , screws off the bolt for clockwise rotation. It is
abbreviated as LH thread.
Also we can observe that all the jewellery mating pieces have LH thread.

(vi) PITCH, P
It is "the distance between the corresponding points on the adjacent threads,
measured parallel to the axis". Refer FIG2.2 (a)
(vii) LEAD,L
It is "the distance moved by a nut or bolt in the axial direction in one complete
rotation".
(viii) SINGLE START AND MULTI START THREADS
When only one helix, forming the thread runs on a cylinder, it is called as single
start thread. If more then one helices run on a cylinder, it is called as multi start
threads.
i.e. L=P in the case of single start
L=2P in the case of double start
L=3P for triple start and so on.
(ix) CREST
It is the edge of the thread surface farthest from the axis, in case of external
thread and nearest to the axis, in case of internal thread
(x) ROOT
It is the edge of the thread surface nearest to the axis in case of external thread
and farthest from the axis, in case of internal thread.
(xi) FLANK
The surface connecting crest and root is called as flank.
(xii) THREAD ANGLE
It is "the angle between the flanks measured in an axial plane".
MACHINE DRAWING
(xiii) MAJOR DIAMETER OR OUTSIDE DIAMETER
It is the diameter of an imaginary coaxial cylinder just touching the crest of
external threads or roots of internal threads. It is the largest diameter of a screw
thread.
(xiv) MINOR DIAMETER OR ROOT DIAMETER OR CORE DIAMETER
It is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder just touching the roots of
external threads or crest of internal threads.
(xv) NOMINAL DIAMETER
It is the diameter of the cylinder from which external threads are cut out. The
screw/bolt is specified by this diameter

STANDARD PROFILE / FORM OF SCREW THREADS

There are two basic screw thread profiles. viz.
(a) Triangular or 'V' thread
(b) Square thread.

Triangular or 'V' thread

When the thread has a triangular or V-cross section, it is called as V-threads. All
types of V threads have inclined flanks making an angle between them.
V threads are used "to tighten two parts together" as in bolts and nuts, studs and
nuts,
screws etc.
For interchangeability between the screws and nuts of the same nominal diameter
and
form, various countries have standardized V-thread profiles.

Types of V threads
(i) B.S.W. thread
(ii) Metric thread

Square thread

When the thread has square cross section it is called as square thread.
Flanks of square threads are vertical and parallel to each other.

"square threads are used for power transmission" on feed mechanism of machine
tools, screw jacks etc, when less friction means saving of power as they offer less
frictional resistance.

Types of square threads

(i) Square thread
(ii) Knuckle thread

B.S.W. thread
British standard whitworth (B.S.W.) thread is the most widely used form in British
practice.
Angle between the flanks is 55°.

METRIC THREAD (Unified Thread)

This thread is recommended by The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and
ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION)
In metric thread, the external and internal thread vary in shape
The basic designation is M20 x 1.5 means the major diameter of the metric thread is
20mm and the pitch is 1.5mm.
the angle between the flanks is 60°.
SQUARE THREADS
Mechanisms of machine tools, valves, spindles, vice screws etc. are generally
provided with
square threads.
A "square thread (SQ) is specified by nominal diameter and pitch". For example a
square thread of nominal diameter = 40 mm and pitch = 4mm is designated as SQ
40x4

KNUCKLE THREADS
Knuckle thread is a modified form of square thread.
It is used in railway carriage coupling screws and on the neck of glass bottles.

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF THREADS

In actual projection, the edges of threads would be represented by helical

curves. It takes a lot of time to draw them. So, for convenience sake,
threads are generally shown by conventional methods as recommended by
B.I.S.

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF EXTERNAL THREADS

The Bureau of Indian standards has recommended a very simple method

of representing V-threads. According to this convention, two continuous
thick lines and two continuous thin lines are drawn to represent the crest
and roots of the thread respectively. The limit of useful length of the
thread is indicated by a thick line perpendicular to the axis.

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF INTERNAL THREADS

Fig. 2.10 shows the representation of internal V-threads. It shows the

sectional view of a threaded hole in the front view. Thick line indicates the
crest and thin line indicates the root. Section (hatching) lines are
extended up to thick lines. The side view shows a thick circle representing
the crest and roots by thin incomplete circles.

Exercise
1. Sketch freehand the conventional representation of internal
and external threads, given d = 30 mm.

BOLTS
A bolt consists of a cylindrical body with one end threaded and the other end
converted into a
head.
A nut is screwed on the threaded end of the bolt to tighten the parts together.
The shape of the head also depends upon the purpose for which the bolt is used.
 The length of a bolt is its total length,"excluding the height or thickness of bolt
head".
Bolt has external thread.
An external thread is represented by "discontinuous, minor diameter circle”

HEXAGONAL BOLT

It is the most commonly used form of the bolt.

The head of a hexagonal head bolt is a hexagonal prism with a conical chamfer
rounded off at an angle of 30°

All dimensions of a hexagonal head bolt and hexagonal nut are same except the
height or thickness of the hexagonal head.

The approximate height/thickness of the bolt head is 0.8d (d is the diameter of the
bolt).

A little portion (about 3 mm) of the threaded end should remain outside the nut.

Threaded length is 2d+6

SHANK LENGTH= 3 d to 5d
(Broken part is shown in I quadrant)

'This inner broken circle indicates that the thread on the bolt is an external thread'.

Size A/C (across corners)

Front view showing "three faces" of the hexagonal head,show the upper corners of
the head chamfered.
On Front view showing "two faces" of the hexagonal head, show the upper corners
square.

SQUARE BOLT

generally used where the head of the bolt is to be accommodated in a recess. The
recess is in the form of square in which the head rests having a little clearance.
"The square recess prevents the head from rotating" when the nut is screwed on or
off.

All dimensions of a square head bolt and suare nut are same except the height or
thickness of the square head.
NUT
A nut is a machine element having a threaded hole that engages with the threaded
end of the bolt.

The most commonly used type of nut is the hexagonal nut. It is a hexagonal prism
provided with a threaded hole.
Chamfering is done to remove sharp corners to ensure the safety of the user.
The angle of chamfer is usually "30° with the base of the nut".

NOTE : The size of chamfer circle can be taken 1.5d or 1.5d+3 in square / hex. head
bolt and nut.

Front view has three faces if nut is placed across corner (A/C) and front view has
two faces if the nut is placed across flats (A/F). This is the common position for the
nut.

A square nut is a square prism provided with a threaded hole.

TERMS

SQUARE NUT ACROSS FLAT

SQUARE NUT ACROSS CORNER

The hexagonal nut takes preference over the other nuts. A spanner is used to turn
the nut on or off the bolt.
The angle through which the spanner will have to be turned to get another hold is
only 60 in case of a hexagonal nut but 90° for a square nut.

Though the angle is 45 in case of the octagonal nut, it is rarely used due to its
complicated process of construction. So, it is more convenient to screw on a
hexagonal nut than a square
nut in a limited space for turning the spanner.

PLAIN WASHER

is a circular plate having a hole in its centre. It is placed below the nut to provide "a
flat smooth bearing surface".
The use of a washer is recommended where the surface of the machine part is
rough for a nut to seat. Washer also prevents the nut from cutting into the metal
thus allowing the nut to be
screwed more tightly.
Examples circular plate called washer fitted in your mini drafter.
Jewellery item like ear tops/studs, washer may be used to tighten the screw

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WASHER NAMELY

Plain washer.
Spring washer.

RIVETS
We are familiar with riveted joints with our kitchen
wares likes pressure cooker and frying pan. In
pressure cooker, the handle is joined to the body by
means of [Link] can even notice the rivets fitted,
in shoes, belts etc.
Rivets are one of the permanent fasteners and is
used widely in steel structures. Rivets are used in
bridges, boilers and other engineering works. A rivet
is a simple round rod having head at its one end and the other end is
made in the form of
head when it is assembled to fasten the parts.

STUD
A stud is a cylindrical piece of metal having threads at both ends and with collar in
the central portion.
For connecting two parts, one end (metal end) of the stud is screwed into a
threaded hole in one part and the other end (nut end) is passed through a clearance
hole in the other part.
A nut is screwed on the open end of the stud. The portion of the stud where nut is
screwed on is called nut end and the other end of the stud is called metal end or
stud end.

Stud is a headless bolt and is used where sufficient space for bolt head is not
available.

MACHINE SCREW
A screw is a bolt which is threaded throughout its [Link] is screwed into a
threaded hole/tapped hole