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Understanding Probability Laws and Events

The document explains the laws of addition for mutually exclusive and not mutually exclusive events, detailing their respective probability formulas. It also defines independent and dependent events, providing formulas and examples for each case. Additionally, it outlines key rules of probability, including the range of probabilities and the sum of probabilities for all outcomes.

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abdulrahimirfan06
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4 views2 pages

Understanding Probability Laws and Events

The document explains the laws of addition for mutually exclusive and not mutually exclusive events, detailing their respective probability formulas. It also defines independent and dependent events, providing formulas and examples for each case. Additionally, it outlines key rules of probability, including the range of probabilities and the sum of probabilities for all outcomes.

Uploaded by

abdulrahimirfan06
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

a) Law of Addition for Mutually Exclusive (M.E.

) Events

If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then the probability that either one of them will
occur is equal to the sum of their respective probabilities.

Formula:

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)

Example: When tossing a coin, the events "getting a Head" and "getting a Tail" are mutually
exclusive, because you cannot get both in a single toss.

Law of Addition for Not Mutually Exclusive Events

If A and B are not mutually exclusive events, then the probability that at least one of them
occurs is equal to the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of both events
occurring together (intersection).

Formula:

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)

Example: In a deck of cards, drawing a card that is a "King" or a "Heart" are not mutually exclusive
events, because the King of Hearts satisfies both conditions.

Here is your second topic rewritten in a clear and organized format:

b) For Independent Events

Two events A and B in the sample space are defined to be independent , if the probability of one
event occurs is not affected by the occurrence of another event.

Formula:

P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)

Example: Tossing a coin and rolling a die. Getting a Head does not affect the outcome of the die
roll.
For Dependent Events

Two events A and B are said to be dependent if the occurrence of one event affects the
occurrence of the other.

Formula:

P(A∩B) =P(A) × P(B∣A) or P(A∩B)=P(B) × P(A∣B)

Example: Drawing two cards without replacement from a deck. The probability of the second
card depends on what happened with the first draw.

d) Rules of Probabilty:

1. The probability of any event is a number either a fraction or decimal that lies between 0
and 1
2. The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes in a sample space is equal to 1.
3. If events A and B are mutually exclusive events, then the probability is
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)
4. If an event cannot occur, its probability is 0.
5. If an event is certain than the probability of event is 1

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