16 This question is about hydrogen bonding. Specification Reference: 7.3(ii), 7.

5(iii - iv)

(a) Which property is not due to hydrogen bonding?

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(1)
A ice has a lower density than water at 0°C
B hydrogen fluoride has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride
C H—H bond enthalpy is greater than Si—H bond enthalpy
D alcohols are less volatile than alkanes with a similar molar mass

(b) Which diagram best represents a hydrogen bond between two water molecules?
(1)
180° Specification Reference: 7.2
O
H H H
A
O

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H

180°
O
H H
B H
O

104.5° H

C
O O
H H H
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H 104.5°

O
H
D
H
O

(Total for Question 16 = 2 marks)

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 3 Under certain conditions, graphite burns to form carbon monoxide.
2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g) H = −221 kJ mol−1
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Which of these is correct? Specification Reference: 6.4(ii - iii)

A c H (carbon) = −221 kJ mol−1

−1
B f H (carbon monoxide) = −221 kJ mol
BEES

C c H (carbon) = −110.5 kJ mol−1

D f H (carbon monoxide) = −110.5 kJ mol−1

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 What are the strongest interactions between molecules in solid hydrogen iodide, HI?
Specification Reference: 7.5(iv)
A covalent bonds
B hydrogen bonds
C ionic bonds
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D London forces

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

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 (iii) The displayed formula of butan-1-ol is shown. Specification Reference: 7.5

Complete the diagram to show the strongest intermolecular force between

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two molecules of butan-1-ol. Include the intermolecular bond angle.

(2)

H H H H H
H C C C C O
H H H H
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 (ii) Biobutanol can be mixed with petrol in any proportion whereas bioethanol cannot.
Petrol is a mixture of liquid alkanes.

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Explain why petrol is more miscible with biobutanol than with bioethanol.
Specification Reference: 7.6 (2)

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(Total for Question 17 = 17 marks)

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 3 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = −92 kJ mol−1

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Bond Bond energy / kJ mol−1

N N 945
H H 436
atop
What is the mean bond energy, in kJ mol−1, for the N H bond? Specification Reference: 6.9, 6.10

A 246
B 360
C 376
D 391

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 How many moles of CO2 are formed when 3.0 mol of chloroethene, C2H3Cl, is mixed
with 10.0 mol of oxygen and react as shown?

2C2H3Cl + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O + 2HCl

A 3.0 Specification Reference: 1.8
ear
B 4.0
C 6.0
D 8.0

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which compounds are arranged in order of decreasing boiling temperature?

A CH3CH2CH2CH3 > CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 > CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
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B CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 > (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH3 > (CH3)3CCH2CH3

C CH3CH2CH2OH > CH3CHOHCH2OH > CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
D CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I Specification Reference: 7.5

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 11 Ethanol can be prepared by reacting chloroethane with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

(a) What type of reaction occurs in this preparation?

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Specification Reference: 10.1, 10.8(i) (1)

A addition
B elimination
C reduction
D substitution

(b) How do the boiling temperatures of ethanol and chloroethane compare, and
what is the reason for the difference?
Specification Reference: 7.5(ii) (1)
Comparison of boiling
Reason for the difference
temperature
A ethanol is higher ethanol molecules form hydrogen bonds

B ethanol is higher ethanol gmolecules have more atoms

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t
C ethanol is lower ethanol molecules have fewer electrons

D ethanol is lower ethanol has a lower molar mass

(c) Bromoethane and chloroethane react with aqueous potassium hydroxide at

different rates.
Which is correct?
Specification Reference: 10.13 (1)

Difference in rate Reason for difference

A bromoethane is faster C Br bond is less polar than the C Cl bond
B bromoethane is faster C Br bond is weaker than the C Cl bond
C bromoethane is slower spotty
C Br bond is less polar than the C Cl bond
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D bromoethane is slower C Br bond is stronger than the C Cl bond

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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 (b) The hydration of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is reversible.

t
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(s)
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The forward reaction is exothermic. The temperature changes for both the
forward and reverse reactions are difficult to measure.
Suggest a reason in each case.
Specification Reference: 9.10 (2)

Forward ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ..

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Bag
Reverse .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

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(c) Describe the processes that occur when solid copper(II) sulfate dissolves in water.
Specification Reference: 7.1 (2)

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16 This question is about trends in the Periodic Table.
*(a) The boiling temperatures of some isoelectronic hydrides are shown.

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Hydride CH4 NH3 H2O HF
Boiling temperature / K 112 240 373 293

Explain the differences in these boiling temperatures by considering all the

intermolecular forces involved.
Detailed descriptions of the intermolecular forces involved are not required.
Specification Reference: 7.2, 7.3(i), 7.5(i), 7.5(iv) (6)

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............ .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

............. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

............ ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

............ . ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

16
*P60464A01628*
 SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer
with a cross .

1 The bond enthalpy for the Cl Cl bond is +243.0 kJ mol–1.

A +243.0
B –243.0
7
What is the enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine in kJ mol–1?
Specification Reference: 6.4(v)

C +121.5
D –121.5

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation for the reaction between

sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid is –56 kJ mol–1.
Which row in the table is correct for this neutralisation? Specification Reference: 6.2
GAMEZ
Reaction type Temperature

A exothermic increases

B exothermic decreases
C endothermic increases
D endothermic decreases

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which of the following statements about water is not due to hydrogen bonding?
A water has a less open structure than ice Specification Reference: 7.2, 7.3

B ice cubes float in a glass of iced water

C when water freezes its volume increases
D water is a good solvent for ionic compounds

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

2
*P62588A0224*
4 The skeletal formulae of three isomers are shown.

X Y Z

Which series shows the correct order of increasing boiling temperatures?

A Y, X, Z Specification Reference: 7.5(i - ii)

B X, Y, Z
C Y, Z, X
D X, Z, Y

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of a catalyst.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(a) What type of reaction occurs?

Specification Reference: 8.8 (1)
A displacement
B disproportionation
C elimination
D hydrolysis
Mraz

(b) In an experiment, the volume of oxygen produced by the decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide was measured at various times as the reaction progressed and
a graph was plotted.
The initial gradient of the graph was 0.50 cm3 s−1.
What is the initial rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in mol s–1?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol–1]
Specification Reference: 1.8, 9.8 (1)
–2 –1
A 2.1 × 10 mol s Boaz
B 4.2 × 10–5 mol s–1
C 2.1 × 10–5 mol s–1
D 1.0 × 10–5 mol s–1

(Total for Question 5 = 2 marks)

3
*P62588A0324* Turn over
 (iii) Explain, with reference to their intermolecular forces, why the boiling temperatures
of alkanes increase as the number of carbon atoms increases. A detailed
description of the intermolecular forces is not required.
Specification Reference: 7.5(i) (3)

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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(Total for Question 13 = 10 marks)

12
*P62588A01224*
 SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 The energy profile for a reaction is shown.

Energy X products

Begg
reactants

Progress of reaction

What is the minimum energy needed for this reaction to occur? Specification Reference: 9.2

A X

B
B Y
C X−Y

D X+Y

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which of these isomers with the formula C8H18 has the lowest boiling temperature?

A CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3 Specification Reference: 7.5(ii)

B CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

C CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

2
*P67748A0228*
3 Which of these pure compounds has hydrogen bonding in the liquid state?

A 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3 Specification Reference: 7.2

B trimethylamine, (CH3)3N
C hydrogen fluoride, HF

D hydrogen sulfide, H2S

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 The hydrogen ion, H+, bonds to a water molecule forming an H3O+ ion.
For H3O+, what shape and H-O-H bond angle are predicted by the
electron-pair repulsion theory?
Specification Reference: 3.19

A trigonal planar 120°

B trigonal planar 117.5°

C trigonal pyramidal 107°
D trigonal pyramidal 104.5°

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

3
*P67748A0328* Turn over
5 The viscosities of four liquid organic compounds are compared by placing the liquids
in separate identical tubes, each with an air bubble at the top.

Air bubble

Liquid

The tubes are inverted, and the times measured for the air bubble to travel the length
of the tube.
For which compound does the air bubble take the longest time?

Specification Reference: 7.5(iii)

A
OH
OH
OH
OH

B OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH

C
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
HO OH
OH
OH
OH

D O
OO
O

O
OO
O
O O
OO
O OO
O

O O
OO
O OO
O

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

4
*P67748A0428*
 (b) The product of the reaction is a mixture of ethanol and water.
Explain why ethanol and water mix together fully.
You may find it helpful to draw a diagram.
Specification Reference: 7.6(ii) (3)

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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(c) Ethanol can be oxidised using a solution of acidified potassium dichromate(VI),

K2Cr2O7(aq).
Ethanoic acid and another organic compound, Y, are both possible products.
(i) Draw the structure of Y.
Specification Reference: 10.18(ii) (1)

(ii) State the conditions needed to maximise the yield of each product.
Specification Reference: 10.19 (2)
Conditions for maximum yield of Y Mpeg

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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Conditions for maximum yield of ethanoic acid

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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(Total for Question 19 = 12 marks)

14
*P67748A01428*
 (b) DMAA is only slightly soluble in water but dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid to
form an aqueous solution.
NH2 +
NH3
+ HCl −
+ Cl

DMAA
(i) Explain the type of bonding that occurs between the nitrogen atom and the
hydrogen ion, when the positive ion forms.
Specification Reference: 3.11(ii) (3)

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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(ii) Complete the diagrams to show how the ions formed in the reaction between
DMAA and hydrochloric acid interact with water molecules.
Specification Reference: 7.1 (3)

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

17
*P67748A01728* Turn over
20 This question is about the forces between molecules and ions.
*(a) Some data for three small molecules are shown.

Boiling temperature
Molecule Mr
/ °C

Fluorine 38.0 −188

Hydrogen chloride 36.5 −85

Methanol 32.0 65

Explain the large variation in boiling temperatures, given the small range in
Mr values.
Detailed descriptions of the forces involved are not required.
Specification Reference: 7.1, 7.2, 7.5 (6)

. . .. . . . . .. . ...................... .. .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. ........................................................................................................................ ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ...

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18
*P64624A01828*
. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

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19
*P64624A01928* Turn over
 (b) Calcium chloride is soluble in water.
Complete the diagram to show how water molecules interact with each ion.
You may use to represent a water molecule.
Specification Reference: 7.2 (2)

Ca2+ Cl–

(c) Explain why bromine is a liquid but iodine is a solid at room temperature.
Detailed explanations of the forces involved are not required.
Specification Reference: 7.1 (2)

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(Total for Question 20 = 10 marks)

20
*P64624A02028*
6 Which of these isomers has the highest boiling temperature?
Specification Reference: 7.5(i - ii)

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P67128A0428* 
 (c) The boiling temperatures of some halogenoalkanes are shown.

Boiling temperature
Halogenoalkane
/ °C

1-chloropropane 47

1-bromopropane 71

1-iodopropane 103

Explain the trend in boiling temperature of these halogenoalkanes by comparing

the intermolecular forces involved.
Detailed explanations of the forces involved are not required.
Specification Reference: 7.1, 10.13 (4)

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15
 *P67128A01528* Turn over
 (d) Ethanol is hygroscopic, which means it readily absorbs water from the air.
(i) Give a possible reason why ethanol is able to absorb water.
Specification Reference: 7.6(ii) (1)

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(ii) Suggest a problem arising from the hygroscopic nature of ethanol when using
this fuel in a motor vehicle.
Specification Reference: 4.16 (1)

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(e) Ethanol can also be produced by the hydration of ethene.

CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g)  CH3CH2OH(g) ∆H = − 45 kJ mol−1

*(i) Typical conditions are 300 °C and 60 atm with a catalyst of phosphoric acid.
Moooooo
Explain why these conditions are used, by describing the effect of changing
the temperature and pressure on rate of reaction, equilibrium yield and cost.
Specification Reference: 9.1, 9.2, 9.5, 9.7, 9.11 (6)

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the
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C
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LEGGE
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22
*P67128A02228* 
5 Which sequence shows the molecules in order of increasing boiling temperature?

A H2O < Br2 < Cl2 < CH4 Specification Reference: 7.2, 7.4

B Br2 < CH4 < Cl2 < H2O

C Cl2 < CH4 < H2O < Br2

D CH4 < Cl2 < Br2 < H2O

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 Which is not correct about ice? Specification Reference: 7.3

A ice has a lower density than water

B H2O molecules are further apart in ice than in water

C the H−O−H bond angle is the same in ice and in water

D H2O molecules in ice are held together by hydrogen bonds

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 Which intermolecular forces exist between the molecules of the compound shown?
Specification Reference: 7.1, 7.4
HO O

A hydrogen bonding and London forces only

B hydrogen bonding and permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces only

C London forces and permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces only

D hydrogen bonding, permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces and
London forces

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

4
*P69501A0428* 
8 This question is about alkanes.

(a) Which of these alkanes has the highest boiling temperature?

Specification Reference: 7.5(i) (1)
A butane

B hexane
C pentane
D propane

(b) Which of these alkanes has the lowest boiling temperature?

Specification Reference: 7.5(ii) (1)

(Total for Question 8 = 2 marks)

9 Which solvent dissolves the greatest amount of hydrocarbon C35H72 ?

Specification Reference: 7.6
A butan-1-ol
B ethanoic acid
C hexane
D water

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

5
 *P69501A0528* Turn over
 SECTION C

Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

24 Some diesel cars contain an extra catalytic converter for the reduction of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases.
A solution of urea is used for this process.

H C H
N N
urea
H H

(a) Urea has a melting temperature of 133 °C.

Explain why this value is higher than expected for a relatively small molecule.
Specification Reference: 7.4 (3)

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(b) A saturated solution of urea has a concentration of 9.07 mol dm–3 at 25 °C.
Calculate the mass of urea in 150 cm3 of a saturated solution.
Specification Reference: 1.8 (2)

20
*P69501A02028* 
 SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH d , for
aluminium oxide?
Specification Reference: 6.4(ii)
A 2Al(s) + 1½O2(g) → Al2O3(s)
B 2Al(s) + 3O(g) → Al2O3(s)

C 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

D 4Al(s) + 6O(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Marge
2 How does an oxidising agent change during a redox reaction?

Specification Reference: 8.6

Electrons Oxidation number

A gains electrons decreases

B gains electrons increases

C loses electrons decreases

D loses electrons increases

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which of these compounds would be expected to have the

highest boiling temperature?
Specification Reference: 7.5(i - iii)

A (CH3)3COH
B CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
C CH3CH2CH(CH3)2

D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

2
*P70965A0228* 
 (d) The graph shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides.

350

300

250

200
Boiling temperature
/K 150

100

50

0
HF HCl HBr HI

Explain the trend in the boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides.

Specification Reference: 7.5(iv) (4)

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

. . . .. . . . . . ........................ .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ............................................................................................................................ .. ... .. ... .. ... ... . . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ..

15
 *P70965A01528* Turn over