Section 31 — Transformations

31.1 Reflections
When an object is reflected in a line, its size, shape and distance from the mirror line all stay the same.

Example 1
y
6
A(–7, 5) B(–2, 5)
a) Copy the axes shown, then reflect the shape 5
C(–2, 4) 4
ABCDE in the y-axis.
3
b) Label the image points A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1 2
with their coordinates. E(–7, 1) D(–4, 1) 1
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
y
1. Reflect the shape — one point at a time. A(–7, 5) B(–2, 5)
6
B1(2, 5) A1(7, 5)
5
2. Each image point should be the same distance C(–2, 4) 4 C1(2, 4)
from the y-axis as the original point. 3
2
3. Write down the coordinates of each of the E(–7, 1) D(–4, 1) 1 D1(4, 1) E1(7, 1)
image points.
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

Exercise 1 y
A(4, 6)
6
1 a) Copy the diagram shown, and reflect the shape in the y-axis. 5 E(2, 4) B(6, 4)
b) Label the image points A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1 with their 4
coordinates. 3
2
c) Describe a rule connecting the coordinates of A, B, C, D and E 1
and the coordinates of A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1. D(2, 1) C(6, 1)
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
2 Copy each of the diagrams below, and reflect the shapes in the y-axis.
a) 10
y b) 10
y

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2
x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10

3 a) Copy each of the diagrams below, and reflect the shapes in the x-axis.
(i) y (ii) y
4 4
2 2

0 x 0 x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
–2 –2
–4 –4

b) Describe a rule connecting the coordinates of a point and its reflection in the x-axis.

302 Section 31 — Transformations

4 The following points are reflected in the x-axis. Find the coordinates of the image points.
a) (1, 2) b) (3, 0) c) (–2, 4) d) (–1, –3) e) (–2, –2)

5 The following points are reflected in the y-axis. Find the coordinates of the image points.
a) (4, 5) b) (7, 2) c) (–1, 3) d) (–3, –1) e) (–4, –8)

6 Copy the diagram shown on the right. 10

y
a) Reflect shape A in the line x = 2. Label the image A1. 8
A

b) Reflect shape B in the line x = –1. Label the image B1. 6

c) Reflect shape C in the line x = 1. Label the image C1. B
4
d) Shape B1 is the reflection of shape A in which mirror line? C 2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
7 Copy the diagram shown on the right.
y
10
a) Reflect shape A in the line y = 6. Label the image A1.
8
b) Reflect shape B in the line y = 4. Label the image B1. A C
6
c) Reflect shape C in the line y = 5. Label the image C1.
4
d) Reflect shape D in the line y = 3. Label the image D1.
2
e) Shape C1 is the reflection of shape B in which mirror line? B D
x
f) Reflect shape B in the line y = 2 and circle any –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
points of invariance.

Example 2
Copy the diagram below, then reflect the shape in the line y = x.
y y=x y y=x y y=x
1. Reflect the shape one point
at a time.
2. The image points should be
the same distance from the
line y = x as the originals.
x x x
0 0 0

8 Copy each of the diagrams below, and reflect the shapes in the line y = x.
10
a) y y=x b) y y=x
18
8
16
6
14
4
12
2
10 x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
8
–2
6
–4
4
–6
2
–8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x

Section 31 — Transformations 303

 9 The points with the following coordinates are reflected in the line y = x.
Find the coordinates of the reflections.
a) (1, 2) b) (3, 0) c) (–2, 4) d) (–1, –3) e) (–2, –2)

10 Find the equation of the mirror line 10 y

9
for the following reflections. 8
a) Shape A onto shape B. A 7
6
b) Shape C onto shape A. 5
4
3
C
2
1
x
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1
–2
–3 B
–4
–5

31.2 Rotations
When an object is rotated about a point, its size, shape and distance from the centre of rotation all stay the same.
You need three pieces of information to describe a rotation:
(i) the centre of rotation (ii) the direction of rotation (iii) the angle of rotation
(But a rotation of 180° is the same in both directions, so you don’t need the direction in that case.)

Example 1
Copy the first diagram below, then rotate the shape 90° clockwise about point P.

P P P P

1. Draw the shape on a 2. Rotate the tracing paper 90° 3. Draw the image in
piece of tracing paper. clockwise about P. its new position.
(Or imagine a drawing of it.) (‘About P’ means P doesn’t move.)

Exercise 1
1 Copy the diagrams below, then rotate the shapes 2 Copy the diagrams below, then rotate the shapes
180° about P. 90° clockwise about P.
a) b) a) b)

P P P P

304 Section 31 — Transformations

3 y 5 y
8 8
6 6 B
4 A 4
A
2 2
D
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6
C –6
B
–8 –8
Copy the diagram, then complete the following. Copy the diagram, then complete the following.
a) Rotate A 90° clockwise about the origin. a) Rotate A 180° about (–5, 6).
b) Rotate B 270° anticlockwise about the origin. b) Rotate B 90° anticlockwise about (5, 9).
c) Rotate C 180° about (–3, –5).
4 y d) Rotate D 180° about (3, –1).
8
A 6 B 6 The triangle ABC has vertices A(–2, 1),
4 B(–2, 6) and C(4, 1).
2 a) Draw the triangle on a pair of axes.
b) Rotate the triangle 90° clockwise about (5, 4).
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x Label the image A1B1C1.
–2 c) Write down the coordinates of A1, B1
–4 and C1.
D C
–6
7 The triangle DEF has coordinates D(–2, –2),
–8
E(–2, 5) and F(3, 5). DEF is rotated 180° about
Copy the diagram, then complete the following. (2, 0) to create the image D1E1F1.
a) Rotate A 90° clockwise about (–8, 5). Find the coordinates of D1, E1 and F1.
b) Rotate B 90° clockwise about (1, 4).
c) Rotate C 90° clockwise about (8, –4).
d) Rotate D 180° about (–2, –5).

y
Example 2
8
Describe fully the rotation that transforms shape A to shape B.
6
A
1. The shape looks like it has been rotated clockwise by 90°. 4
2
B
2. Rotate the shape 90° clockwise about different points until
you get the correct image — tracing paper will help if you –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
have some.
y y
3. Write down the 8 8
centre, direction 6 6
and angle of A 4
A 4
rotation. B B
2 2

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
So A is transformed to B by a rotation of 90° clockwise (or 270° anticlockwise) about the origin.

Section 31 — Transformations 305

 Exercise 2
1 y 3
y
8 8
A6 6
4 4
I
2 2 J
B
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
C –2 –2
–4 –4
K L
–6 D –6
–8 –8
a) Describe fully the rotation that transforms a) Describe fully the rotation that transforms
shape A to shape B. shape I to shape J.
b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms
shape C to shape D. shape K to shape L.

2
y 4 y
8
H
8
E
6 6
M
4 4
N
2 2

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –2
–4 –4
G Q
–6 –6
F P
–8 –8
a) Describe fully the rotation that transforms a) Describe fully the rotation that transforms
shape E to shape F. shape M to shape N.
b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms
shape G to shape H. shape P to shape Q.

5 a) Describe fully the rotation that transforms y

shape R to shape S. 8
S
b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms 6
shape R to shape T.
R 4
c) Describe fully the rotation that transforms
2 T
shape S to shape T.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x

6 The triangle UVW has vertices U(1, 1), V(3, 5) and W(–1, 3).
The triangle XYZ has vertices X(–2, 4), Y(–6, 6) and Z(–4, 2).
a) Draw the two triangles on a pair of axes.
b) Describe fully the rotation that transforms UVW to XYZ.

306 Section 31 — Transformations

31.3 Translations
When an object is translated, its size and shape stay the same, but its position changes.

A translation can be described by the vector c m — where the shape moves a units right and b units up.
a
b

Example 1
Copy the diagram below, then translate the shape by the vector e o.
5
-3
y y
e o is a translation of:
5 5 right
8 8

3 down
6
-3 6
4 (i) 5 units to the right, 4
2 (ii) 3 units down (which is the 2
same as –3 units up).
0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

Exercise 1
1 Copy the diagrams below, then translate each shape by the vector written next to it.
a) y b) y
A c0m
3
c m
2 P
c m
8 B 2 8
1 Q
c m
6 0 6 -4

4
3
4
c m
-5 R
c mC
2 2 2
0
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –2
D c m –4
0
c
-4
m
E T
c m
4 S –4
c m
1 0 -3
-1
–6 2 –6
–8 –8

y
2 a) Copy the diagram on the right, then
translate the triangle ABC by the vector c m.
- 10 B(7, 8)
8
-1
Label the image A1B1C1. 6
b) Label A1, B1 and C1 with their coordinates. 4
c) Describe a rule connecting the coordinates of A(3, 3) C(7, 3)
2
A, B and C and the coordinates of A1, B1 and C1.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x

The triangle DEF has corners D(1, 1), E(3, –2) and F(4, 0). After the translation c m,
-2
3
2
the image of DEF is D1E1F1. Find the coordinates of D1, E1 and F1.

The quadrilateral PQRS has corners P(0, 0), Q(4, 1), R(2, 3) and S(–1, 2). After the translation c m ,
-3
4
-4
the image of PQRS is P1Q1R1S1. Find the coordinates of P1, Q1, R1 and S1.

Section 31 — Transformations 307

 Example 2 y
Give the vector that describes 8
the translation of A onto B.
6 A
4
1. Count how many units horizontally 3 down
B
and vertically the shape has moved. 2
8 left
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x

2. Write the translation as a vector. The image is 8 units to the left and 3 units down,
so the translation is described by the vector e o.
-8
-3

Exercise 2
1 y 2 y
8 8 Q
A C P
6 6

B 4 4

2 D R 2 S
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6x 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
Give the vector that describes each of the Give the vector that describes each of the
following translations. following translations.
a) A onto B b) A onto C c) C onto B a) P onto R b) R onto S c) P onto Q
d) C onto D e) D onto A f) D onto B d) S onto R e) Q onto R f) S onto P

3 The triangle DEF has vertices D(–3, –2), E(1, –1) and F(0, 2). The triangle GHI has vertices
G(0, 2), H(4, 3) and I(3, 6). Give the vector that describes the translation that maps DEF onto GHI.

4 The triangle JKL has vertices J(1, 0), K(–2, 4) and L(–4, 7).
The triangle MNP has vertices M(0, 2), N(–3, 6) and P(–5, 9).
a) Give the vector that describes the translation that maps JKL onto MNP.
b) Give the vector that describes the translation that maps MNP onto JKL.
y
5 This question is about the diagram on the right. 8
X
a) Give the vector that describes the translation that maps X onto Y. 6

b) Give the vector that describes the translation that maps Y onto X. 4

2
c) What do you notice about your answers to a) and b)? Y
0 2 4 6 8 x
Shape W is the image of shape Z after the translation c m .
1
6
Write as a vector the translation that maps W onto Z. - 4

7 The triangle PQR has vertices P(–1, 0), Q(–4, 4) and R(3, 2). PQR is the image of
the triangle DEF after the translation c m . Find the coordinates of D, E and F.
-1
4

308 Section 31 — Transformations

31.4 Enlargements
When an object is enlarged, its shape stays the same, but its size changes.
The scale factor of an enlargement tells you how much the size changes, and the
centre of enlargement tells you where the enlargement is measured from.

Example 1
Copy the first diagram below, then enlarge the shape by
scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (2, 2).
y y y
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
1. Draw a line from (2, 2) through each vertex of the shape. 2. Join up the ends of the
All the distances are multiplied by the scale factor, so lines to create the image.
continue each line until it is twice as far away from (2, 2)
as the original vertex.

Exercise 1
1 Copy the diagrams below, then enlarge each shape by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (0, 0).
a) y b) y c) y d) y
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 0 2 4 6 8 x
8 8 x
6 –2 –2
6
4 –4 –4
4
–6
2 2 –6
–8
0 6 8
–8
0 2 4 6 8 x 2 4 x

y
A
8
2 Copy the diagram on the right.
6 B
a) Enlarge A by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (–8, 9).
4
b) Enlarge B by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (9, 9).
2
c) Enlarge C by scale factor 3 with centre of enlargement (9, –8).
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
d) Enlarge D by scale factor 4 with centre of enlargement (–8, –8). –2
x

D –4
–6 C
3 The triangle PQR has corners at P(1, 1), Q(1, 4) and R(4, 2). –8

a) Draw PQR on a pair of axes.

b) Enlarge PQR by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (–1, 1).

Section 31 — Transformations 309

 4 y The square ABCD is shown on the left. A1B1C1D1 is the image of
8 ABCD after it has been enlarged by scale factor 2 with centre of
6 enlargement (0, 0).
4 B a) Find the distance of each of the following corners from (0, 0).
2 (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D
A C b) What will the distance of the following corners be from (0, 0)?
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 (i) A1 (ii) B1 (iii) C1 (iv) D1
–4 c) Copy the diagram. Draw a line from (0, 0) through each corner
D of ABCD. Mark the points A1, B1, C1 and D1 on these lines.
–6
–8
Join up the points A1, B1, C1 and D1 to draw A1B1C1D1.

5 Copy the diagram below, then enlarge each shape 7 Copy the diagram below, then enlarge each shape
by scale factor 2, using the centre of enlargement by scale factor 2, using the centre of enlargement
marked inside the shape. marked on the shape’s corner.
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6 –6
–8 –8

6 The shape WXYZ has corners at W(0, 0), X(1, 3), 8 The shape KLMN has corners at K(3, 4), L(3, 6),
Y(3, 3) and Z(4, 0). M(5, 6) and N(5, 5).
a) Draw WXYZ on a pair of axes. a) Draw KLMN on a pair of axes.
b) Enlarge WXYZ by scale factor 3 with centre of b) Enlarge KLMN by scale factor 3 with centre of
enlargement (2, 2). enlargement (3, 6). Label the shape K1L1M1N1.
c) Enlarge KLMN by scale factor 2 with centre of
enlargement (5, 6). Label the shape K2L2M2N2.

Example 2
1
Copy the first diagram below, then enlarge the shape by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (2, 7).
y y y
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
1. An enlargement where the magnitude of the scale factor is less than 1 gives a smaller image.
2. Draw lines from (2, 7) to each corner. The image points will lie half as far from the centre of
enlargement as the original corners.

310 Section 31 — Transformations

Exercise 2
1 y Copy the diagram on the left.
8
B
1
A 6
a) Enlarge A by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (–8, 9).
1
4 b) Enlarge B by scale factor 3 with centre of enlargement (0, 1).
2 1
c) Enlarge C by scale factor 4 with centre of enlargement (–1, –8).
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x d) Enlarge D by scale factor 1 with centre of enlargement (2, 3).
–2 5
D –4
–6 y
C 8 B
–8
A
6
4
2 Copy the diagram on the right.
2
1
a) Enlarge A by scale factor 2 with centre of enlargement (–4, 5).
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
1
b) Enlarge B by scale factor 3 with centre of enlargement (7, 7). D –2
1 –4 C
c) Enlarge C by scale factor 4 with centre of enlargement (6, –4).
–6
1
d) Enlarge D by scale factor 5 with centre of enlargement (–3, –2). –8

Example 3
Copy the first diagram below, then enlarge the shape by scale factor –2 with centre of enlargement (8, 7).
y y y
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
1. A negative scale factor means the image will be on the opposite side of the centre
of enlargement to the original object, and will be ‘upside down’.
2. Draw lines from each corner through (8, 7). The image points will lie twice as far
from the centre of enlargement as the original corner, but in the opposite direction.

Exercise 3
1 Copy the diagram on the right. y
A 8
a) Enlarge A by scale factor –2 with centre of enlargement (–6, 7). B
6
b) Enlarge B by scale factor –3 with centre of enlargement (7, 7).
4
c) Enlarge C by scale factor –2 with centre of enlargement (–2, –4).
2

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
C
–4
–6
–8

Section 31 — Transformations 311

 2 Copy the diagram on the right. y
a) Enlarge A by scale factor – 12 with centre of enlargement (–4, 4). 8
A 6
b) Enlarge B by scale factor – 13 with centre of enlargement (6, 4). B
4
c) Enlarge C by scale factor – 12 with centre of enlargement (4, –4). 2

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
–4
–6
–8
C

Example 4
Describe the enlargement that maps shape X onto shape Y.

1. Pick any side of the shape, and see how 10 y 10 y

many times bigger this side is on the image 8 8
X X
than the original. This is the scale factor. 6 2 6
4 Y 4 Y
2. Draw a line from each corner on the image
2 4 2
through the corresponding corner on the
original shape. The point where these 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
lines meet is the centre of enlargement.
An enlargement by scale factor 2, centre (11, 10).

Exercise 4
1 For each of the following, describe the enlargement that maps shape A onto shape B.
a) y b) y c) y

8 8 A 8
A
6 6 6
B B
4 B 4 4
A
2 2 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

2 For each of the following, describe the enlargement that maps shape A onto shape B.
a) y b) y c) y

8 B 8 8 B
B
6 6 6
A A
4 4 4
2 2 2 A

0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

312 Section 31 — Transformations

31.5 Combinations of Transformations

Example 1
Draw triangle ABC, which has its vertices at A(2, 2), B(6, 5) and C(6, 2).
a) Rotate ABC 180° about the point (1, 1), then translate the image by c m . Label the image A1B1C1.
-2
-2
b) Find a single rotation that transforms triangle ABC onto the image A1B1C1.
y y y
a) 6 6 b) 6
B B B
4 4 4
2 A C 2 A C 2 A C

–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–2 C1
A1–2 C1 –2
A1
–4 –4 –4
–6 B1 –6 B1 –6

Rotate ABC 180°

... then translate by e - 2 o .
-2 A rotation of 180° about the
about (1, 1)... origin maps ABC onto A1 B1 C1.

Exercise 1
1 Copy the diagram below.
y a) (i) Rotate shape P 180° about (4, 5).
12
(ii) Translate the image by e o . Label the final image P1.
2
10 2
8 b) Rotate shape P 180° about (5, 6). Label the final image P2.

6 c) (i) Rotate shape Q 180° about (4, 5).

(ii) Translate the image by e o . Label the final image Q1.
2
4 2
P Q
2 d) Rotate shape Q 180° about (5, 6). Label the final image Q2.
x e) What do you notice about images P1 and P2
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 and about images Q1 and Q2?

2 Triangle ABC has its corners at A(2, 1), B(6, 4) and C(6, 1).
a) Draw triangle ABC on a pair of axes, where both the x- and y-axes are labelled from –6 to 6.
b) Reflect ABC in the y-axis. Label the image A1B1C1.
c) Reflect the image A1B1C1 in the x-axis. Label the image A2B2C2 .
d) Find a single rotation that transforms triangle ABC onto the image A2B2C2 .

3 Draw triangle PQR with corners at P(2, 3), Q(4, 3) and R(4, 4).
a) Rotate PQR 90° clockwise about the point (2, 3). Label the image P1Q1R1.

b) Translate P1Q1R1 by e o . Label the new image P2Q2R2 .

1
-5
c) Describe a single transformation that maps triangle PQR onto the image P2Q2R2 .

Section 31 — Transformations 313

 4 Triangle WXY has its corners at W(–5, –5), X(–4, –2) and Y(–2, –4).
a) Draw triangle WXY on a pair of axes, where both the x- and y-axes are labelled from –6 to 6.
b) Reflect WXY in the line y = x. Label the image W1 X1Y1.
c) Reflect the image W1 X1Y1 in the y-axis. Label the image W2 X2Y2 .
d) Find a single transformation that maps WXY onto the image W2 X2Y2 .

y
5 Copy the diagram on the right.
6
a) Reflect triangle DEF in the line x = 5. Label the image D1E1F1. 4
E

b) Reflect the image D1E1F1 in the line x = 3. Label the image D2E2F2 . D
2
c) Find a single transformation that maps DEF onto D2E2F2 . F
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x

6 Copy the diagram on the right. y

a) Translate shape ABCDE by c- 1m . Label the image A1B1C1D1E1.
-2
6 C
b) Enlarge the image A1B1C1D1E1 by scale factor 2 with centre of 4 B D

enlargement (2, 1). Label the image A2B2C2D2E2 . 2 A E

c) Find a single transformation that maps ABCDE onto A2B2C2D2E2 .
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x

7 Shape WXYZ has its corners at W(–6, 2), X(–3, 3), Y(–2, 6) and Z(–2, 2).
a) Draw WXYZ on a pair of axes, where both the x- and y-axes are labelled from –6 to 6.
b) Reflect WXYZ in the y-axis. Label the image W1 X1Y1Z1.
c) Rotate the image W1 X1Y1Z1 90° clockwise about (0, 0). Label the image W2 X2Y2Z2 .
d) Find a single transformation that maps WXYZ onto the image W2 X2Y2Z2 .

8 By considering triangle XYZ with corners at X(2, 2), Y(4, 4) and Z(6, 2), find the single transformation
equivalent to a reflection in the line y = 2, followed by a reflection in the line x = 2.

9 By considering triangle STU with corners at S(1, 1), T(3, 1) and U(1, 2), find the single
transformation equivalent to a rotation of 180° about the origin, followed by a translation by c m .
6
2

10 Copy the diagram on the right. y

6 B
a) Rotate triangle ABC 180° about (0, 0). Label the image A1B1C1.
4
b) Enlarge the image A1B1C1 by scale factor 12 with centre of
2
enlargement (0, 0). Label the image A2B2C2 . A C

c) Find a single transformation that maps triangle ABC onto the –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x

image A2B2C2 . –2
–4
–6

11 By considering shape PQRS with corners at P(2, –2), Q(4, –2), R(5, –5) and S(2, –4),
find the single transformation equivalent to a rotation of 90° anticlockwise
about (2, –2), followed by a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation by c m .
0
4

314 Section 31 — Transformations

31.6 Matrix Transformations
Shapes on a grid can be represented by a matrix.
Each column of the matrix gives the coordinates of a point.

E.g. shape A is given by the matrix c m.

y
(5, 5) 11 5 5
5
1 3 5 1
4 (1, 3)
3 Transformations can also be given by matrices —
2 A
multiplying the transformation matrix and the shape
1 (1, 1) (5, 1)
matrix gives a matrix which represents the image.
0 1 2 3 4 5 x

Example 1
The shape A c m is transformed by the matrix M e o.
1 3 6 6 1 0
1 4 3 1 0 -1
Find the matrix representing the transformed shape B, draw shapes A and B
on the same grid and describe the transformation given by M. y
4
1. Multiply the transformation MA = B:
3
matrix and shape matrix to find 2 A
e oe o=e o
the matrix of the image. 1 0 1 3 6 6 1 3 6 6 1
2. Plot the coordinates from this 0 -1 1 4 3 1 -1 -4 -3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
matrix to draw the image. –1
So matrix M represents a –2 B
3. Use your diagram to describe –3
reflection in the x-axis.
the transformation. –4

Exercise 1
Pe o is transformed by matrix R e o.
1 1 3 0 -1
1 Give the matrices that represent shapes 3
0 2 2 1 0
A, B, C and D, shown below.
a) Find the matrix of the transformed shape Q.
y
5 b) Draw the shapes P and Q.
4 c) Describe the transformation given by R.
3
2 A B
1
Ce o is transformed by matrix E c 1 m.
2 0
1
2 4 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 4
–1 4 4 2 0 2
–2 D a) Draw the shape C and the transformed shape D.
C –3
–4 b) Describe the transformation given by E.
–5

Ve o is transformed by matrix R e o.
1 1 3 3 0 1
m is transformed by matrix E e o
2 0
Ac
11 3 3 5
2 0 2 . -1 2 1 0 -1 0
1 4 4 1
a) Find B, the matrix of the transformed shape. a) Find the matrix of the transformed shape W.
b) Draw the shapes A and B. b) Draw V and W.
c) Describe the transformation given by E. c) Describe the transformation R.

Section 31 — Transformations 315

 Example 2 y
6
Find the transformation matrix, M, that maps shape A onto shape B, as shown. 5
4 B
1. Write down matrices A and B.
Ae o Be o
1 3 3 1 2 6 6 2 3
The corresponding columns of the 2
1 1 3 3 2 2 6 6 A
two matrices must represent the 1
corresponding vertices of the two shapes. MA = B: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

e oe o=e o
a b 1 3 3 1 2 6 6 2
2. Multiplying the transformation matrix c d 1 1 3 3 2 2 6 6
by the original shape matrix gives the
e o=e o
matrix of the image. a+b 3a + b 3a + 3b a + 3b 2 6 6 2
c+d 3c + d 3c + 3d c + 3d 2 2 6 6
3. Put the corresponding entries equal 3a + b = 6 3c + d = 2
to each other and solve the equations – a+b=2 – c+d=2
simultaneously to find the unknowns. 2a = 4 2c = 0
a = 2 and b = 0 c = 0 and d = 2

So M = e o
2 0
0 2

Exercise 2
1 For each of the following, find the transformation matrix that maps A onto B.
a) y b) y c) y
8 4 8
7 3 7
A
6 2 6
5 1 5
B 4 A 4
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x B
3 –1 3
2 –2 2
1 B –3 1 A
–4
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

d) y e) y f) y
4 8 9
3 8
A 7
2 7
6
1 6
B 5 A
4 5 B
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 4
–1 3
3
–2 2
2
–3 B 1 A
–4 1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

g) y h) y i) y
9 8 4
8 7 3
7 6 B
A 2
6 5 1
5 B 4
4 3 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
A –1
3 B 2 A
–2
2
1 –3
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x –4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

316 Section 31 — Transformations

 Example 3
Shape A, given by the matrix A e o , is transformed by M e o then by E e o into shape B.
1 1 3 3 1 0 2 0
1 2 2 1 0 -1 0 2
Draw shapes A and B.
1. Put the matrices in the right order. The first
transformation goes to the left of A, and the B = e oe oe o
y
2 0 1 0 1 1 3 3 3
0 2 0 -1 1 2 2 1 2
second to the left of that. So EMA = B. 1
A

=e oe o
2. Multiply the matrices to find B. 2 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1
(You could find MA first, and multiply the 0 -2 1 2 2 1 –2
result by E, but here it’s easier to find EM –3 B
e o
2 2 6 6 –4
first, then multiply by A.) =
-2 -4 -4 -2 –5
3. Use matrices A and B to draw the shapes.

Exercise 3
1 For each of the following, (i) find the matrix B, and (ii) draw shapes A and B.
a) Shape A e o is transformed by the matrix L e o , then by the matrix M e o into shape B.
1 2 0 0 1 1 0
1 3 4 -1 0 0 -1

b) Shape A e o is transformed by the matrix L e o , then by the matrix M e o into shape B.

0 2 4 2 0 -1 0
0 2 0 0 2 0 1

Shape A, shown here, is transformed by the matrix P e o to give shape B.

1 0
2 y
0 –1 2
B is then transformed by Q e o to give shape C.
3 0 1 A
0 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
–1
a) Copy the diagram shown and draw shape B. –2
b) Draw shape C. –3
–4
c) (i) Find the matrix R that maps A directly onto C. –5
(ii) Describe the two consecutive transformations that R represents. –6

Shape A, shown, is transformed by the matrix X e o to give shape B.

-1 0 y
3 9
0 1 8
B is then transformed by Y c m to give shape C.
1
3 0 7
0 13 6
5 A
a) Copy the diagram shown and draw shape B. 4
b) Draw shape C. 3
2
c) (i) Find the matrix Z that maps A directly onto C. 1
(ii) Describe the two consecutive transformations that Z represents. –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

Shape A e o is transformed by the matrix M e o , then by matrix N e o into shape C.

1 2 4 4 1 0 -1 0
4
2 3 3 1 0 -1 0 1
a) Draw shapes A and C.
b) Find the matrix, L, that maps shape A directly onto shape C.
c) Describe the single transformation that matrix L represents. y
6
5
5 a) Find the matrix, T, that maps shape A onto shape B, shown. 4
b) Find the matrix, U, that maps shape B onto shape C. 3 C
2
c) Hence find the matrix, V, that maps shape A directly onto shape C. A
1 B
d) Describe the two consecutive transformations that V represents. –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

Section 31 — Transformations 317