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Thermodynamic Function

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on fundamental relationships and equations governing energy, heat, and work in various systems. It explores concepts such as the first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials, and specific processes like Joule-Thomson expansion. The text also delves into the implications of these principles for understanding energy conversion and efficiency in thermodynamic systems.

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8 views17 pages

Thermodynamic Function

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on fundamental relationships and equations governing energy, heat, and work in various systems. It explores concepts such as the first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials, and specific processes like Joule-Thomson expansion. The text also delves into the implications of these principles for understanding energy conversion and efficiency in thermodynamic systems.

Uploaded by

trafficislam
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Chap RG, Mhccs We S Qn Vs oe 2 Tg 4).) 2 oO tesa “the Heleolts mckon F< Uons , (A-R), = (Ur \) — TCS- %), . dy From @ amt &) w, & Fi- Dye 2 GO Thus A -macdamum wos done S40 29% 4 eral Zo te Aecrese bn Hebrhehts function of the Stn, Thezmocdynari cal potential, or Gibly function: > The Gubbs function of 4 Agen ts girem 5 GF U-TS+*PV Conpider a System tkod can do atken formes of WOR an Badin Bo Pidv week weesuck ay Vothsi ¢ coll. In core fgVotnie call, the eleckile woek is —[Link] Simtoaly for a magnetic mater! ap, dee magnetic won Ib ath In gomorah, the WEEK WL Be gure by Pv sere PLS a sum of Armd each -bevg the Prodick- TE intensive Vaclable such os PEom at Are differential of gn ottmsive Mactable suchas AV, AT ard MH. Im are of yolhate coll | the nto re, vacichle 4 E ard Atfferensial of oxtosive veelad ly ie AF, > 2 2 7 . Paez & SF Suppese., in gonenol, im addition A PAV the Imlmnive Voriahhe i h om® Afforortiat of exbrrive variable ude. The work done ton Ory, rove ribls ercoco®,” Sw= pay +yde [piv fg y \ 3, a we . ’ Taki = a Leen preocerS wh aking. f gd A and contr nae ee, Ahe System wots ak contend prress ure PR, and the clheoge sam vume Neo My Me ry - Pav= Be Cu- x) We BLY-vjyra nc for. a Aaptom Bhod ertehangos herd mith a meson vale Aompedtune owe @.- TC Sy- 8) & BLM-M)+ 8 <€(0,- Y,)-EC5,- 8) ++ on AL (-)-B C4 Ot BLY) -@ Lek ws COmider a specific process, where the snitial and tre fir stodes of the sy%tom ancl the surcourdingg oe ab Ake amt Semperdtinre(T,) ancl Fressure C,), ae T=T gd BoP tom eyrtines we get Aor < w,- Ve na TCS > Don a ply,- ae “2 But, fon the Gills duactin swe Know Gaz U=TS3PV.-:-@ wv od eo Cy Therefme , fer two epi Kbrcium rates ad tie forme oe ‘ prasme ont romp dbne, = Gre CU) a E @ From — @molion (HY ack (6) . 4 (1 Ge pee oo ’ @ Thus the Afferemae te Rarcon Gigbe function of a Sedom Re dveen wo eq ui tibrsivm Stple, the moa'mum Lt £o he warn am adduction to PAV yric prrowtlad the Pitot and ake finet Rates at at the sarc priesture arel Aomperatwre amd the —aysrlom exchanges hat whet A slnete Rend reserve. HW En thot Eathaley B defined os the sum af the trtewnel socts ard the prodmeR of pressure ard voluwe . alte an ot towsive theemodoamc, geopecks end) denoted yk. Prtholpa he UPN 2 Cb To stady the propecties of Phis function, assume had he apron soe Gm in initesimel PRC from am tniBiok GW Anum state toa fine equrtl briuon state. From @ ake dutphe vp -- @ fee AH= AU+ PIV -- 2 @ dhe SHtVAP = ~~. ® pividing, ty. AT ao o> gh St a var © yang AS cowsdant pressure 7 sub E>, > & O, 7 @e) - det From aquihen (4) , jaon Asoborie proces , AP =o ~ en ot on ge 42 He © @ Th ene-fore chomae tn enthadpy duning, an drabgrie prrocoys vs easel Be tse ovmound orf head Arar fertecd clung hetrone® Tn a Pero tting pro cevs, applying. fired Law of hemody namics We U,- U; +W Hee yh =0 art WF Me — Py ME -t ae Ups Th —fMi* = Vy + Pe Xs he Thore-foree ~im a Fiotthina process , there 4 no Changes tm entkabpy. of the System, The tnitiat ant Line on thokpies aaa apelin” adinladiec ASeRmeranh Proced om V+ i om h, = ye The specie heod at contest + pressure and temperature We re dfie ee i constant prrersure Cay Are APE CIF Freot ah consti Volume Cy, avo owls - Kelvin cone fie, Ore de fined 0 — fo Lows: 7 9) P cy Ee - A= (3 7 hee Ahnee quartiitio, one detired en stoems of a Ahermodprorme propedkics Ae pressure, volume, Aepeiine Finndernel -onenga, art omnthales . Homac @ Cp Cy art one alo aAheemecha na mle prropectios af a —substem ac, Basmati. We eelo&on bebweon Cy AC, Secale hank ak corerkomt Rese Cy” % ameh Ape fe heo® af constant volume Cy = -[2H Bub BN= TSG, Hence Cp = ray an oe rae), conmdering endrory, 3 ah a Sanction of Tarek V west = ee dn +(38) av Swe a &) “Ble nia ae ae Be bs 2 (BE eS re a ace eye a) becondt Ro Mar well 5 es cadakey oe ae store a — Cy = rE (3%), -- contig rR we got as TS on aye CB), AV +@P), at es TH 150 Brom Se) Apo. tence C 33, BY Ge oi 20 PBA +CAz0 oe ~ C, Soe C2 = GD, Dae ae a) 2 BLOG OF Bre ON Fy (35), ~--@) Aree miderng’ V0} 0 fmcinof Bank wey st rs 7 + A= Ban Bah oll Buk ob corryhand- vom av=0 tone (2¥ ap + (2 dP =0 2-6 2), (GY > 62) 0 » ages senc Rat (ah e4yr@ @ ve get ae +/G), ee 2 ay (ar) -@ i ) ee We Kmaw tre voluone OX RRHAEY coe erm ad compan MeBBwr2_ ag a. + CH It” “Gh - ees ak oth-enmad QeLO cor Vodune chaskieity oar: ~®, = BD > Kj Podtiongy Aone values Ondo ean (A wegok— Ce os ee =) oe ae TEXV, (rove) a Aprule-thowson effect : Ty qoule?s experiment, a quankety of compressed gar was abhowed oe expanch Um bo a vacuo pace witkoud Soi exeXernal work, Wo chomge of Aomperctare of the goswes Ackected after extrammton, The come uowae of Ais wos GS) aed ane (35 ae Thus ab conmbarnt shemporstine , U & nok a function oF Pad V. Bt mush tere fone S62 function of Tory, In Ake Ypile- Tomson experiment, Are gas tnrtecd of Poning Suttons ik wacutom wes alowed to Plow continent From & megion of Rigt"te a region of Sow Prerure. years Lp - Wn it is Bar | Fig ts Schemébic regnerentahion of Joule -Thenson ae Plug. experiment - Figure 4 shows a cylinder separcatect Linke Doro chambers A ant B dg a podlistion walt Performed widk @ voy dine Role. teh Pont Tp, Py ad Ty be preestures amd stomperctures of the ges im tre chambers A ard B respectively ond tet fF, 7 Fa. bah Vy aed Vp Ae Bre see ciffe Volumes of the gos um the Ave chambers A ard B. Wham Ake gas is force -thriowgth Ahe hole, the Winckic meray. of the Qos converb-e tmte Leak 9 flick drichion: The Aemperatime of othe chamber B will be Higher on buen Lepenaiing om iste nalimme of gaa, Pay 1 ta 1 v s Letus follow Are changes Prod cack tn tee Unk net 4 > as IEW forceed from re clamber A to charter B, yr . Suppose the pltom M expose fo prrevsure Py tm Here forcivany “ Aire chin 40 05 Ao BWeeP OWL & Volume Vy im theChambern . The veo Aone by the piston b PVa. Tre mors of gas Bey ewes mother piston Nn tre chamber B expred ke press fy tn the ontwend Mection to as to +weepaut BNokum Ves Tre won done by the unt mars of the gos Om the piston NIA PVp Led Up ard Ug te thetstemel menogics cf Uplt ames ef tee Qos tm the chambers A ard &. 9E Aa be Ake quombity of het absor ed from outside toy. the unt mass of gor, tren aAa= dutaw on BQ = (- U6) + Ca Ma- YD) “1 daz On Pray — C U, + Po ™s) on das Hy- Ne == @ where Hy ant He Gog the apcettle on thalies of tee gas ain tee chambers A and B, respectively, 94 the process adie, has o ae tues Ha= Ho Sin o Henee Ake emttalpicy remain corrkant, thos hn also called PreoPVing, peocess, Let @, te the Hee clfic Teak of the gos aE consstond Volume. then x Com +e witon as JCv@,- 7.) = %Ye— BMa > dm tae o(@ , 2 page’? hom eqpedin Gy Led us nan tre following conricerekios: oD de m= Ty, then Yao Py Ve AHLs ‘a Ah Same rresuth nf qouters ore gineh CxPorrmntrt, BA holds ony fon the cage of porfe cd Gees, » 44 T| 7s , stren Py Ve Fy Va armourdof wis means that tre gos door neater work tham Wher ures done upon tb Inthe chainber A, 3) $< ) Ben PYe < mh Bn Ans core , Are gas veitds ony a pak of wonk done upon tk 4m the chamber A, whe exe dene Blom Of ebore units that Lao molecules On & gor may, wei then atlract on repeal each, other, Qf the mole cntes attract , the WRK will 4a Rave Ao be done on tre gos Ae mage Ak eccpand, On the otter Rand, 44 Are molecules epel each other, the warck wi be done #g, are JS om exepambion. Mese wens ase added Fo on BP substractel -from the trdecal onogy Hence “Joule- thomsen cooling effeckss procs ced $3. Hmternel work done on or Aone by the gas motecules mn tat preoceys of LL PeamAAON « Prods chin of ew Rempecdune 3 | Frrodu akin of ow Nonpecature VB & Proce Ff re frigeratic S Refrigerotion Ve defined 3 the poo of cooling. oF Rosier 4 ot fluids to temp ecole Lowen thom those available ~ dn cthve sue Coundings> Xa park ewan time amd pace . ga a Ayre of canting, thed & a head Aeams fer p00 CAown @ a Aempccatune gration, ‘hb cam Se a natural , Bportoneows proces . How ever, ne frig enchin tg nod a sportoneouy Proce , as Ak equines ettendirte of e#209 4 This coohing, Of 6 hop cup Ff coffee Boe spor tamcos tile cad whe Comverting 2 Poss of usder from room aempuatine to Saq, A book oF 4ta,k @ Teafnig-cnotion Po ces, Ad nefrigeati, PROCS Involve cooking, eke aU coolkng. procotes need NOP ynvo bee refrkectin : RefrigercRion can be Gobiored by Beverol ym obheds. PL methods amvolve producing shemprcties Dow enonyh, fon Theat AnowSn cto Ane piece from the SysHfem being, Teefnig eractect to te system Akad is Prokalng ee frufention, Me thods of producing. Dow sJermperctunes: 1) Sensible cooking, 44, Colot meckiuon D Emaligithoonie wioxng of -substanees 2) Phase change processes AD Brepmsion of Liquichs >) Boe panat on of gases a) 6D Thermo ede dhic wefrigenattion FD Pdichet'n Aemngnekseton , By Ahnosthling, 4) 8yecren ofa ee ~— —— Heod and Pryemediynanien Pratlems of Treemectynoamicd — ‘aisle 2, Anancarney Calculate Bre change in embrcory. whon Lo gm A Atco ak Of We converted Tymto wer at the Home hom perctnve cols Ags SH. Aonsoced 2 2:93 calfK T ZR hoe Cokewdote the change & tn -enlrro Bp Whon stg, of wrod ts comrenteR Arto steom at the Same shempencine eee = Sf = a = #240 cab/K Deduee the CRapeg rors Aehend ‘head eqyodion a= Maxwell 5 dl Promodgrarnicat melabiors, OR Stoo bret SE = TOE) : 4. Show thod for atromogeneous Ftaid oy-ty= BR) (35), Show from the corsdecadion oF Mast ells Aheamodynarnt ced rebohehs thet 1 for oe Cp Cy= RR od wo fora robe Cp- Cy = eet dowels ~equdton 6. Deuve tre specific Read ere C,-Cy 7 HP Ex'y : : : : ¢ = os J. Using Maccuetl's Arernobyimics ran ast = rT 3) & Caleulste the change dn Sp of water ob 22°C. Sol ee) =-7 sy) Wore mean value of Ge =) 2 o'o0001=16" dpe Ladm= 40% o.&s unk Ac, =-ae +(e *) tye

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