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Unit 3

The document discusses the principles of groundwater flow, including the factors affecting movement such as permeability and hydraulic gradient. It presents empirical formulas for calculating flow velocity and permeability coefficients, as well as methods for field measurements and yield assessments. Additionally, it outlines various tests and calculations related to groundwater extraction and aquifer characteristics.

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Jovial YT
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3 views12 pages

Unit 3

The document discusses the principles of groundwater flow, including the factors affecting movement such as permeability and hydraulic gradient. It presents empirical formulas for calculating flow velocity and permeability coefficients, as well as methods for field measurements and yield assessments. Additionally, it outlines various tests and calculations related to groundwater extraction and aquifer characteristics.

Uploaded by

Jovial YT
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ROONDHATER — Movemsrr Ar vELborny’ ~+ Not horizontal 2 has high poink, low pond “To be th equilibrium Conditions , Gi moves from high point Rage of movernent depends upon : > Permeatititg ~y Hydvamiic Gradient Thi movement can be Compared With Rosey’ low : AN CA Qe Be Qwia Q=-kia K = Poopooionality conskank , Coefficient Permeability ks Crgee Rewsiking the above equation os, Aya=hi => Ve ki Ve Velodky at dikchange point Cwen) Actua velocity of Flow to voidy will be les than V and can be exprosed as Va Ay Vas av =) Ve Na <|¥ y 21> ¥ ve Aviva Ae Empirical Fonmula ; 2 Kt Pe Stich tor’s Fosimuta ! Va © z Va ev Velocity of goround waren Flow th mdoy ! = foo Cvon-dirnensivnal pastamere7) b= viscosity of water @ 20% =! Dio = EFF: Pontick size fh mm Haxen’s formula ! Va = ct le (ret +42) K" = $000 Field measurement; 2 Use chemical tracer fo braved known ctismance (L) ar Kime (b) L Vox = E s Sige te we kl s im Venva = ky, a nee Ky b Proviem: Food our the veoUtes of guiound ware Flow with the following elaba Using Stichker 2% Hanyenk Consran 0% Hoo and 800 cTespectively, Viscosing Wocfrtdent of water ab 1@'o = 1 Effective Gize of panicles th aquifer = Oslenm Hydraulic grodien as tin $0 gree $ i 5 Vac Ube: De , 400+ 4, +Cod” = 0.06 m/day me wanes 2 Boor Lx Va = Kit De (ner tas) * Bo (taxi + 42) = Ort o/day. be « sion Wead Yield oy an open wer \s Theostitical Methoet + Q= v. As Q: neva As 2. Field Method: (a) Pumping test : Pump t uistaued Fo come heavy crawdown th wed my then ate of flow & adjuked 40 thar water devel do wen becomes constant. =} In this Condition, mare of dichange ts equa to yieldar particwar drawdown s Gah HA > @ KG A 7 Belt gas con $= Depression head & = Piichange = known 5 $~ pepresion head known 5 As Area of well known Hog neea ak bottxn C's unknown ' Can be caleutared, 8» that @ ot other depression can be Calcutarea Velocity with depression heads. @E Critical velocity, Atpresion head becomes critical depression head 1 Critical clepresion head = Wosrhing head ‘Porobier: em: In a Heid Beek, a time of b hous was oequired fora tracer (\ @ Fotaver Rorough an aquifer from one well to another. The obser, Wale were 4am apant and the difference ch Hhebt water leyy,\ id wos found b> be [Link], Compute i) Pischarige velocity ; \ i) Coetficient off Pormeabilily, Given porosity of Sot as 207. Va BL. ham Hoo cmlg = O19 Cm]g k h 6x box bo Vee Va = Or2x OIG © 0-088 cm/s Be gOrke L Ve kt sy K- V/t = 090388 x Ido = 3-88 Cmjg Peremen wer : : err eaters Wake sekained Gh pome Spaces due to moleculon attraction Specific views: = Vol 2 taaten' opsaines ‘by Svauity Drain Sy = valet obkained Sravity Drainage . 5, . ‘Total Volume of material drained or clewatened DSpecifie etention ov Field capacity Sy - Volume of water held against Sravity drainage x loo Tokar Vor of material drained Sy + Sy = 0 CPorosity ) Recuperaring test we oat seckae m ABx Storie wr befone purging wn Stunted ED WIL Ishtn purnping & Stopped 6 me oe ‘ene 8 = Repression head then pumping ‘Steppe EF = Newer level often Kime T When Purnping i stoppedt wa when 35 = Pepresion head dh wed after Kime 7. Pamping te srpped Votume of ester emening welt Small chtewal Can be expresed 94, dvs Acde..-cp Rate of Ai change thko weil, with aepression head ave Qed ans ar cis a) From © 2 @) ¢ Qe c.g - Lag a fL.a Qe us Aga: a3 In _Ehe Absence ob teste 5 © © Specific yield A “Type ob Sot Cp. & Cusmetves pen hour per oy-m Clay o.a5 Fine sand os —_ Coowe Sand 2 10 3 cu- /secoma Powbrm: Besien an openwott th coarse sand fon a yield Of 0+ 00y @aawe When operated under a depresion head of 3m. Q-= o.004 mi, QL = 0008 x Gox60 = Ish mpy S= 3m : ae a A Qe 1eAg QA=38A DA eH = eB ent IF dia ob wer & a, then Wd? yg oy ds Bhemarsm 7 fern: Ruming a swcupenation est, the water level tr an open well Wak deprmed by pumpibg of abour 28m & i oecupenared by o amount of [bm th Fo minures. (@) Determine rhe gina from well of Sin dia uncer depression head o 35m (©) Petwrmine the dia of wel tr yield lo res per Second under a dleprewsion head of 2:5m- Te nine 9%, fo detormine Sq $, 5 oiviar dorawaown > 25m = age Od Sq + Piha drawdown wo - bo T = Fo mune = BE = oss yy bm? @ Yied ob Sm wea a. LAs a < [Link] (Br 2 236 2 665 m/e = brd2 beesls & Fea Qe 10 brea qe Wxboxbe . sem Toe THIRMS FORMULA) YieKB dF Wens 4 TwBEWerns/ tneonAned AQVIFERS ( Wares tev be the heighbourmood fous which Cares an Ghveneel cone of depron. — 4: Sarwan eph 7% “Two observation wuts witht the inflence zone usin be mace. @ ddtanc % Xt From ma wer Cie. Yo distance), ~y Stone the pumping bb mafn well bo caine Suthoent dnauwdown 7 Adjust the pumping man te achiewe equiibrium Condition . o ordnune VERE HA stone vereciy Prertt Peome: (Flew i sradias 2 Aerizontot Leith unl foem Vetosty) _ Know, Q=KiA. de dh dy © As kh gh ativh ar Foner we can simplify , ae Fy eChyth Chached hath 83)) 2:3 tags 4, KA No observation weirs ae RB. atk aay os a [é Ww Q . ame land Te athe? : as.y[f,) 2.8 by %) RB, vame & nok ensiy occ Stkcher gies Re isom F “nian ves Be aoe mn: Roa = R=cq ch A Goretank , @ hb discharge [Using Tovicd metheck] Hine Aqut fou? Q=kia , vk dt ome ; _ = + |\D e it ae. 7 P 2 i i _ 7 Bae Je ~ ky fo : ee fw een bone) 9 kne 2.8 logy B= QT (Dh) Be Sas an

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