APUSH NOTES ヾ(^▽^* )))

God speed, soldiers.

Hi tristyn !!

Unit 3: 1754-1800 ◑﹏◐

​ French and Indian War
-​ Conflict between British and French, Native Americans allied with
French.
-​ A part of a bigger global conflict- the Spanish American War
-​ Cause: Territorial Disputes between Britain and France over the Ohio
River Valley
-​ George Washington Lieutenant Colonel came to try and tell the French
to chill out, and they told him to royally fuck off
-​ The French claimed Fort Ducane, Washington got it back, and the
French got it back AGAIN
-​ Albany Convention - Benjamin Franklin showed the Albany Plan.
Laid the foundation of an intercolonial government and a system for
collecting taxes. Didn’t pass because people didn’t want to give up their
rights to tax themselves, or unite together. This concept was one later
used in the Constitution. “Join Us or Die” cartoon with a fragmented
Snake was created from Franklin’s frustrations.
-​ Native Americans fought in this war to try and keep heat off of them
-​ British Impressment - Forcing American colonizes to join the navy to
fight in the war
-​ High Taxes to fund the war effort
-​ Forced Board of soldiers in peoples homes
-​ Ended with the signing of the Peace of Paris in 1763
-​ Effects: Ohio River Valley and Florida are gained: Colonists flock to
the Native inhabited land. Pontiac’s rebellion was caused.
-​ PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 - British drew a line between where
Colonists could go after the French and Indian War. They couldn't go
 pasted the appalachian mountains, to the Ohio River Valley, bc there
were violent Natives still living there. They went anyway.

Taxation Without Representation

-​ Britain needed funds after the French and Indian War
-​ Salutary Neglect - Considering the distance, Britain widely let the
colonies govern themselves.
-​ Greenville’s Plan - 1. Stricter enforcement of current laws, 2. Extend
wartime provisions into peacetime, 3. Quartering Act of 1765
-​ Quartering Act of 1765 - Kept British Soldiers stationed in colonies,
responsible for solders’ food and housing
-​ Sugar Act - Imposed taxes on coffee, wine, and other luxuries.
-​ Stamp Act of 1765 - A tax on all paper items in the colony.
-​ Currency Act - Prevented colonies from printing their own money,
made the taxes even harder to pay since it was restricting the flow of
money
-​ “No taxation without representation” - The colonists had no
representation in the British parliament, but were still being taxed.
Uncool man :(
-​ Virtual Representation - The British had people in their parliament that
“Virtually represented the colonies”, by representing people in all British
classes. Colonists thought this was stupid asf
-​ Sons/Daughters of Liberty - Groups that included all ranks of people, all
colonists who wanted to protest the British’s taxes, especially the Stamp
Act.
-​ Stamp Act congress, 1765 - Wanted the British Parliament to repeal the
Stamp Act, still wanted to be British Citizens. They actually did get the
Stamp and Sugar act repealed.
-​ Declaratory Act - Brits can declare anything law that they want in
the colonies
-​ Townshend Acts - Levies taxes on things like paper, tea, and such that
were imported into the colonies. The colonists fucking HATED it and
protested like their dicks were on fire. Hella boycotts broke out, and
women especially who were buying tons of stuff participated. No one
bought shit from England if they could help it.
 -​ Boston Massacre - Young colonists threw rocks at British soldiers,
someone shot someone, and 11 colonists ended up shot. Four died. It
sparked violent outrage in the colonies.
-​ Boston Tea Party - Tea Act was passed, made it so Colonists could only
get tea from England. 50 Sons of Liberty disguised as Native
Americans snuck onto a transport ship of 45 tons of tea and dumped it
in the river. 2 MILLION DOLLARS WORTh
-​ Intolerable Acts (Quartering Act + Coercive Act) - Nothing shipped in
the Boston Harbor until tea was paid off
-​ Militias were formed to defend themselves from British Tyranny

Philosophical Foundations to the American Revolution

-​ Continental Congress, 1774 - All colonies except Georgia sent to try and
figure out what they were gonna do about the British Government.
They created a list of laws they wanted repealed, and wanted to
comply with the British Boycott.
-​ Formed Continental Associations with towns to ensure that they
complied with the boycott, but they still wanted to be Britts
-​ Britain refused to negotiate
-​ Enlightenment Thinkers:
-​ John Locke argued that legitimate governments can only exist in the
hands of the people + human beings all have natural God Given rights
-​ Jean Rousseau argued that the governed are in a “social contract” - They
give up some of their power to their government in payment for
protection of rights
-​ Montesquieu argued that republican governments are best: three
branches of government, executive, judicial and legislative
-​ Common Sense by Thomas Paine - Pamphlet in plain language that
fought rebellion against Britain, brought Enlightenment ideals to the
average public. It was a huge turning point.
-​ Continental Congress of 1776 - Declaration of Independence written by
Jefferson, heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals. July 4, 1776,
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE!!! YEWAAHHHHhAHhahaha

The AMERICAN REVOLUTION BABBYYYY FUCK THE BRITS

-​ America was SO supposed to lose. Like heavily.
-​ Patriots fought for independence, about half of the colonists.
 -​ Loyalists stuck with Britain, and didn’t want to rebell. They were a
decent chunk of the colonists.
-​ George Washington - Appointed by the Continental Congress as the
General of the Continental Army
-​ The Continental Army was kinda bunz. They were much more focused
on their individual lands than the war effort in general, and many
deserted.
-​ General William Howel - Brought tons of very well trained British
troops to fight the Americans.
-​ Washington’s plan was to win a war of attrition, which meant to keep
the war going as long as possible to wear out the Brits. They very much
did that.
-​ Black people fought in the war (about 5,000 black men). They ate.
-​ First major victory - Washington’s raid on the Delaware River on
Christmas Eve, 1776
-​ Battle of Saratoga - MAJOR BATTLE!!! REMEMBER: Benjamin
Franklin had been trying to get the French on their side for a while,
but they were hesitant. This victory convinced the FRENCH TO JOIN
THE AMERICANS! Spain and Holland DID THE SAME THING!!! YAY
-​ BATTLE OF YORKTOWN, 1781 - Supported by French navy and
soldiers, the Continental Army forced the British to Surrender.
-​ Paris Peace Treaty 1783 - Britain officially recognized America as it's
own nation. Western Boundary Established at the Mississippi river.

Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

-​ An increase of concern with societal inequality becomes apparent
because of the language of the constitution
-​ “All Men are Created Equal” = Slavery is bad.
-​ Many Northern states illegalized slavery, Southern states buckled down
-​ State and National governments were more focused on democracy.
Many places demolished title and property requirements so more people
could vote (more white men). Titles literally got abolished.
-​ Women did a lot during the war in many ways.
-​ Nancy Heart - Invited British soldier’s to her table. Then she SHOT
THEM. AND THEN HER NEIGHBOR’S HUNG THE REST.
-​ Republican Motherhood - Women needed to be well schooled so they
could teach their sons to be good republicans. It was actually a pretty
big step up in women's autonomy.
 -​ Global Influence - The revolution inspired many other countries to do
the same, first being the French Revolution in 1789. The French people
founded the National Assembly, which later overthrew the French
Crown on July 14th, 1789. The Declaration of The Rights of Man and
Citizen was created, very similar to declaration of independence.
-​ The Haitian Revolution of 1791 - The French colony of Haiti heard of
the revolution, and the majority enslaved population overthrew their
enslavers. It was the first time an enslaved people had successfully
rebelled, and it was later a major inspiration for enslaved Americans.
-​ Latin American countries followed suit: Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and
Chile are examples.
​
The First Constitution of The US: The Articles of Confederation
-​ The US needed a Government.
-​ The Articles of Confederation was ratified in 1781, heavily influenced
by state constitutions.
-​ Largely focused political power into the legislative branch: aka, people
were a huge part of government
-​ There was virtually no President, it was mostly ceremonial.
-​ Each state had Veto power: 9/13 states needed to agree, it was kinda
insane. It made the articles basically unchangeable.
-​ Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (the one good thing) - A law that
abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory, and provided a means for
western territories to amount a population and apply for statehood into
the Union.
-​ Shay’s Rebellion - The economy was horrible, especially in regard to
farmers. They couldn’t afford their debts and taxes, and they asked for
relief from their government, but got nothing. Daniel Shay gathered a
militia of about a thousand, and armed themselves. The Massachusetts
militia stopped them, but when Massachusetts asked for federal aid,
they got no response. There was no federal army to send… so the
government realized they had to do something.
-​ Also the articles couldn’t really tax people, they made it optional. Baddd
booooo :p

The Constitutional Convention

-​ 55 delegates from the states met for the Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia, 1787.
 -​ People debated if they should revise the articles or create a new
constitution - new constitution won.
-​ James Madison and Alexander Hamilton fought for a new government
-​ Virginia Plan - Strong centralized state and Bicameral legislature (Two
houses, representatives based on population). This appealed to big states
because it gave them more representation in government.
-​ New Jersey Plan - Unicameral Legislature where all states had equal
representation. Appealed to small states because it made ALL
representation equal.
-​ The Great Compromise - Everyone came together to create a bicameral
legislature. House of representatives - Based on population, and Senate -
Everyone represented equally.
-​ The ⅗ Compromise - All slaves would be counted as ⅗ of a person for
the sake of representation in government. Plus the Government couldn’t
debate banning the institution of slavery until 1808.
-​ House of Representatives - Elected directly by the people, two year
terms
-​ Senate - Elected by state legislatures, six year terms
-​ Executive Branch (President) - Elected by electoral college, technically
not by the people but by the states (people are too stupid to actually
vote for their president basically.)
-​ Ratification - In order for the constitution to pass, 9/13 states had to
agree to put it into law.
-​ Federalists - Went back to their states to convince the people to ratify
the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay
created the Federalist papers, trying to convince the public.
-​ Anti-Federalists - Thought the constitution gave too much power to the
central government, pointed out there was no “Bill of Rights” to protect
the individual rights of the people from the Federal government.
-​ A Bill of Rights was agreed to be added.
-​ Mid 1788 The constitution was officially law!

The CONSTITUTION 🔥🔥🔥

-​ Federalism - The sharing of power between the national government
and state government. NOT THAT ONE IS MORE POWERFUL… that
they share power.
-​ Supremacy Clause - Nation law trumps state law. This applies to the
Enumerated Powers of Congress (The power to declare War, stuff like
that.)
 -​ Tenth Amendment - “The Power not delegated to the United STates are
reserved to the states…”
-​ Separation of Powers/Branches of Government
-​ Legislative (houses) - Makes Laws. Can override veto with a ⅔
majority vote.
-​ Executive (president) - Carries out and enforces the laws. President
must approve laws, can veto them.
-​ Judicial Branch (supreme court) - Interprets the laws to make sure they
uphold the constitution. Can reject laws.
-​ The framers of the Constitution wanted the powers to be very, very
hard to take advantage of by having those separations of powers. “If all
men were angels no government would be necessary” - James Madison

Shaping a NEW REPUBLIC

-​ George Washington - First President of the United States, established
executive departments. Treasury, War, State, and Justice (all headed by

🎶
a secretary, who all were the President’s cabinet.)
-​ Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of the Treasury, wanted to
establish a National Bank.
-​ National Bank - Hamilton believed it would unify the states and
improve the US credit. He wanted to absorb the States’ debts from the
revolutionary war into a National Debt as a way to make the states
more dependent on the federal Government. Under the Elastic Clause
(“Congress has the power to create any law that is necessary and proper
for the US to run, basically”), Hamilton believed that the Government
had the right to make a national bank under the constitution. It worked
really well actually :P
-​ Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 - The US didn’t know if it wanted
to help the French during the French Revolution. Washington didn’t,
and sent out the Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793, against the wishes
of Thomas Jefferson. This resulted in France’s minister to the US,
Edmond Genet, going to the people with his case. He ended up staying
and becoming an American citizen and everything worked out yay
-​ John Jay’s Treaty - Despite neutrality, the British kept impressing
(stealing for their own navy) American ships on their way to France.
John Jay got sent out to talk to the Brits, and the result was Jay’s Treaty,
making the Brits give up their posts in Western US Territory. This
pissed off the Spanish bc they HATE the British.
 -​ Pinckney Treaty - Spain let Americans use New Orleans ports to trade
on the Mississippi River, and agreed that the Southern Boarder of the
United States was at the 31st parallel.
-​ Americans looveeeed to move West and Conflict with Native
Americans.
-​ Battle of Fallen Timbers - The U.S Army clashed with a confederacy of
Native American tribes, and defeated them. All Ohio valley was lost to
the Natives.
-​ Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 - A tax on whiskey was made, poor farmers
freaked all the way out in Pennsylvania, and started attacking tax
collectors. In contrast to Shay’s Rebellion, the Whiskey Rebellion fucking
DEMOLISHED those hoes. Showed that the government could stand on…
business. I’m sorry.
-​ Emergence of Two Parties
-​ Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton, believed in strong central
government, and favoured urban and elite interests
-​ Democratic Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson and John Madsion,
believed in states rights, and favored rural and agricultural interests.
-​ Washington’s Farewell Address - Warned about the dangers of factions
and political parties, and intertanglements with foreign powers
(encouraged isolationism.)
-​ XYZ Affair - John Adams (new president after Washington) was cool
with the British, but as a war broke out between the Brits and the
French, he didn’t want to pick sides. Frenchies kept messing with
American ships though, so Adams went to go talk to them. Frenchmen
referred to as X, Y, and Z refused to sit down at the table for a
discussion until they were given a bribe, and after it got back to the US,
everyone was pissed off.
-​ Alien and Sedition Acts - Adams wanted Congress to pass two acts that
one: gave the government the right to deport or imprison any
non-citizen as they please (mostly targeted at the Irish and Scottish),
and two: made it illegal to criticize the Government publically. This
pissed off Democratic Republicans HEAVY.
-​ Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - Said the states had the right to
nullify any law passed by the federal government that overstepped its
constitutional rights.

Developing an AMERICAN IDENTITY

 -​ Women/Republican Motherhood - Wives and mothers were seen as
important figures in the education of their sons. This was a big step up
in woman’s education. WHITE WOMEN. Stuff actually got kinda
worse for non-white women.
-​ Art - Art was a major part of the development of an American
identity. Major figures include Charles Willson Peale, Samuel Jennings
(who included women and black people!!), and John Trumbull
(depicted important historical events in romanticized fashion. It made
people be prouder of their history). Architecture was heavily influenced
by European styles, including Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s famous
home which is tasteful brick. Benjamin Franklin’s book Poor Richard’s
Almanack was only outsold by the bible, and contained many little
sayings like “a penny saved is a penny earned” that still shape the
American culture of hard working today.
-​ Religion/The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom - Separation of
Church and state, very American thing. Government and faith aren’t
supposed to overlap.

Unit 4 : 1800-1848 （〃｀ 3′〃）

Rise of Political Parties in the Age of Jefferson
-​ The Election of 1800/ Revolution of 1800 - First time that a Democratic
Republican candidate won the United States’ presidency, and the fact
power was transferred peacefully between parties.
-​ Despite Federalists being out of power, that didn’t mean they didn’t stop
fighting about the power of the central government.
-​ The Democratic Republicans got rid of the Whiskey tax, and limited
federal power by getting rid of federal jobs and scaling back the
military (real smart there bud.)
-​ Louisiana Purchase - The French owned a big chunk of America dead
in the center, plus the MISSISSIPPI (your the only woman whos piss i’d
sippy) RIVER which was huge for trading. The French didn’t gaf about
the place anymore after the Haitian rebellion, so Jefferson sent James
Monroe to buy some of it for 2 million dollars. The French offered ALL
of it for FIFTEEN dollars, and Monroe said “Yes, Please!”. It doubled the
land of America. It was like 10 states.
-​ But Jefferson got some shit because it wasn’t expressly stated in the
constitution that the President could buy land, and his strict ass party
(who believed in Strict Constructionism). He felt bad but got over it
 because the land made it easier for them to relocate Native Americans
(not-so-subtle foreshadowing).
-​ Corps of Discovery/Lewis and Clark - The Gov. gave money for this
exploration of the territory gained from the Louisiana Purchase, carried
out by Lewis and Clark. Lewis and Clark went to the North, and a guy
named Zebulon had the south. This all contributed to better connections
with Native Americans in the area, and just general knowledge about
the new territory previously unknown.
-​ John Marshal - John Marshal was the supreme court justice during the
case of Marbury v Madison. He cemented that the Judiciary branch of
government had the right to declare laws as unconstitutional (Judicial
Review). He also made the prescient in Mcculloch v Maryland, a state
cannot tax a federal bank, and in any case where state law and federal
law conflict, federal law trumps it.
-​ The Barbary States of North Africa/Barbary Pirates - The US paid the
Barbary States of Africa a tribute for protection so the US could trade
in their area. When Jefferson was brought into office, the price was
hiked, and Jefferson refused to pay. The Barbary States’ government
refused to protect US trade ships anymore. The US navy got involved,
and four years of conflict waged, until the US agreed on a decreased
tribute payment.
-​ The War of 1812:
-​ Cause: British impressment (forcing Americans into their navy) got
people hot and bothered (not freaky), and Native Americans were just
trying to live. The Brits sent VERY LITTLE aid to a confederacy of
Natives who were fighting colonists on the western frontier, and that
got the attention of the War Hawks (people in Pres. Jefferson’s cabinet
who wanted war with Britain really bad). And war was waged.
-​ The Hartford Convention - Northern states/Federalists were so pissed
about the war that they were going to secede from the union… but the
war was over before they sent their letter. This was so lame that the
Federalist party literally disbanded.
-​ Battle of New Orleans - US Victory :p
-​ Ended with the Treaty of Ghent
-​ Effects: The victory created a renewed sense of nationalism through the
country (everyone thought they were hot shit after beating Britain
AGAIN), and the Federalists were seen as so crusty and lame that they
disbanded forever.

Politics and Regional Interests

 -​ The National Bank’s charter expired in 1811, and people were brokkeeee.
Also our transportation was buns, we couldn’t get anybody anywhere
at a quick pace, making war very difficult.
-​ Henry Clay - The Great Compromiser, brought up the American
System.
-​ American System - 1. Federally Funded Improvements - Improve
infrastructure and stuff so that people can more easily get around, like
farmers and merchants. 2. Federally Imposed Tariffs - Made buying
imported goods more expensive to encourage people to buy locally, 3.
Reinstate the National Bank - Kept a national currency and made the
economy more straightforward and simple overall. Presidents Jackson
and Monroe blocked the Federal Improvements, but were cool with
everything else.
-​ Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 - Missouri wanted to be a
state. Oh no! It upended the balance of slave and free states, 11 and 11.
Slave states wanted Missouri to be a slave state of course. The
Tallmadge Amendment was a failed idea that made it so Missouri
would be a free state after 25 years, and the south was so pissed off
that they almost seceded from the Union over it. In the end, the
Missouri Compromise was drafted by Henry Clay, which stated that
Missouri would be a slave state, and a new free state named Maine
would be created. The 36-30 line was drafted, splitting the US into a
slave and not slave half. Anything below the line would be slave,
anything above it would be free.

America on the World Stage

-​ War of 1812 - Basically the Treaty of Ghent was kinda ass when it came
to property disputes, so President Monroe sent out John Quincy Adams
to go negotiate. They thought up a treaty.
-​ In this treaty, it was decided that Canada’s border would be on the 49
parallel, and that America and Britain would both occupy Oregon
County for ten years.
-​ Floridians started getting freaky while still controlled by Spain, because
Spain was busy crushing other rebellions. People kept jumping the
boarder to the US and fucking with stuff, so President Monore sent
General Andrew Jackson (PUKE PUKE PUKE PUKE PUKE) to set them
straight. He ended up almost getting the US in war with Spain and
Britain, but they agreed to be chill guys about it.
-​ Spain noticed how the US seemed to lowkey want Florida (yaoi?) so
they sold it to the US to avoid any other conflicts over the region. They
negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.
 -​ Monroe Doctrine of 1823 - Basically Monroe told the world that all of
America should belong to the US. “Leave us ALONE Europe! FUCK
YOU!”
-​ Hella trade started up in America that was unprecedented. This led to
revolution of manufacturing/industrialism called the MARKET
REVOULTION

Market Revolution - Industrialization

-​ Definition: Basically, all facets of the US economy came together in a
big way. It revolutionized transportation, agriculture, and industry. The
South and North had very different economies, but kinda worked
together to make a big economy. Made us a capitalist economy.
-​ Transportation:
-​ The National Road/Cumberland Road - A large, paved road through
the United States, spreading through Maryland to Illinois, stretching for
a thousand miles. This was a huge deal because states rarely paid for
projects that spread through their borders.
-​ The Erie Canal - Canals are man-made waterways that helped trade be
more convenient. The most important one was the Erie canal, created on
1825 from New York.
-​ Steamboats - Steamboats were a huggeee improvement in ways of
water travel, which with the creation of canals, had become vital in the
trade economy. It now made the current of the water much less
important so people could go in any direction.
-​ RAILROADS - SUPER important, by 1820-30s, it was the main
transportation method. The federal government supported this by
giving railroads land and funding to build.
-​ Industrial Technology:
-​ Eli Whitney - Created interchangeable parts, and the Cotton Gin. This
changed industry by basically putting skilled artisans out of business.
You no longer needed a completely new machine, you could just buy a
replacement part if something broke.
-​ Factory System - Factories produced interchangeable parts, mass
produced by unskilled workers. It filled people with the desire for shit
they didn’t even know they wanted.
-​ Agricultural Innovation:
-​ Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney made this one too. Freak you Eli Whitney.
This made cotton into a cash crop, which made slavery SKYROCKET
like CRAZY.
 -​ This transformed the primary farming in the US from Subsistence
Farming to Commercial Farming

Market Revolution - SOCIETY

-​ Migration - Tons of people flocked to the cities, a large portion of those
immigrants. The Irish Potato famine was happening, so tons of Irish
peopled up, as well as select other Eurpoeans. In the period between
1820-1840s, 1.7 Million immigrants lived in America
-​ Many of these immigrants were given dangerous factory jobs because
they couldn’t get much else, which meant they usually went to areas of
industry in the North.
-​ These immigrants brought their cultures with them, establishing things
like churches and convents in areas where their numbers were high.
-​ Nativists - People who loved hating on immigrants, particularly Jewish
and Catholic (predominantly Irish) immigrants. Jewish people were
portrayed as money-hungry, and Catholics were accused of being “spies
for the pope” to spread his agenda in America.
-​ Middle Class - Considering the increase of Immigrant labor, the middle
class began to grow in the spots above poor immigrants and below the
mega rich. Education was a huge deal, religion, and temperance (no
drinky drink). Be anything that isn't Catholic, just be protestant. They
had spending money!!
-​ Cult of Domesticity - Women should have babies, raise babies, and keep
the home nice and clean. This concept trapped both men and
DEFINATELY women into these criteria, especially in the middle class
where people could afford to only have one income in the household.
-​ Women in Factories/Lowell Mills - Women who worked in factories
were underpaid, and overworked. The Lowell Mills were known for
being one of the first of women-factories, and also obsessively
monitoring every aspect of their female worker’s lives.

Expanding DEMOCRACY
-​ Franchise - The right to vote
-​ The Panic of 1819 - 2nd Bank of the US limited it's spending to
counteract inflation. This caused some state banks to close, and in combo
with a decline in demand for agricultural american crops like cotton,
hella people got out into debt. And then jail.
-​ These working folks (especially in the west), blocked from voting
because of land ownership requirements, were freaking out.
 -​ This pressured a lot more states to drop the land ownership requirement,
and more people (white men) began to vote.
-​ Democratic Republicans - They were the only remaining political party
after the Federalists disbanded this point. But they started to fragment.
-​ FRAGMENTS not new parties, still democratic republicans:
-​ National Republicans - Believed that the government should expand a
little bit, and believed in Loose constructionism (interpreting the
constitution loosely.)
-​ Democrats - Small government, strict construction.
-​ The Corrupt Bargain during the Election on 1824 - During the Election
of 1824, none of the four candidates (Andrew Jackson, John Quincy
Adamns, Henry Clay, William Crawford) won a majority in the
electoral college. Jackson won the majority of the popular vote, but it got
thrown to the House of Representatives. Henry Clay pulled some strings
to get John Quincy Adams elected as President, and Clay was given
the position of the Secretary of State.
-​ This pissed off Jackson and his supporters a LOT. Despite the blame
mostly being on the Democratic Republicans, since four candidates for
one party was never going to get the majority needed to actually
become president. The House just did it's job honestly.,

Jackson and Federal Power

-​ New Political Parties solidified from the National Republicans and
Democrats
-​ Democrats (still democrats) - Pro Limited federal power, free trade, local
rule. Anti corporate monopolies, high tariffs, national bank
-​ Whigs (very federalist core) - Pro involved central government,
national bank, federally funded internal improvements, Anti Crimes
being committed by immigrants. Led by Henry Clay, his American
System policies really shined through.
-​ Tariffs: Taxes on imported good so that stuff made in-country is more
easily funded. This was divisive :p
-​ Essentially a huge tariff was placed on imported goods in 1828, which
completely butchered the South. Jackson didn’t set it into power, and
honestly didn’t care, but his Vice President Callhoun definitely did. He
was from South Carolina, and the tariffs pisssed him off so bad that he
wrote up the Doctrine of Nullification (Nullification Crisis), which
stated that if a Federal law is deemed unconstitutional by a state, they
can nullify/ignore it.
 -​ Jackson told Calhoun to get his shit together, and got the Force Bill in
1833 passed which gave him the power to do so (with his military).
Calhoun backed down.
-​ Second National Bank - It worked pretty well for a long time, but
eventually, many state banks stopped being able to pay their debts to
the federal bank, and had to be closed. This resulted in many people
being left with useless paper money that had no value. Jefferson did
NOT let the bank get rechartered, because he thought it was a
disadvantage to the lower classes and helped the rich. Apparently
America was chill with that because they elected him again. We don’t
have that today, so… we kept it.
-​ Internal Improvements - Whigs thought that internal improvements to
the nation using federal power was constitutional, while Democrats
thought it was an overreach of federal power.
-​ Indian Removal Act of 1830/The Trail of Tears - Cherokees (heyyy)
lived in Georgia as an independent nation. Georgia respected this just
about as well as you’d think. Gold was found on the land, and the
government wanted natives OFF the land (that rightfully belonged to
them). The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830, stating that all
Native American tribes were to be relocated to reservations in
Oklahoma Territory (more like Oklahomo).
-​ Cherokee’s protested the constitutionality of this in the Supreme Court
case Worcester v Georgia. And they WON!!! THE SUPREME COURT
SAID IT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL!!!
-​ Despite this, in 1835, a few Cherokees met with U.S officals (without
permission from their tribe), and negotiated the Treaty of New Echota
which exchanged Cherokee land for land west of the Mississippi River.
-​ So forcible removal of tribes started in 1838, and it was dubbed the Trail
of Tears because of the horrible journey.
-​ Some Cherokees resisted removal, and became known as The Eastern
Band of the Cherokee Indians. They ended up in North Carolina.

The Development of American Culture 1800-1848

-​ We as a nation shifted from a culture that was basically just European
Lite (see Enlightenment Ideals), but during the 1800s, we shifted to
Romanticism.
-​ Romanticism - We want to be warm, comfortable, in comparison to the
fuck ass life the 1800s had for us. It was all about homey, and safe.
-​ Architecture - We went from more European/British, to trying to
imitate Rome and Greece.
 -​ Literature - Lets get Romantic!!! Sir Walter Scoot, James Fennimore
Cooper, Washington Irving, and the Webster Dictionary
-​ Art - Hudson River School: School of artists that painted beautiful
images of American landscapes, and showed that civilization was kind
of spoiling it. They wanted you to feel, not to think.
-​ Transcendentalism - The belief of the transcendent nature of… well.
Nature. And ALSO human perfectibility- basically the belief that
human perfection was possible.
-​ The Shakers tried to be a perfect community with no sin and stuff, but
uh… no one could screw, so no one was having babies, and they died
own. Shaking everything but that ass </3
-​ The Oneida Community was a community that tried to have no
inequality at all. This led to polyamory, which caused HUGE
controversy. Despite the freaky community being widely hated they
made cute silverware so it's cool.

Second Great Awakening

-​ Def: Basically, a period where tons of Protestant Christian views spread
throughout America, focused on self control and high morals. And no
sinning of course. Doing all this would lead someone and their society to
heaven or something.
-​ The Market Revolution - The Great Awakening and Market Revolution
were both pretty similar. They both focused much more on personal
salvation. They both stated that ones success was in their own hands,
one financially with hard work, and one with saving their own soul by
being moral.
-​ Charles Grandiosn Finney - A preacher who embodied the style of the
new Great Awakening - Amp up the romanticism, make stuff emotional
and simple so anyone - even the poor, enslaved, and minorities - could
get with it. He focused more on the helping of society to the helping of
oneself, and this idea helped spark many more reform movements.

Reform Movements (AUGGHHHH.)

-​ Oftentimes, these reform movements were very tied with the Market
Revolution, aka, the whole “We can do stuff on our own!! Lets change
shit!!!” mantality, mixed with the romanticism needed to actually
believe it
-​ Religious Reform Movements:
-​ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) - Joseph
Smith, random white guy, started having visions. His visions were
about how far church had strayed, and that he had to go dig up some
gold tablets. He did, and translated them, and called it the Book of
Mormon. “God” said he was the one true prophet. He garnered
supporters, and his visions started to show polygamy, and other people
in Illinois (where he was stationed) thought it was dumb as fuck. They
lynched bro. So the Mormons moved to Utah :p and got a new leader
named Brigham Young.
-​ Temperance - No Drinky!!! No alcohol it's bad!! It makes you dumb and
makes you beat your wife!! It began as a movement of the Church,
egged on by the Second Great Awakening.
-​ The American Temperance Society was founded in 1826, which
extended from businessman to clergymen. 5000 chapters were created
around the country, and the wide spread of it reached politics and
business practices. Irish and German immigrants thought this was ass,
but they were ignored.
-​ Abolition - The Great Awakening started to make make people believe
that slavery was a sinful institution. There was a range of abolitionists,
ones who wanted it to be slowly abolished, and those who wanted it
abolished immediately.
-​ William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator - The Liberator was an
anti-slavery newspaper that spread like wildfire, written by William
Lloyd Garrison. He wanted slavery to be ended by moral persuasion,
but it to be ended FAST. He was kinda radical.
-​ He established the American anti-slavery society, which grew in the
North a ton.
-​ Frederick Douglas - An escaped slave, who learned to read and write.
He published The Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, in
which he showed both the cruel and inhumane treatment of slaves, and
the dehumanization of slave owners who enact that cruelty.
-​ Women’s Rights - Inspired by the abolitionist movement, many women
realized they couldn’t make much societal change because of their
treatment as less-than to men. This caused Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucreita Mott to hold the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, a convention
created to speak for women’s rights. They drafted the Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions, similar to the Declaration of Independence.
They basically vented about how dickish society was to them, treating
them like shit. This didn’t change much, but showed a beginning to the
Women’s Rights Movement.
African America’s n the Early Republic
-​ Enslaved peoples kept up their culture as best they could, keeping their
languages, names, and folktales. These all mixed together, and at the
end of the day, religion became a beautiful mix for many people. Slaves
were still people guys… crazy.
-​ The Haitian Rebellion - The rebellion of a majority-black French colony
in which they successfully overthrew their masters, ending in 1804. This
story gave fear to slave owners, and increased their desire to destroy the
culture and community of their slaves so they didn’t have the power to
revolt.
-​ Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831 - A slave rebellion lead by Nat Turner, a
slave who had a big spiritual tie. Him and his followers killed around
55 white people on plantations, and the Virginia militia caught them,
hanging Nat Turner as his alleged conspirators. This terrified Virginia
slave holders, and almost all of them beat their slaves, killing some of
them.
-​ Amistad, 1839 - A Spanish slave ship full of kidnapped Africans, which
was taken over by those on board. After a cook made a joke about the
Africans getting cooked and eaten, one broke free, and freed the others.
They took over the boat, and killed the captain. When they got to
shore, they ended up in front of the Supreme Court, defended by John
Quincy Adams… woah. They won their freedom!
-​ This all made slave owners very nervous, and very cruel.
-​ Between 1820-1840, Southern-Legislatures really hammered down on
slaves. They made it illegal to free a slave, illegal to teach them to read
or write, and made it illegal for slaves to get married, or get in front of
a court. They were treated like livestock.
-​

Unit 5: 1844-1877 ヽ（≧□≦）ノ

Manifest Destiny
-​ Ameican’s loveddd Western Expansion, oh my
-​ John O’Sullivan created the term Manifest Destiny - basically, it was
America's God-given right to claim their entire continent. It was an
ideal, but American’s also believed that they needed the land for the
resources in Western territories.
-​ California Gold Rush, 1848 - The discovery of gold in California got tons
of people moving there, FUCK the natives who already lived there no
one cared.
-​ Gold was also found in Nevada and the Dakotas
 -​ Preemption Acts of 1830s and 1840s - Made huge pieces of land
available to own for cheap in the west. Most people who went for these
properties to farm on were middle class, because you needed a little
money to get your grind on.
-​ Mormons - Tons of em’ moved to Utah because most people wanted to
kill them over taking multiple wives.
-​ Election of James K. Polk in 1844 - He wanted Texas and Oregan soooo
bad.
-​ Texas - People from America kept settling in Texas despite it being
Mexican territory, and Mexico made these rules for those immigrants:
BE CATHOLIC AND NO SLAVES. The Texans didn’t gaf whatsoever,
and eventually, the Mexican Government got hostile. Sam Houston led
a rebellion to call Texas an independent territory, and the Mexicans
won the battle of Alamo- but lost the battle of San Jacinto, where a
general was captured and forced to sign a treaty (which was null and
void because he didn’t have the authority to do so.)
-​ Texas wanted to be a state, but uhhh… nobody wanted that smoke
because it was technically a Mexican territory.
-​ Oregon Territory - Oregon was a shared territory between the
Americans and Brits, but there were hella Americans there are few
Brits. President Polk wanted Oregan so they signed a treaty, and
Oregan was divided at the 49th parallel
-​ President John Tyler used his last months to try and get Texas from
annexed (bc Polk was winning the election), and Polk wanted to
POUNCE. Mexico said that was lame so WAR TIMEEE

Mexican American War

-​ Effects:
-​ Texas - Tons of whiteys wanted to get Texas annexed, despite it being a
Mexican territory (of course.)
-​ James K. Polk - He promised to get Texas into the Union while running
for president, and he stuck with it. He was soooo ready he was HORNY
to get this property.
-​ John Slidell - Was sent by President Polk to negotiate two things: For
Mexico to sell Texas and California, and to set straight the boarder of
Mexico. Mexico said it ran along the Nueces River, while America said
it was the Rio Grande. Mexico said “kill yourself and leave us alone.”
 -​ General Zachary Taylor - Him and his men were sent by Polk to be
stationed near the Rio Grande because “they owned the land”. Eleven
Americans died.
-​ Polk got so pissy that on May 13, 1846, the US waged War on Mexico.
-​ Americans kinda ate it up it was not a difficult war for them to win.
They claimed California and Mexico.
-​ General Winfeild Scott - He claimed Mexico City, which ended the war
by forcing Mexico to negotiate.
-​ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 - Rio Grade was the Southern
Boarder of Texas, and the Mexican Cession, where New Mexico and
California were sold to the US for 15 Million Buckeronis
-​ Gadsden Purchase, 1853 - More Mexican Territory given to the US
-​ Mexico lost more than half their territory
-​ Wilmot Proviso - Congress guy named Wilmot tried to get an
amendment passed that guaranteed any territory obtained in the
Mexican American War would be no-slavery territory. It got shot
down, but it showed that slavery was becoming a hot button topic. This
proposal was seen as the first major battle for the attitudes that
contributed to the civil war.
-​ Free Soil - The idea that most politicians who voted for anti-slavery
policies believed in - There should be aquired territories free of slavery
so settlers could support themselves without competing with the
institution of slavery.
-​ Non-Americans living in that land - The Mexicans living in acquired
territories were granted US citizenship, but Native Americans were not.
These new citizens were totally discriminated against in ways of
forbidding them from voting, and discriminating schools so they
couldn’t gain education.

The Compromise of 1850

-​ The Mexican Cession caused more heated slavery and anti slavery
debate (ex. Wilmot Proviso)
-​ Southern Position (on slavery) - They believed that slavery was
constitutional, and that the Missouri Compromise was as strong as the
BIBLE. They needed slavery to exist beyond that line like they needed
oxygen and wives to beat.
-​ Northern Position (on slavery)/Free Soil - Northern Democrats and
Whigs, and wanted new territories to be made up of free labourers to
get the economy up ^^^. They honestly didn’t care about black people
 though mostly, they didn’t even want black people to be allowed in
new territories. But there were DEF abolitionists. And people who
wanted popular sovereignty - letting states vote on if they made
slavery wanted to be legal in it or not.
-​ The South HATED the idea of popular sovereignty, because it
threatened the institution of slavery. The North hated it for the opposite
reason.
-​ All these people beefed so hard it's crazy
-​ California and New Mexico came in as FREE states. The South
FLIPPED THEIR SHIT, because it upended the even amount of free and
slave states in the free states favor. The south literally threatened to
succeed from the Union.
-​ This created a majority in the senate, which had been even so that in
the South’s eyes, legislation to ban slavery could never gain the
majority it needed to pass. This was a huge fucking deal.
-​ HENRY CLAY is BACK baby, for more compromisin’
-​ The Compromise of 1850:
-​ Mexican Cession territories split into Utah and New Mexico, who
voted on if they wanted slavery or not with popular soverignty
-​ California was free (yay)
-​ Slave trade BANNED in DC
-​ New Fugitive Slave Law (bad bad bad bad bad)

Sectional Conflict/Regional Differences

-​ Everyone was beefing about slavery, and immigration.
-​ Immigration:
-​ Cultural Enclaves - Places in which immigrants from the same areas
settle together to keep a version of their culture alive. Many of these
places were slums, and overall not a great place to live.
-​ The Irish often settled in New York, and Germans went west to get land
to farm on.
-​ Nativism - The idea of protecting the “natives” of a land. In this case,
white americans (the protestant, not immigrant kind)
-​ Know Nothing Party - A political party that wanted to heavily
limit/stop immigration. When asked what they believed in, they’d say
they “know nothing”. Gay losers
-​ Slavery:
 -​ North Labor system - It was focused on free wage labourers, and was
heavy on industry.
-​ South Labor System - Focused on slave labour and agriculture
-​ Free Soil Party - They did NOT want new territories to have slaves, so
that more jobs could be created. Most of them didn’t want to abolish
slavery, just didn’t want slavery to expand bc of the economy.
-​ Abolitionist - No slavery. They actually were a pretty decent minority,
but they were loud. Very loud.
-​ Printed Words for Abolition:
-​ William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator Newspaper
-​ Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Represented slavery in a
fictional story that was based heavily on real events. Showed how
horrific slavery, in detail, truly was to the Northern public. Southerners
hated it.
-​ Spoken Word:
-​ Frederick Douglass - An escaped slave who was an incredible orator,
also published the book The Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass
-​ Underground Railroad - A series of trails and safehouses that helped
lead southern slaves into safety.
-​ John Brown - A VIOLENT abolitionist who wanted to forcefully
liberate the slaves in the south. He Raided the Arsenal at Harpers Ferry
to arm slaves to lead an uprising.
-​ He got hung :p But he was very much a martyr. Southerners were
PRESSED and figured abolitionists wanted a race war.

The Failure of Compromise Pre-Civil War

-​ Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 - Some territory gained in the Louisiana
Purchase was above the 36-30 line, and a Senator named Stephan
Douglas purposed that the territory should be cut into two parts, the
Kansas and Nebraska territories, and that said territories should be able
to pick if they were slave or free by ways of Popular Sovereignty
-​ This overrode The Missouri Compromise, which totally fucked over the
North.
-​ Violence erupted in Kansas between those who wanted it to be free and
slave, and it lasted for a good few years. Bleeding Kansas.
-​ After all was said and done, tons of people flocked to Kansas to tilt the
vote in their favor. Two different legislatures were created in Kansas,
 the pro slavery in Campton, and anti slavery in Tapeka. The
pro-slavery government was recognized.
-​ Basically everyone was losing their shit.
-​ The Dred Scott Decision - Basically the biggest “fuck you” our
government has ever passed. A slave, Dred Scott, sued his master
because the master had taken him to live in free states, which Scott
believed should have made him free. The court decided two things- one,
slaves were not people under the law, and couldn’t sue in court, and
two, the government couldn’t take a person’s property without due
reason, so slave owners could take their slaves ANYWHERE. This
virtually opened anywhere in the Union to slavery.
-​ Whig Party - The Whig party fractured into Cotton Whigs and
Conscience Whigs (obvious whos who.)
-​ Democratic Party - Getting kinda stronger
-​ Republican Banner - Tons of people, but most believed that slavery
should not be spread (NOT abolitionist). They started to grow
popularity, and it scared the SHIT out of the South.

The Election of 1860

-​ Republican Part - Doing realll good. They brought Abraham Lincoln as
their Presidential candidate. He ran on a Free Soil platform, not an
abolitionist platform.
-​ The Democratic Factions
-​ North: Repped by Stephan Douglas - Popular sovereignty for the win
-​ South: Make SURE slavery is protected, and then they can have popular
sovereignty. Repped by John Breckinridge.
-​ Lincoln Won without a SINGLE electoral vote from the Southern
States.
-​ Succeeding of the Southern States - December 1860, South Carolina
succeeded from the Union. The Confederate States of America were
formed, and they created a new constitution.

Military Conflict in the Civil War

-​ Militarily Advantages:
-​ South - They were defending, and had way better military leaders
-​ North - 4x the population, hella navy, controlled majority of banks,
manufacturing, and railroads. They were connected!! They also had a
good government to keep them somewhat straight.
-​ Neither side was an easy win, despite the more advantaged of the
North
-​ Both sections of the war had to kick up their production. The North got
up their production, while the South got kinda fucked.
-​ New York City Draft Riots - If you paid 300 dollars, you could dodge
your draft. The working class thought this was dumb as fuck. A protest
in New York City became violent, and like 130 people died.
-​ Fort Sumpter - A federal building in North Carolina that needed to be
resupplied. The Confederates did NOT want that, so the Union sent sold
troops to restock the building. The Confederates blew them all to shit.
-​ The FIRST Battle of Bull Run - 30,000 Union soldiers pulled up on the
Confederacy at Bull Run creek, and they start off strong. But the
Confederacy is much better trained, and ended up winning. People
thought this war was so unserious at first that people brought the fam
to watch.
-​ Anaconda Plan - The Union would suffocate the Confederacy on all
sides, and control the Mississippi River, which would slice the head off
the Confederacy.
-​ Confederacy really wanted allies/King Cotton - The South wanted
Britain and French to help them bc they gave the countries with hella
cotton. Britain and France did NOT care whatsoever.
-​ The Union had hella bad generals, bu eventually the tides turned.
-​ Ulysses S. Grant - Alcoholic who was a great general for the union,
pushed the southerners.
-​ Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 - Declared the freedom of all states
in the Confederacy. It also wasn’t immediate it took a second to get into
motion. Not the Border States: Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri,
Maryland, West Virginia. Slavery kept going there.
-​ It officially became a war against slavery.
-​ Tons of slaves escaped the South, and a few took up arms for the Union
-​ Britain was NOT gonna fight a war on the side of slavery. Fuck you
South.
-​ Battle of Vicksburg - Under General Grant, the Union claimed the
Mississippi. Split the Confederacy in half!!!
-​ Sherman’s March - On his way to claim Atlanta, and after he got
there, he fucking DESTROYED EVERYTHING as he went to Savanah.
-​ Appomattox Courthouse, April 9th 1865 - General Lee surrendered.
FUCK YOU SOUTH!!! YEHAHHH!!!! GET DUNKED ON
Government Policies during the Civil War
-​ Emancipation Proclamation
-​ Gettysburg Address, Nov. 19, 1863 - Fucking AWESOME speech. Unified
the nation, and showed how getting rid of slavery upheld democratic
ideals. It was like 4 minutes long, but he ATTEEE.
-​ “The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here.”

Reconstruction of the Southern and Northern States

-​ “Should the Confederacy be treated like foes, or jus guys who threw a
fit”
-​ Abe thought that technically the South never left bc legally thats
bullshit, and he wanted to be chill with Reconstruction
-​ Ten-Percent Plan - The plan Abe was gonna roll with for reconstruction.
State governments could stick around if 10% of their electorate pledged
loyalty to the Union, and ratify the 13th amendment that abolished
slavery.
-​ John Wilkes Booth - Assassinated Abe Lincoln at the Ford Theatre
-​ Andrew Johnson - New pres… no sympathy for emancipation, actually
did NOT like black people at all.
-​ Black Codes - Restricted rights of black americans heavily, forced them
to work for minium money
-​ Radical Republicans - Did NOT fuck with Johnson, at all. Because he
was a limp dick and didn’t care black people. They also just wanted to
fuck over the South (real). They wanted reconstruction led by Congress.
-​ Freedmen’s Bureau - An agency that helped freed black americans to
get stable and give aid. :)
-​ The Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Protected the rights of black folks as
anyone else.
-​ ANDREW JOHNSON FUCKING VETOED THESE but he got
OVERRULED BY CONGRESS!!! FUCKK YOUUU JOHNSON111
-​ Fourteenth Amendment - All people born in or legally immigrated to
the US were citizens, and enjoyed equal protection under the law.
Including BLACK PEOPLE. JOHNSON.
-​ Reconstruction Acts of 1867 - Put the South under military occupation
with federal troops. Increased the requirements for the South to be
readmitted into the Union- They had to ratify the 14th amendment,
 and add a stipulation for UNIVERSAL MALE VOTING RIGHTS.
Women were kinda pissed but they get their moment soon it's ok
-​ The Impeachment :D of Andrew Johnson. - (Impeachment is the TRIAL
on IF a president should be removed, not the official removal).
-​ The Tenure Of Office Act, 1867 - Made it illegal of the Pres to fire a
member of his cabinet. Johson did it anyway, and got impeached.
-​ He stayed President by ONE VOTE. I hope that one man went to hell.
-​ 15th Amendment - Gave rights to every man. Every MAN.
-​ Women were NOT happy about this…
-​ National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) - Fought more this
cause like hell
-​ Other women’s rights leaders were cool focusing on reconstruction and
getting stuff passed through the states. The American Woman’s
Suffrage Association.
-​ Do they like the 15th Amendment? (NSWA) NAA. (AWSA) AAYY

The Failure of Reconstruction

-​ Immediately after emancipation, stuff seemed….. Ok at first
-​ Sharecropping - Basically slavery just with a TINY bit of money.
White southerners would give seed and land to a worker and then get
a share of what they harvested. This also extended to poor white people.
Uncool.
-​ White Supremacy - “White people are superior to white people” self
explanatory
-​ KKK - Terrorist organization that targeted black people by ways of
horrific violence.
-​ Black Codes - Black americans couldn’t borrow money to buy or rent
land, black people couldn’t testify against whites it court, and
segregation of course.
-​ THE FEDS DID JACK SHIT. They were literally there.
-​ Reconstruction ended in 1877.
-​ Presidential Election between Samue Tildne and Ruthford B Hayes -
Tilden won popular vote, neither won electoral. South Carolina,
Louisiana, and Florida all said BOTH parties said they win (so 2020
core).
-​ Compromise of 1877 - Democrats would let Hayes become president, if
Republicans agreed to remove their federal troops from the south. Yikes.
Unit 6: 1865-1898 ＜（＾－＾）＞
Westward Expansion: Economic Development
-​ Mechanization - More machines in fields, less people in there. Small
farms got absolutely bodied.
-​ Because of tons of supply, demand dropped, and prices for crops
plummeted.
-​ Big farmers were doing good at least, small farmers were struggling.
-​ Railroads were super important for farmers, but railroad owners were
charging them super high prices
-​ National Grange Movement - Started off as a community thing for
farmers, went political. This movement affect local politics, resulting the
Granger Laws, including the Commerce Act
-​ Commerce Act, 1886 - Required railroad prices to be reasonable and
just, and required an Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate that.
-​ Railroads - The Pacific Railroads Acts - The gov. Gave railroads tons of
land to create a transcontinental railroad, which they did. Four more
were completed as well.
-​ Homestead Act - Migrants got 160 acres of free land if they farmed
and settled it, which sounds super easy, but battling with
mechanization and the 160 acres not being remotely enough.
-​ Resources/Gold and Silver, Boomtowns - Boomtowns were created in
places where gold had been located, and they ended up being very
diverse actually.

Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural

-​ Cowboys were real…all romantic like. Until fences… sad.
-​ Sodbusters - Homesteaders, some of which were given by the
government, others bought land in other places.
-​ By 1890, the Western Frontier was officially settled after The
Oklahoma (woah) Territory was opened for settlement
-​ Frederick Jackson Turner - Writer of The Significance of The Frontier
In American History, 1893. The essay essentially said that the close of
the frontier was a concern, not something to celebrate. People always
wanted more, and now that they had nothing, they would get restless.
He figured that the freedom from social hierarchy in the West would be
gone, and classism would return to America greatly (he was so right)
-​ Reservation System - A system that reserved land for Native
Americans to live on that was very strict, with the intention of
 assimilation of the tribes This messed with tribes used to following the
buffalo for sustenance, but this honestly didn’t matter because whites
killed like all of them either way.
-​ Sioux Wars - A Native Vs. American conflict, in which the Sioux tribe
absolutely FUCKED an American miliatry unit. This resulted in the US
forcing Natives onto smaller reservations.
-​ Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 - Ended federal recognition of Native
tribes, and made all treaties null and void.
-​ More wars broke out, but Natives just kept losing.
-​ The Dawes Act of 1887 - Ended the reservation system, divided the
lands into 160 acre plots. Allowed Native Amercans to become citizens…
if they assimilated.
-​ Assimilationist Movement - Tried to end Native American culture by
ways of forcing them to fully assimilate into white American society.
-​ Ghost Dance Movement - Developed by a prophet named Wavoka. The
idea that participating in ritualistic dance, which they believed would
bring their ancestors souls back to fight the white men. They also
believed this dance made them immune to bullets. :(
-​ The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890 - The US military was trying to
disarm some Lakota Indians, an old man tried to hit the Ghost Dance,
and someone shot off. 200 Lakotas were killed.

The “New” South

-​ Definition: Coined by Henry Grady, said that the South was dead and
needed to be revitalized with industry like the North.
-​ This vision became more and more real, industry = growth. But only in
a couple cities, really.
-​ Sharecropping… :(
-​ Plessy v Ferguson - A guy who was ⅛ black sat in a white train car,
and got told to move. He took it to court, and he lost- it solidified a
Supreme Court verdict, that Segregation was legal under the law if it's
“Separate But Equal”. It's so fucking ass.
-​ Jim Crow Laws - Segregated like basically everything in public society.
-​ Lynch Mobs delt out vigilante justice onto black americans who they
believed committed crimes. More than 1000 black americans were
lynched in the 1890s exclusively.
-​ Ida B. Wells - Journalist who spoke on the horrors of lyncing in the
south. Her printing presses were attacked, and she moved North, but she
kept grinding.
 -​ Henry Turner - Founded the International Integration Society, which
helped African Americans get to Africa. Several thousand black
americans made the trip,
-​ BTW!!!!!!! - “black people didn’t need to fight for federal recognition, just
economic stability which will eventually spill over” yeah… he uh…. He
wasn’t the most popular

Technological Innovation in the Gilded Age

-​ Railroads - Created a national market as people began being able to
ship good at mass. Basically - You can transport more stuff, so you make
more stuff. Fed gov helped with land.
-​ Bessemer Process - Created a new process for creating steel, which made
it more cost effective and high quality
-​ Coal - Huge power source
-​ Oil - ALSO huge power source
-​ Telegraphs - New telegraph lines were created, hella quick
communication. Transatlantic cable was created and it helped
international trade immensely.
-​ Alexander Graham Bell - Created the telephone, by the end of 1880s
there were 50,000 telephones in America.

Rise of Industrial Capitalism

-​ Industrialism - Lets get mass-producing!!
-​ Small companies struggled hard as industries got dominated.
-​ John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil owner, forced oil companies to sell
out to him. By the 1880s, Standard Oil controlled 90% of the oil
industry.
-​ Horizontal Integration - One company buys out everything.
-​ Andrew Carnegie (<3) - Dominated the steel industry buy vertical
integration, buying up all the companies that supported his company.
-​ Most Americans didn’t wanna be an empire, but INDUSTRIES DID!!!
LETS BUY OUT FOREIGN COUNTRIES
-​ Lazzex Faire / “Leave it Alone” - Politicians did NOT want to fuck with
these buisness for whateve reasons
-​ During is time immigrants were getting such ass jobs. Non
governmental regulation on wages, PLUS industries also realized they
can exploit women and children (for way less.)
 -​ Social Darwinism - Strong/rich people were the best of the best, and the
poor deserved to be poor because they were the worst of the worst.
-​ Gospel of Wealth - The belief that the wealthy should pay back the
public (not with direct charity, but with public institutions like libraries
and such) (Carnagee lovedddd that shit)
-​ Captains of Industry/Robber Barons: The big rich fuckers like
Rockefeller and Carnegee (Carnegee was less of a fucker)

Labour in the Gilded AGE

-​ Conspicuous Consumption - Rich people loved to show their wealth off
-​ During the gilded age, the wealth gap was horrible, but workers were
getting… slightly better off
-​ Factory work was so, so dangerous. Oml.
-​ Labour Unions - Political action, strikes, slowdowns
-​ Great Railroad Strike of 1877 - Railroad workers wages were cut during
a recession, 11 states worth of workers went on strike, 88% of the nations
railroads shut down, eventually shit got violent, and the feds had to roll
out. 100 people were dead at the end of the day. The railroad leaders
did NOT play around
-​ Pullman Strike - Traincar producers went on strike after a wage cut,
Eugene V. Debs told his union guys not to fw trains with Pullman cars.
The railroad company connected Pullman cars to trains holding federal
mail, so quite a few strikers got arrested, and the strike was broken.
-​ Important Labour Unions:
-​ Knights of Labor - An open Union, with people of all skill levels
covered by it, even to black and female labourers. They did NOT like
child labour. Had over 100,000 members… Until the Heymarket Square
Riot, where the Knights of Labor were peacefully protesting. A bomb
went off, and people believed it was the KOL, even though they most
likely had nothing to do with it.
-​ This created a stigma of violence and radicalism around Unions, and
the Knights of Labor did not last long after that.
-​ American Federation of Labor - Skilled workers, about a million
members. They’re important soon…!

Immigrant and Migrants during the Gilded Age

 -​ The latter bit of the 1800s, the US population increased by x3, mostly
because of TONS of immigrants: Mostly from Europe. Industrial cities
were usually their destination
-​ In the WEST, a lot of Chinese Immigrants were at a high
-​ During the Gilded Age, higher and middle classes separated from the
industrial cities, so the poor crowded.
-​ Tenements - Horribly built buildings in which far too many people
were stuffed, usually immigrants. These places were great places for
disease to spread.
-​ Ethnic Enclaves - Places where immigrants of the same culture came
together to keep said culture alive in their new land. Irish immigrants
build Catholic Churches, the Jewish built Synagogues, cultural stores
were created. Nice stuff.
-​ Exoduster Movement - The migration of Southern black people into the
West. The end of reconstruction left many southern black people in
disarray and horror, and at mass immigrated. Things like the Colored
Relief Board and Kansas Freedmen’s Aid Society were created to help
them. The vast majority of Exodusters ended up still being in bad
conditions.

Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age

-​ Americans felt threatened by people moving to their country and
making it… Less american. I guess. I hate white people
-​ Nativists - “Yall are commiting RACE SUICIDE by letting INFERIOR
RACES be here >:(“
-​ American Protective Association - A nativist association heavily
against Catholics. They didn’t want the Irish to be put in positions of
power, or… exist. And they thought Catholics were spies sent by the
Pope to infiltrate the Government and do his bidding.
-​ Labour Unions were very worried about immigrant work forces,
because oftentimes strikes were less impactful because workers could be
easily replaced by immigrant workers.
-​ Social Darwinism was also very racist.. Unsurprisingly. Uppidity people
really hated the Irish and did NOT want them around the “real whites”
to pollute the gene pool with “racially inferior” genes. AGAINST
WHITE PEOPLE. THEY THOUGHT THE IRISH WERE A
DIFFERENT RACE.
-​ The West was very racist to Chinese people. Unsurprisingly.
 -​ California blamed the panic of 1873 on Chinese labourers because they
would work for so little they thought it “depressed other wages.”
-​ Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - Banned all Chinese immigrants.

🥰🥰🥰
Entirely.
-​ JANE ADDAMS MY LESBIAN QUEEN - Created the Hull
House in 1889, a house that helped immigrants get jobs, had language
classes, provided child care, and other services. There are always allies

Development of the Middle Class :c

-​ The way businesses structured themselves (Executives, Managers,
Laboursers) created a new societal position, the middle class.
-​ These “managers”/middle group were called White Collar Workers
-​ Middle Class was born!
-​ Philanthropy - Like Carnegee, Phoebe Apperson Hearst was a
philanthropist. She wanted to get education for the poor. The Gospel of
Wealth actually did some pretty good stuff :3

Reform in the Gilded Age

-​ Laisse Faire Capitalism suckkeedd!! Pee-eww!! People got paid actual
ass.
-​ Henry George - Politician and Economist who wanted the Single Tax.
He figured the rich needed to be taxed more.
-​ Utopian Ideas - Guy named Edward Bellamy wrote a book about
Socialism becoming the economy in 2000 and it was lovely
-​ Socialism - Fundamentally about equality- the community owned
companies, everyone has basically in the same boats and everyone was
happy. In theory.
-​ Socialist Party of America was a thing. For a second. They did not do
well.
-​ Social Gospel - Christian ideals wont just keep you from hell- society
adhering to them will save it too!! This was actually not the worst, since

🥰🥰🥰🥰
it motivated many people of religion to help the poor.
-​ Jane
-​ Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony - Women rights leaders.
Just felt that was important to remember.
-​ They created the Nation Women’s Sufferage Association, but thats Unit
7
-​ Temperance - To NOT drink!! No drinky!!! No no!!!
 -​ Women’s Christian Temperance Union - Women against booze. Had
like 500,000 people in their roll. They focused mostly on peaceful
protests.
-​ Carrie Nation - Carrie loved to go Hatchet-Mode on booze barrels in
pubs, because she was fucking AWESOME.

Controversies Over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age

-​ Laissez-Faire Economics - Keep the government OUT of government.
-​ Panic of 1893 - Economic crash… lameo. The government did like…
nothing.
-​ Interstates Commerce Commission - A Supreme court decision that
decided states couldn’t regulate railroads- so the government made a
commission about it. But they did NOT give them any money…
-​ When the economy could benefit from it, in a more-business kinda
way, the government would get involved. They did not REGULATE
business.
-​ Laissez-Faire capitalists really wanted to get up on in Hawaii, wanting
to overthrow the government there. This let to the US annexing the
islands in 1898. :( we suck
-​ Open Door Policy - Equal trading rights for all ports in China.

Politics in the Gilded Age

-​ Democrats and Republicans are still in their Civil War eras.
-​ Democrats relied heavily on the big-city political machines and
immigrants… ! Oh!
-​ Republicans were all for that sweet sweet industry… They got votes from
black people, middle class, and Protestant christians
-​ Both of these parties didn’t really have… too much passion at this
moment
-​ Patronage - Giving positions of power to people who supported your
campaign… not shady at all.
-​ Civil Service - Basically, a tradition that had been going on for ages at
this point was one where people who supported a President’s political
campaign would line up, hoping to get appointed federal jobs for their
service. This kinda went out of style after President Garfeild got
assassinated by someone he rejected… Doomed yaoi
-​ Pendleton Act of 1881 - Got rid of the Patronage system. They replaced it
with a competitive exam, which was cool, but uh… now instead of
 TONS of similarly-minded people giving funding hoping to get jobs,
now it was just a handful of super rich people… so there was less
pressure for candidates and parties to stay in line with their peoples
-​ Previously, the US used the Gold Standard - All printed money was
only as much as the US had in their vaults. This was to currency held
up against inflation.
-​ Big rich people wanted money BEYOND this, so there was more paper
money in circulation, and they could fuck around (take out loans, buy
things, pay debts, ect) with this money anyway.
-​ Tariffs - Taxes on imported goods. Over HALF of federal revenue was
funded by tariffs. Protective tariffs were put in place to keep American
industry booming during the Civil War.
-​ Well… the Civil War is over… but the tariffs were still around!
-​ Protective Tariffs - Made domestic products cheaper, and
importing/exporting products way more expensive. This was great for
industrialists, fucking SUCKED for most other people (espc. farmers).
Other countries put tarrifs on American goods in retaliation, and
farmers couldn’t get their shit to be worth enough </3
-​ Populist Party - Worked for the people, wanted to get huge corporations
OUT of here. Their beliefs were published in the Omaha Platform
-​ Direct Election of Senators, use of initiatives and referendums (the use
of direction votes from the people to make decisive decisions),
Unlimited coinage of silver, Graduated income tax (the more you
make the more you’re taxed), eight-hour work day
-​ They never won anything, but the other parties LOCKED IN.
-​ Democrats got that Unlimited Coinage sitch going, so the populist party
vote went to them.
-​ Political Machines - Urban political parties got controlled by political
machines (bosses got people to vote for political parties, and those
people got rewarded with jobs.) Famously Tammany Hall, in New
York City.
-​ Despite the fact they were corrupt as shit, Tammany Hall was actually
kinda chill. They helped small businesses, immigrants, and the poor…
However, all those people were now in debt to the party, so they voted
for the things Tammany Hall wanted. Plus they stole hella money
(millions) from tax payers. But, even so, there was a bit of a beneficial
relationship for both.
-​ END OF UNIT 6… THANK GOD
Unit 7: 1898-1945 (ToT)/~~~
Debates About American Imperialism
-​ Imperialism - One countries expansion into another country, in political,
physical, or economic fashion
-​ We started off very un-empire… but we kinda shifted after the Purchase
of Alaska (1867, NOT unit 7). Steward’s Folly.
-​ We’re quite an Empire now.
-​ Imperialists - All for expansion. They want resources, and they want
them bad. They wanted new markets, new land, and believed in Social
Darwinism. They didn’t want America to look weak. They were also
very racist.
-​ Josiah Strong, 1895 - “It was the christian duty of the white race to
civilize other lands.” Strong’s opinions were weak. Hahahgshshg
-​ Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on History - A book
that told the US government that they needed a good ass navy. And a
navy needs strategically important navy bases… we gotta steal land to
get those I guess
-​ Anti-Imperialists - Believed in Self Determination of countries, which
was like… the biggest factor of the American revolution. Plus they
wanted to stay Isolationists like George Washington taught them.

Spanish-American War
-​ Imperialists wanted Cuba BAD
-​ Yellow Jacket Journalism - Groups of journalists who just wanted to give
the craziest stories they could- included exaggerated reports of Spanish
atrocities in Cuba. Wound the US up
-​ The U.S.S Maine - A US military ship that was parked in the
Havannah, Cuba. It got blown up. Before it was investigated, Yellow
Journalists made his into a huge conflict, even though it was a total
accident that.
-​ The President (McKinley) told Spain to fuck off… they did, but America
did not care. They declared war anyway., in 1898.
-​ We won.
-​ Cuba got “independence”
-​ Hiii zoe i love u ヾ(•ω•`)o
-​ The Platt Amendment - The US can intervene with the military in
Cuba if American business was a problem.
 -​ The Philippines was claimed during the Spanish-American War. They
thought they were getting liberated… they were getting traded. This,
understandably, pissed them off.
-​ They gathered under the rule of Emilio Aginaldo in rebellion, but they
did not win, at least for now.
-​ Hawaii - In 1893, the US overthrew the monarch of Hawaii, and in
1898, thats when they officially annexed the Islands. Same year as the
Spanish American war… no shit huh.
-​ Open Door Policy - Created by John Hay (the secretary of state) sent
out a note to the European powers in China to have an Open Door of
trading between China and the US. The Europeans didn’t gaf but they
didn’t stop it, so America kept themselves in trade with China.

The Progressive Era

-​ The Progressive Causes/things they wanted to fix - Growing power of
big business, the fucked economy, conflicts between labor groups and
their employers, Poltical Machines, Jim Crow, Women’s Rights’
Temperance, ect.
-​ Progressives were everywhere, and they wanted the Government to
intervene in a major way. It was beyond civil service, it had to be
legislation.
-​ MUCKRAKERS <333 / Investigative Journalism - A Major Muckraker
was Upton Sinclair, and his book The Jungle, describing the disgusting
conditions of the meat packing industry. This book led to the FDA being
created to regulate food. ALSO alos
-​ Will Irwin - I LOVE YOU I LOVE YOU WILL hes my everything. He
investigated newspaper corruption and the way it was used to sway the
court of public opinion in certain directions. I love him I love him.
-​ Ida Tarbell - A very blunt exposee on Rockefeller’s shitty ass company.
-​ Jacob Riis - Showed the tenements in all their fuck ass horror and
terrible conditions
-​ Secret Ballot - Political Machines ran on the fact you voted in public,
so… we got that to stop happening. Thats nice.
-​ Direct Election of Senators - In the Constitution, state legislatures voted
in Senators. This was starting to get super corrupt. So people wanted to
vote in their senators themselves.
-​ The 17th Amendment, 1913 - People can vote for their own senators now!
-​ 18th Amendment / Prohibition - No manufacturing of alcohol. Did
NOT last long
 -​ 19th Amendment, 1920 - WOMEN CAN VOTE!!
-​ An issue that became prominent - politicians got elected into office, and
then ignored the people’s wishes. This created the Initiative,
Referendum, Recall system.
-​ Initiative - Voters could require legislators to consider a bill that the
legislator had chosen to ignore.

👎
-​ Referendum - Voters could vote on the acceptance of a law themselves
-​ Recall - GET politicians OUT of here.
-​ The Gilded Era = The Gov. doesn’t care about the people and companies
are running basically everything
-​ Progressive Era = People getting that power back
-​ Frederick Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management - A guy
analyzed the workflow of people in a factory, and told everyone how to
be more efficient. People took this, and wanted to apply it to the
Government.
-​ W.E.B Dubois, the Niagra Movement - A movement of black leaders in
their communities protesting against Jim Crow, and the consistent
lynching of Southern black people.
-​ NAACP (National Association For the Advancement of Colored
People) - Wanted to abolish segregation, and get better educational
opportunities for black children
-​ Teddy Roosevelt - Square Deal
-​ The Anthrecite or Great Coal Strike happened, Teddy created a Square
Deal, in which he didn’t side with either party fully, and made them
come to an agreement.
-​ He was a Trust Buster, as in he upheld the Sherman Antitrust Act, an
act that restricted actions that got in the way of interstate commerce
and competition.
-​ He was careful, and didn’t mess with good trusts.
-​ Teddy go 2 acts passed after reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclar, The
Pure Food and Drug Act (Later became the FDA), and the Meat
Inspection Act
-​ Teddy was also a conservationist, Forest Reserve Act of 1891 reserved
land :p

World War I
-​ Began in 1914, after the assaintaion of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
-​ Two Coalitions formed -
 -​ Triple Entente/Allied Powers: Britain, Russia, France
-​ Triple Alliance/Central Powers: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
-​ The US wanted to stay out of it but uh….
-​ Lusitania, 1915 - Germany kept sinking our ships when we entered the
war-zone near Britain. One of our passenger ships, the Luistania was
one of them, and 128 passengers died. This pissed people off! But we
didn’t go to war yet!
-​ Winthrow Wilson is President during this war btw. He threatened to
cut off diplomatic ties with Germany though… and Germany stepped off
-​ Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Germany needs to bomb our ships so
bad they cant help it. They chilled out for a minute but not long.
-​ Zimmerman Telegram!!!! - Germany sent a telegram to Mexico to try
and get them to wage war on America, that Germany would help
with. The Germans would give all of the land that the Mexicans lost in
the Mexican-American war back to them if they won… BUT Mexico
never got the damn thing because we intercepted it.
-​ On April 2nd, 1917, we waged war on Germany and her allies.
-​ American Expeditionary Forces - At first, America’s forces really just
backed up other countries' forces. But eventually so many Americans
rolled in that we took over the western front of the war.
-​ We definitely helped, though.
-​ Treaty of Versailles, 1918 - Ended the First World War.
-​ Wilson’s 14-Point Plan - Wilson wanted PEACE… so he wanted his 14
point plan to work, including freedom of the seas, self-determination of
nations, and A league of nations - a world wide representative body so
that all the countries could chat and not go to war.
-​ Britain and France beat the shit out Germany, but they agreed on the
League Of Nations thing. Alas… American congress rejected bc they
were worried it would take the right to wage war out of their hands
and into the League’s. So America was excluded.

WWI - Homefront
-​ Total War - When a country mobilizes all of itself into the war effort-
it's economy, industry, and social resources. That's what World War 1
was.
-​ Mobilization- Wilson got hella wartime agencies out, Taylorism
efficiency. War Industries Board and Food Administration.
 -​ Some of the public wasn’t too happy abt the war… so the gOv. Had to
shut them up.
-​ Episange Act and Sedition Acts - Basically made it illegal to talk shit
about the war in any way.
-​ Schenck v The United States
-​ The Spanish Flu was killing hella people, but the Gov tried to be quiet
about it because it effected the war effort.
-​ (First) Red Scare - After the Russian revolution of 1919, the fear of
communism took hold on the American people.
-​ Palmer Raids - The gathering of suspected radicals, arrested 3000
people, and 500 deportations
-​ There were TONS of immigrants coming in right before WW1.
-​ Nativists sentiments resulted in the Emergency Quota Act (1921) and
the National Origins Act of 1924 - Combined, these two made the
acceptable quota for European immigration laughably low.
-​ The Great Migration - A mig migration of Black Americans from the
South to the North. Jim Crow laws SUCKED. And the poll taxes thing
was still happening.
-​ Tulsa Race Riot/Massacre 1921 - A horrible race riot in which 10,000
were left homeless, and 300 black people were killed. BTW was the Red
Crosses home base during the aftermath of that. Wild.

1920s Innovations in Communications and Technology

-​ Henry Ford - Made automobiles, especially the Model T. He crated the
assembly line system.
-​ Taylorism - The need for productivity.
-​ Americans LOVED cars. We loved the shit out of them,
-​ Since people could get around now, people stopped living in urban
centers. Automobiles effected the landscape of most cities, roads
becoming a major factor.
-​ Mass produced goods became everything- and soo many people wanted
the stuff
-​ Advertising Industry - People started to subconsciously hint at you to
buy their shit.
-​ Popular Culture - New communication meant people had stuff to
watch, and having that did what it do. A national identity started to
form.
-​ Cinema and Movies/The Jazz Singer
 -​ Despite how fun all this was- it showed obvious distinctions in those
who fit the criteria of pop culture (at that time, middle class white
folks), and who didn’t (everyone else, including black and poor
americans).
-​ The Harlem Renaissance - A renaissance of black artists making
awesome stuff.

The 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies

-​ Women: The workforce became slightly more open. Flappers showed
rebellion and feminism, by sporting short hair, smoking, ect.
-​ International Migrants (1920s wave): Guys everyone was racist.
Nativism. Workers feared they’d lose their jobs, politician of the white
race, yata.
-​ Great Migration - Black Americans wanted to get out of the south, and
a lot of people settled in Harlem, New York. This resulted in the Harlem
Renaissance. Created Jazz!
-​ The Lost Generation - Poets, who believed America was a wasteful
nation in ways of material goods and human life.
-​ Rural Protestants (fundamentalists) / Urban protestants (modernists) -
People who were strict on the bible, others who were willing to get
modern with it
-​ Skopes Monkey Trial 1925: In Tennessee a teacher taught evolution, and
it became a super big deal. At the end of the day, Skopes was convicted,
and then it was overturned. It basically showed that Modernism and
triumphed over fundamentalism.

The Great Depression and the New Deal

-​ In 1929 - Black Tuesday happened. A huge stock crash.
-​ Basically farmers overproduced, people bought on margin (assuming
that the stock would keep rising, so you buy stocks, using stocks as
collateral, and hoping it doesn’t all fall apart and leave you broke.)
-​ The Great Depression!!! Tons of people were broke, and homeless.
-​ The homeless created Hoovervilles, named after President Hoover,
criticizing Hoover’s Laissez-faire take on the early Depression. Aka he
didn’t do shit.
-​ FDR won the presidency!!
-​ Limited Wellfare State - The government started to take care of it's
people because they literally couldn’t eat.
 -​ New Deal - A banner for a ton of aid programs the FDR administration
came out with, based on the “Three Rs” - Relief for the unemployed,
Recovery for businesses, and Reform of economic institutions
-​ Relief for the unemployed :
-​ Public Works Administration (PWA) - hired people for federal
infrastructure
-​ Tennessee Valley Authority - electric power plants
-​ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ;p - conservation and foresting
-​ Recovery For Businesses:
-​ National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) - Created codes between
businesses and workers, minimum wage, limited working hours, stuff
like that
-​ Reform of Economic Institutions:
-​ Glass-Steagall Act - Increased restrictions on what banks can and can’t
do with peoples money, like investments. Ended up creating the:
-​ Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - Guaranteed people’s
bank monies with federal money.
-​ SEC - Regulated the Stock market
-​ Social Security Act - A bit of a workers wage is set aside by the federal
government, and paid back to them in old age.
-​ Both liberals and conservatives had beef. Liberals thought it wasn’t
radical enough, and conservatives thought it was too radical.
-​ Court Packing Scheme - A President could appoint a new Supreme
Court Justice for every court justice that was over 75 and ½ years old.
IT DID NOT PASS… obviously.
-​ The New Deal still impacts a ton of stuff today

Interwar Foreign Policy between WWI and WWII

-​ WWI made people wanna go back to isolationism.
-​ Warren G. Harding - Ran on promises of isolationism and overall
staying out of other country’s bullshit
-​ Increase of Tariffs as a result of isolationist attitudes: Fordney-Mccumber
Act, Smoot-Hawley Tariff
-​ Kellogg-Briand Pact - Tried to make war illegal between 63 nations…
didn’t do anything at all. Like literally at all. But good example I guess!
-​ Fascists were becoming a big thing: Benito Mussolni (Italy), Adlof
Hitler (Germany, Nazis), and Japan.
 -​ These countries just kept taking shit over, but America stayed out of it.
-​ In 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, and WWII began.
-​ America did NOT want to get into that.
-​ The NYE Committee told America just how wealthy some companies
got from WWI… and made people a bit angry. So people really didn’t
want a war.
-​ Interventionists wanted the US to intervene. Well named. They figured
that the sea surrounding their borders wasn’t a good enough defense,
and that if the US wanted to stay safe, they had to make sure their
allies (espc Britain) didn’t fall
-​ FDR wanted to go help Britain, but he didn’t have the the support of his
people. So he got a little sneaky with it.
-​ He gave aid to the allies, mostly Britain by ways of:
-​ Cash and Carry - Any country fighting in the war could purchase
armaments from the US as long as they paid in Cash and Carried them
in their own ships.
-​ Destroyers for Bases - The US exchanged American destroyers for land
rights in Britain (after they ran too low on money for Cash and Carry)
-​ Lend-Lease Act - Allowed Britain to get arms from the US on credit.
-​ We were basically holding Britain's hands.
-​ December 7th, 1941, Pear Harbor - Roughly 2000 deaths
-​ We went to war the same day.

World War II: Mobilization

-​ How did we change, man? Well… we’re in a Total War again.
-​ The New Deal was cool, but WWII pulled us out of the Great
Depression.
-​ Under the War Production Board, and Office of War mobilization,
automobile companies began to make tanks and stuff
-​ Rosie The Riveter represented the need for female workers in factories as
all the men were shipped off to war.
-​ 1 Million black americans joined the Military. Many were told to, under
the idea of Double Victory Campaign, a win in the war, and a win for
black respect the US
-​ Tuskegee Airmen, a black military unit, flew in almost 1600 combat
missions and were sort of respected. Sort of.
 -​ 15 Million Americans served- The Selective Training and Service Act of
1940 (a year before the war started), a peace-time draft of US forces
made sure of that.
-​ Japanese Internment- Many Japanese Americans were suspected, for no
good reason beyond racism, to be spies. So about 100,000 Japanese
Americans were put in internment camps, under executive order 9066.
-​ Korematsu v The United States, 1944 - A Japanese American man
thought, rightfully, this was complete bullshit. So he sued the US
government. The American Civil Liberties Union defended the man,
and said that the removal violated the 5th amendment (you cant
charge someone with a crime if they haven't gone in front of a jury).
The Court ruled in the United State’s favor.
-​ In 1988, the US government apologized, and gave every living person or
their surviving descendants who were in an internment camp 20,000
dollars.

WWII Military Strategy

-​ As Americans pushed into Germany, they began to find Concentration
Camps.
-​ The full extent of the Holocaust was only seen after the war, and
around 6 million Jewish people were killed in total.
-​ Most of the US fighting went on in the Pacific Theater because our beef
was mostly with Japan, who beat our asses the first couple months.
-​ Battle of the Coral Sea (1942) and Battle of Midway (1942) - Because
of these two battles, America got ahead of Japan and beat their asses
-​ European Theater - Russia was beating the German ass, and they told
America to get up in some Western ass. They met at the Tehran
Conference, and agreed on the D-Day Invasion
-​ Normandy Beaches of France got bent over, 250,00 allied troops
stormed the beach, and liberated France from Germany rule!! Yay!!
-​ We set out for Berlin, bitches
-​ Battle of the Bulge - A German maneuver that relied on crating a
wedge in allied forces, making them easier to defeat. After a ton of
death, the Germans failed.

🎆🎇✨✨🎉🎉🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊🎊
-​ Allied forced pushed in, and on Hilter killed himself

-​ May 7th, or V-E day, Germany surrendered

-​ Back to the Pacific Theater
 -​ Island-Hopping Campaign - The US cut off Japan’s supply line on it's
smaller occupied islands, which fucked over the main army majorly.
-​ To end the war, we dropped atomic bombs. FDR Died, and his vice pres,
Truman, and he learned about the fact nukes were already in creation
under the Manhattan Project.
-​ Hiroshima and Nagaski (August 6, 1945) (Augsust 9th, 1945) - It was
fucking horrible. 140,000 died, the majority being civilians.
-​ September 2nd, 1945, The Japanese surrendered.

Post War Diplomacy

-​ America is now a super-power!! No destruction beyond Pearl Harbour
had reached us, so in comparison to like everyone else, we were chill.
-​ Yalta Conference - Where the allies decided how they’d divide up
Germany, jointly occupied by all four.
-​ Marshal Plan - US offered European nations money to help rebuild, in
hopes that they wouldn’t fall under soviet communist rule.
-​ United Nations - Like the league of nations- but better. The UN was
wayyyy better and collective.

UNIT 8: 1945-1980 ヾ(≧▽≦*)o THE END!!!!! FINAL STRETCH!!

The Cold War

-​ The Soviet Union and America were not… friends.
-​ Cold War!! A war where neither of the parties actually have physical
conflict- not to say there wasn’t enough animosity for it to happen
-​ The Soviet communism wanted to go everywhere… and so did America
democracy… Very expansionist
-​ So when all the allies dived up Germany, they took out their troops so
there could be free elections… except Stalin didn’t do that! He created a
“buffer zone” between Germany and Russia (kinda fair but against the
agreement)
-​ Berlin got a special cut up- Despite Berlin being fully in Russian
territory, it was split up between all of the powers evenly, for… some
reason.
-​ These zones were supposed to be temporary, just to guarantee peace, but
Russia kinda seemed like it was staying around.
 -​ Iron Curtain - Ideological divide between Europe
-​ Containment - The Containment of communism. Truman Doctrine
declared that the US would give aid to any country threatened by
soviet communism.
-​ Marshall Plan - 30 Billion dollars of aid for European countries to
rebuild- giving them a stable economy would make them opt for
democracy instead of communism. It actually worked, surprisingly. This
annoyed Stalin.
-​ Berlin Blockade - Americans kept feeding West-Berlin with
pro-democracy ideals, and it pissed Stalin off, so he blocked them out of
the country. To get around this, America did the Berlin Airlift, airlifting
supplies into West Berlin anyway.
-​ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - The NATO members
joined together in a military alliance, and promised to support each
other if the Soviet Union attacked any of them.
-​ The Soviets created the Warsaw Pact - Basically the same thing with
all of the communist countries in Europe.
-​ Korean War - America fought in it, but we didn’t really do anything.
North and South Korea are still doing the same shit.
Red Scare
-​ Taft-Hartley Act - Made it harder for workers to strike
-​ UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) - Searhced for communists,
espc in Hollywood… oh no… The Hollywood Ten were accused as
communists (bc most of them didn’t testofy)
-​ JOE MCCARTHY freak hoe hes such a hater. He claimed we had like
500 commies in our state government but he admitted it was like 50
-​ He was bullshitting btw.
-​ Rosenburg Case - People thought Russians had stolen thei nuke plans,
and the Rosenbergs were accused of it and then EXECUTED?? They
may have been spies but damn!
Economy After 1945
-​ The economy was PEAK
-​ The Gi Bill gave WWII veterans tons of oppurtities
-​ BABY BOOM… they got FREAKY
-​ Leviitown - A huge suberb, identical and odd. But they were cheap and
it was cool
 -​ Highways were now a thing!! It made everything easier, honestly. It
also made people migrate to the South. Especially veterans. And that
shifted the power back down there… unfortunately.

Culture after 1945

-​ Lets get CONFORMED
-​ Mass Culture - A widespread idea that Americans tried to fit into, as
not to fall victim to McCarthyism
-​ TV made people watch white suburbans, and it made those who
watched it wanna be like them
-​ ADS got worse… someone save me </3
-​ Credit Cards… People could buy more than they could afford, and pay it
off!
-​ ROCK N’ ROLL!! - Started off as a black thing, but ohhh Elvis made it
white.
-​ Beatniks - Group of poets who wanted to “beat” the idea of conformity…
Be free
-​ The Catcher in the Rye - DO NOT conform omg it's so annoying

Civil Rights Movement in 1940s-1950s

-​ President Truman BANNED SEGREGATION IN THE ARMY….
Although it wasn’t enforced until 2 years later.
-​ Committee on Civil Rights - Created by Truman to figure out what
civil liberties were an issue, and how to fix it
-​ 24th Amendment - No more poll taxes
-​ BROWN V BOARD !! - It overturned educational segregation of races :))
and then the South took a million fucking years
-​ The Southern Manifesto - Integrated schools are baddddd!!! Wah wah
wah!!!
-​ Little Rock 9 - Black students rejected at the door, supported by the
President himself

America as a World Power

-​ Decolonization spread everywhere after WWII
-​ They over threw they Guatemalan government over… BANANAS…..
OK….
-​ JFK Elected in 1960s
 -​ Bay of Pigs Invasion - The CIA tried to overthrow Cuba, and they did
NOT succeed.
-​ Cuban Missile Crisis!! 1963… JFK worked it out in 13 days
-​ THEN WE TRIED TO OVERTHROW IRAN’S GOVERNMENT???
Bruh containment was crazy
-​ VIETNAM WAR- Unlike Korea, they did NOT work that out
-​ Under Eisenhower, the Domino Theory became prominent (one
communist government meant many more would follow)
-​ He also said “heyyyy stop uh…. Stop tying the military so much to
industry… it's gonna start shit…” Military Industrial Conflict

The Vietnam War

-​ Causes: Domino Theory, Communism bad… We sent like 16,000
military advisers to support the South Vietnam Government
-​ Lyndon B Johnson is president now
-​ Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution - LBJ can do whatever he wants really…
except create war
-​ It twas on like Donkey Kong
-​ 1965 - Nearly 200,000 troops were fighting, and two years later, it
doubled. Holy fuckkkk.
-​ People really did NOT get why their men were out there dying.
-​ People started to Protest, and the Johnson administration lied about the
horrors.
-​ IT was Televised
-​ Credibility Gap - Johnson was lying, and people could tell.
-​ Tet Offensive - We got jumped, we jumped back. Johnson wanted more
soldiers, and… got rejected. They said hell no.
-​ Nixion tried to be chill about leaving the Vietnam war… “we didn’t
lose, we just failed to win, really”
-​ Vietnamization - We give aid to South Vietnam still, but leave
ourselves.

Lynodon B Johnson’s Great Society

-​ While the Vietnam War happened, Johnson tried to do a New Deal 2.
-​ Great Society Stuff:
-​ Medicare, Medicaid, Abolished Immigration Quotas
 -​ Liberals were in a GOLDEN AGE
-​ Warren Court - Hella Liberal Quote
-​ Gideon v Wainwright - if too broke, still get lawyer
-​ Griswold V Connecticut - Birth control is legal
-​ Engel V Vitale - No pray in school
-​ Baker v Carr - People didn’t redraw their district line on account of
population

African American Civil Rights (1960s)

-​ Montgomery Bus Boycotts (1955) - Year long bus boycott, we know
-​ MARTIN LUTHER KINGGGG - My icon. He loved Civil Disobedience.
-​ Sit-Ins
-​ Bull Conner committed acts of horrible violence against peaceful
Protesters in Montgomery Alabama, including children taking place in
the Children’s Crusade
-​ It was Televised
-​ March on Washington - MLK ate up a speech
-​ Malcolm X - He separate and he wanted to be violent. The Black
Panthers were armed, and would fight if they had to.
-​ Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Illegal to discriminate against anyone
-​ Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Do NOT fuck with voting, there will be no
poll taxes, literacy tests, or vioence we will put feds in your voting
booths
-​ Loving v Virginia - MADE INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE LEGALLLL
-​ MLK was assassinated in 1968 :(
-​ Even after all this, there was still hella racism

More Civil Rights

-​ GAY PEOPLE GAY PEOPLE @!!!! :DDDDDDDD
-​ Women - Cultural norms were getting women downnn in t
-​ BETTY FRIEDAN - The Feminine Mystique - women were NOT
happy as housewives, they just didn’t want to get harassed.
-​ NOW - Advocated for Women’s rights- and Equal Pay.
-​ Ms. Magazine - Similar thing
 -​ The Equal Rights Amendment - Didn’t get passed, but it almost did.
FUCKK YOU PHYLIS SAFLEY bruh was being so fucking dumb I
hope you die (you are defdead)
-​ HOMOSEXUALITY!!!
-​ Roe V Wade - Abortion could not be denied in the states
-​ Latino Rights - Ceaser Chavez and Dolores Huerta created the United
Farm Workers in 1962 to protect migrant farm workers.
-​ American Indian Movement - Happened
-​ Self-Determination Act 1975- Natives could control their areas much
more
-​ Stonewall Riots - Gay people were gathering, and they got raided. This
sparked protests, and empowered queer people. (Despite Trans people
often being excluded).
-​ Being gay was no longer a mental illness, it's a sexual orientation

Youth Culture
-​ Two college organizations during the vietnam war:
-​ Young Americans For Freedom - Lets keep up Vietnam!!
-​ Students for a Democratic Society, Port Huron Statement - Leave
Vietnam, who gives a shit about communism!!
-​ They cared bc they were gonna be drafted if they didn’t get to work
-​ Kent State Massacre, 1970 - Kent State University had a protest,
national guard pulled up, and they shot up the crowd, killing four
-​ Counter Culture - Be different! Be hippies! Do drugs!
-​ So much weed
-​ Fizzled out by 1970s

The Environment and Natural Resources

-​ I think i’ll be ok not writing this
-​ Basically we were all up in the middle east, trying to get oil.
-​ Nuclear Energy became a thing
-​ Three Mile Island - Tons of nuclear waste dumped everywhere. Tons of
people could have gotten sick as fuck. Also Chernobyl

Presidents - [Link]