Revision - 1

Q1. What is agriculture?

Agriculture is the production of food or any other resources by growing plants and
domestication of animals.
Q2. Two inputs and outputs of agriculture?
• Inputs: Seeds, Land
• Outputs: Food, Health
Q3. Explain Sericulture.
Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk, which is yarn obtained from
cocoons spun.
Q4. What is the difference between organic and inorganic farming?
• Organic farming: Usage of compost, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers.
• Inorganic farming: Usage of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
Q5. Difference between extensive and intensive farming?
• These farms use new machines and new technologies, e.g., gardening, dairy, and
horticulture.
• Extensive farming: Small agricultural produce is obtained.
Q6. Explain pastoral and mixed farming?
• Pastoral farming: Only animals are reared for products like meat, eggs, cotton, and
leather.
• Mixed farming: Includes both arable farming (plants) and rearing of animals.
Q7. What is Commercial farming?
Commercial farming is a type of agriculture where crops and livestock are produced on a
large scale for sale in markets rather than for personal consumption. It uses modern
techniques, machinery, and chemical inputs to maximize productivity and profits.
Q8. What are products obtained from animal rearing?
The products obtained from animal rearing include:
• Honey
• Meat
• Eggs
• Animal skins
• Milk
• Wool
Q9. Examples of food crops and cash crops (any 3).
• Food crops: Rice, Wheat, Maize
• Cash crops: Cotton, Tea, Coffee

Q11. What is Plantation Farming?

Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large
scale, often for export. It requires large amounts of labor and capital investment. Examples
include tea, rubber, and coffee plantations.
Q12. Places where the following crops are grown:
• Sugarcane – India, Brazil, Thailand
• Cotton – USA, India, China
• Millets – India, Nigeria, China
• Rice – China, India, Indonesia
Q13. What is Horticulture?
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that focuses on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables,
flowers, and ornamental plants.
Q14. Explain Pisciculture.
Pisciculture, also known as fish farming, is the practice of breeding and raising fish in
controlled environments such as ponds, tanks, or enclosures for commercial purposes.
Q15. What is the Green Revolution (two advantages and two disadvantages)?
• Advantages:
1. Increased food production due to high-yield varieties.
2. Reduced famine and improved food security.
• Disadvantages:
1. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides leads to soil degradation.
2. Increased dependency on irrigation and water resources.

Q16. Name the 5 Great Lakes located along the boundaries of the USA & Canada.
1. Lake Superior
2. Lake Michigan
3. Lake Huron
4. Lake Erie
5. Lake Ontario
Q17: ___________ are the eastern highlands of North America?

Answer: The Appalachian Mountains are the eastern highlands of North America.

Q18: Four major physical divisions of North America are:

1. The Canadian Shield
2. The Appalachian Mountains
3. The Interior Plains
4. The Western Cordillera

Q19: Four major physical divisions of South America?

1. The Andes Mountains
2. The Amazon Basin
3. The Brazilian and Guiana Highlands
4. The Pampas and Patagonian Plains

Q20: Name any two River basins of South America?

Answer:
1. The Amazon River Basin
2. The Paraná River Basin

Q21: Explain the following terms:

• Governments: A system or group of people governing an organized community, usually a
state or country.
• Union Government: The central or federal government of a country that oversees national
affairs.
• Gram Panchayat: The local self-government organization at the village level in India. It is
responsible for village administration and development.
• Block Samiti: A governing body at the block level in India that coordinates and oversees
the work of Gram Panchayats in a block (a cluster of villages).

Q22: ___________ is the appointed head of a Municipal Corporation?

Answer: The Municipal Commissioner is the appointed head of a Municipal Corporation.

Chapter 10 - Types of Agriculture
A. Fill in the blanks

1. The main source of labour in Subsistence farming is the family members of the farmer.

2. Intensive farming produces more output per acre as compared to other types of subsistence
farming.

3. Shifting cultivation is also called slash & burn cultivation.

4. Rearing of cattle, sheep, and other livestock for long-term production of milk is called
pastoral farming.

B. Tick the correct answer

1. Which type of farming requires small input of labour, fertilizers, and capital depending on the
area of land being farmed?
c. Extensive farming

2. Which of these items are considered inputs in any agricultural system?

a. Fertilizer
b. Land
d. Labour

3. Which type of farming can be practiced in a small area like a backyard garden?
a. Subsistence farming

C. Match the following

1. Extensive commercial → a. Malaysia

2. Shifting cultivation → b. Australia

3. Extensive subsistence → c. India, Sri Lanka

4. Intensive subsistence → d. Sahara Desert

5. Plantation agriculture → e. Rainforests of Asia and South Africa

D. State whether True or False

1. Subsistence farming is the most basic form of agriculture. (T)

2. Intensive farming causes deforestation. (F)

3. Commercial farming leads to the supply of quality products. (F)

4. Large amounts of labour and capital are required in plantation farming. (T)
E. Answer in a paragraph or two

1. Define agriculture.
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops and rearing animals to produce food, fiber,
medicinal plants, and other products that sustain life. It is a fundamental activity that
supports economies and societies worldwide.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of subsistence farming?

Advantages:

o Provides food for the farmer's family.

o Requires minimal investment.

o Suitable for small landholdings.

Disadvantages:

o Limited production and surplus.

o Vulnerability to climate changes.

o Lack of advanced farming techniques.

3. Write a note on shifting cultivation.

Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture where a plot of land is cleared, used for farming,
and then abandoned once its fertility declines. Farmers move to a new area and repeat the
process. It is commonly practiced in tropical regions and is also known as "slash and burn"
farming.

4. What is commercial farming? List the advantages of commercial farming.

Commercial farming is a large-scale agricultural practice focused on producing crops and
livestock for sale in markets. It involves the use of advanced technologies, mechanization,
and high investment.
Advantages:

o High production yield.

o Use of modern technology.

o Economic benefits and employment opportunities.

5. What is plantation farming? Explain the features of plantation farming.

Plantation farming is a type of commercial agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large
scale for export or industrial use.
Features:

o Large-scale production.

o Use of modern technology.

o Requires significant capital and labor.

o Common crops include tea, coffee, rubber, and sugarcane.

Picture Study

1. Identify the type of farming.

Poultry farming

2. What are the disadvantages of this type of farming?

o Unhygienic conditions

o Spread of viruses

3. What kind of products are obtained through animal husbandry?

o Eggs

o Meat

o Dairy products
Chapter 11 - Major Crops

A. Fill in the blanks

1. Crops that are grown for human consumption are called food crops.
2. Cash crops are grown with the sole purpose of making profit by selling them.
3. Rice requires an average temperature of 26°C for its optimal growth.
4. India is the largest producer of millets in the world.
5. Agriculture is the largest and most significant industry in the world.

B. Match the following

Crop Correct Answer

b. Low humidity, moderate temperature of 20°C – 24°C and moderate rainfall of 50 –

Wheat
70 cm.

e. High humidity and rainfall in the range of 100 – 200 cm, and fertile, clayey soil
Rice
that can hold water.
Crop Correct Answer

Cotton c. Warm and wet climate with moderate temperature (25°C to 28°C).

Tea d. Well-distributed high rainfall and deep, light, well-drained loamy soil.

Coffee a. Black and alluvial soil and high temperature.

C. State whether true or false

1. Wheat is generally grown in tropical countries. (False)
2. Cotton is a fiber crop. (True)
3. Jute grows well in cool and dry climates. (False)
4. A region’s agricultural output is measured in terms of the total amount and the dollar
value of the commodities produced. (True)
5. Rubber plants require at least 100 days of rainfall every year. (True)

D. Choose the correct answer

1. Which country is the leading producer of rice?
a. China

2. Which geographical region is ideal for growing cotton?

c. Dry tropical and sub-tropical region
3. Bagasse is a product of:
b. Sugarcane
4. Which country is the largest producer of vegetables, rice, wheat, tea, and cotton?
b. China
5. During the Green Revolution, hybrid strains of which crops were used?
d. Maize

E. Answer in one or two sentences

1. Which country is the largest producer of coffee?
Brazil is the largest producer of coffee.
2. How much rainfall do rubber plantations require?
Rubber plantations require at least 100 cm to 200 cm of rainfall annually.
 3. How did the Green Revolution lead to regional inequality?
The Green Revolution mainly benefited regions with irrigation facilities and left
behind rain-fed areas, increasing the economic divide between different regions.
4. Name the jute-producing countries of the world.
The major jute-producing countries are India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, and
Myanmar.
5. What are the uses of maize?
Maize is used as food for humans, fodder for animals, and raw material for
producing biofuel and industrial products.
6. Explain the difference between a food crop and a cash crop.
Food crops are grown for human consumption, while cash crops are cultivated for
sale and profit in the market.

F. Answer in a paragraph or two

1. Describe the optimal growing conditions for sugarcane.
Sugarcane requires a hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C. It
grows well in deep loamy soil with good drainage and requires 100 – 175 cm of
rainfall. It is cultivated in regions with irrigation facilities if rainfall is insufficient.
2. Write a short note on millets.
Millets are small-seeded cereal grains that grow well in semi-arid regions with
minimal water requirements. They thrive in sandy and less fertile soils and require
30 – 100 cm of rainfall. India is the largest producer of millets, which include jowar,
bajra, and ragi. They are highly nutritious and resistant to harsh climatic conditions.
3. What is rubber? Describe the ideal growing conditions for rubber.
Rubber is a natural polymer obtained from the latex of rubber trees. It is used to
manufacture tires, gloves, and other industrial goods. Rubber trees require a hot and
humid climate with temperatures between 25°C and 35°C, well-distributed rainfall
of 150 – 250 cm, and deep, well-drained loamy soil.
4. Describe the positive results of the Green Revolution.
The Green Revolution led to a significant increase in agricultural productivity,
especially in wheat and rice. It helped reduce food shortages, made countries self-
sufficient, and boosted farmers' incomes. It also introduced modern farming
techniques, including high-yield varieties, chemical fertilizers, and better irrigation
systems.
5. Describe the limitations of the Green Revolution.
The Green Revolution had several drawbacks, such as soil degradation due to
excessive chemical use, increased water consumption, and regional disparity as
benefits were limited to irrigated areas. Small farmers faced financial difficulties due
to the high cost of fertilizers and hybrid seeds.
Chapter 12 - North America
Section A: Fill in the blanks

1. There are 23 independent nations in North America.

2. In the north, the continent of North America stretches from 26°-94° in the east to 53°-180° in
the west.

3. The USA, Canada, and Mexico cover almost 95 percent of the total land area of North
America.

4. The Canadian Shield is also known as the Canadian Plateau.

5. Canada is a world leader in maple syrup production.

Section B: Match the following

Country or Territory Capital

1. Jamaica c. Kingston

2. Canada a. Ottawa

3. Cuba d. Havana

4. Greenland e. Nuuk

5. Haiti b. Port-au-Prince

Section C: True or False

1. North America occupies 26.5 percent of Earth’s land. (False)

2. North America is surrounded by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian Oceans. (False)

3. Greenland is a political part of Canada. (False)

4. The Western Cordilleras consist of a system of parallel cordilleras that extend for about 6,400
km. (True)

5. In Canada, the lumber industry is a traditional industry. (True)

Section D: Choose the correct answer

1. What is the estimated population of North America?

o b. 579 million

2. In the south, North America tapers along which geographical region to connect to South
America?
 o b. Isthmus of Panama

3. Appalachians are also known as

o b. Eastern Highlands

4. Which region in the Western Cordilleras also serves as an area of inland drainage?

o c. Great Basin

5. Which country offers the largest market for Canadian Lumber industry?

o a. USA

Section E: Answer in a paragraph or two

1. Explain the location of North America.

North America is located in the Northern Hemisphere, bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north,
the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and South America to the south. It
extends from the Arctic region in the north to the Isthmus of Panama in the south, which connects it
to South America. The continent includes Canada, the United States, Mexico, and several countries
in Central America and the Caribbean.

2. Outline the distribution of various regions in North America.

North America is divided into several distinct geographical regions:

• The Appalachian Mountains in the east, which are old and eroded.

• The Central Lowlands, stretching between the Appalachians and the Great Plains, known for
fertile soil.

• The Canadian Shield, covering much of Canada, made up of ancient rock formations.

• The Western Cordilleras, consisting of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and the Coast
Ranges.

• The Great Plains, located in central North America, known for agriculture.

• The Coastal Plains, extending along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

3. Describe the characteristics of the Western Cordilleras.

The Western Cordilleras are a vast system of mountain ranges stretching from Alaska to Central
America. They consist of multiple parallel mountain chains, including the Rocky Mountains, Sierra
Nevada, and the Coast Ranges. These mountains are geologically young and are known for their high
peaks, deep valleys, and active volcanoes. The region is rich in minerals such as gold, copper, and
silver. It also influences climate patterns and has a variety of landscapes, including forests, deserts,
and glaciers.
4. Write a note on the rivers that travel southwards in North America.

Several major rivers in North America flow southward toward oceans and seas.

• The Mississippi River, the longest in North America, originates in Minnesota and flows
south to the Gulf of Mexico.

• The Missouri River, a major tributary of the Mississippi, starts in the Rocky Mountains.

• The Rio Grande begins in Colorado and forms part of the U.S.-Mexico border before
emptying into the Gulf of Mexico.

• The Colorado River originates in the Rocky Mountains and carves the Grand Canyon before
reaching the Pacific.

5. Describe the lumber industry in North America.

The lumber industry is an essential part of North America’s economy, particularly in Canada and the
United States.

• Canada has vast forests, especially in British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario, which provide
softwood lumber, pulp, and paper products.

• The United States also has a major lumber industry, with forests in Oregon, Washington,
and California.

• The industry supports construction, furniture, and paper manufacturing, making North
America one of the largest producers and exporters of timber products.

Picture Study

1. Identify the river.

o The river in the image is the Mississippi River.

2. What is the source and mouth of the river?

o Source: Lake Itasca, Minnesota

o Mouth: Gulf of Mexico

3. In which direction does it flow?

o It flows southward.
Chapter 13 - South America
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. South America is home to about 423 million people.

2. The Isthmus of Panama connects South America to North America in the northwest.

3. Brazil is the largest country in South America.

4. The Andes is the longest continuous mountain range in the world.

5. The Guiana Highlands are located in the northern parts of the Central Lowlands.

B. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which place forms the southernmost tip of the South American continent?
c. Cape Horn

2. Which city is the capital of Ecuador?

b. Quito

3. What is the average height of the Andes mountain range?

b. 4,000 m

4. Which desert is the driest desert in the world?

c. The Atacama

C. Match the columns.

Country Capital

1. Paraguay c. Asuncion

2. Suriname b. Paramaribo

3. Venezuela e. Caracas

4. Argentina a. Buenos Aires

5. Bolivia d. Sucre

D. State whether true or false.

1. The equator passes through the southern part of South America. False

2. The Galapagos Island is located off the west coast from the South American mainland. True

3. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. True

4. The Brazilian Highlands are located between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. False
5. Lake Maracaibo is South America’s largest lake by area. True

E. Answer in one or two sentences.

1. What is the extent of the Andes Mountains?

o The Andes Mountains extend along the western coast of South America, covering
approximately 7,000 km (4,300 miles) from Venezuela in the north to Argentina and
Chile in the south.

2. What is the highest peak of the Andes?

o The highest peak of the Andes is Aconcagua, which stands at 6,961 meters (22,838
feet) above sea level.

3. Name the three major rivers of the Central Lowlands.

o The three major rivers of the Central Lowlands are the Amazon River, the Paraná
River, and the Orinoco River.

4. What is Llanos?

o Llanos is a vast tropical grassland plain located in Colombia and Venezuela, primarily
along the Orinoco River. It is known for its seasonal flooding and rich biodiversity.

5. What is Tierra del Fuego?

o Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago at the southern tip of South America, shared
between Chile and Argentina. It is known for its rugged landscapes, glaciers, and
subpolar climate.

F. Answer in a paragraph or two.

1. Explain the boundaries of South America.

o South America is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to
the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Southern Ocean to the south. It is
connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama. The continent is dominated
by the Andes Mountains along the western coast and the vast Amazon Basin in the
central part.

2. List the important physical features of the Coastal Plains.

o The Coastal Plains of South America are found along the eastern and western
coasts. On the east, the Atlantic Coastal Plain stretches from Venezuela to Argentina,
including parts of Brazil. On the west, the Pacific Coastal Plain is narrow due to the
presence of the Andes Mountains. The plains feature wetlands, mangroves, and
fertile agricultural lands, particularly in Argentina and Brazil.

3. Write a note on the important rivers of South America.

o South America is home to several important rivers, including the Amazon River,
which is the largest and longest river in the continent. The Paraná River, which
 flows through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, is another major river. The Orinoco
River, located in Venezuela and Colombia, is known for its extensive delta and rich
biodiversity. These rivers play a crucial role in transportation, agriculture, and
hydroelectric power generation.

4. Describe the extent and physiography of the Eastern Highlands.

o The Eastern Highlands of South America consist mainly of the Guiana Highlands, the
Brazilian Highlands, and the Patagonian Plateau. The Guiana Highlands are located
in the northern part of the continent and include Angel Falls, the world's highest
waterfall. The Brazilian Highlands occupy a vast area of central and eastern Brazil,
featuring plateaus, valleys, and river basins. The Patagonian Plateau in the south has
dry, windy plains and extends toward the Andes Mountains. These highlands are rich
in minerals and support diverse ecosystems.

5. Write a note on the Atacama Desert.

o The Atacama Desert, located in northern Chile, is the driest non-polar desert in the
world. Some areas of the Atacama receive almost no rainfall, making it one of the
most arid places on Earth. The region is rich in minerals like copper and lithium, and
it has unique landscapes with salt flats, volcanoes, and dry riverbeds. Despite its
extreme dryness, the desert supports unique flora and fauna, including specialized
microorganisms.

G. Picture Study.

1. Identify the waterfall.

o The waterfall shown in the image is Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world,
located in Venezuela.

2. In which river basin is the waterfall located?

o Angel Falls is located in the Orinoco River Basin, specifically in the Caroní River
tributary in Venezuela.

3. List two important features of that river basin.

o The Orinoco River Basin is known for:

1. Rich biodiversity, including tropical rainforests, wetlands, and diverse

wildlife such as jaguars, river dolphins, and macaws.

2. Extensive river network, supporting hydroelectric power, agriculture, and

transportation for local communities.
Chapter 14 - Rural & Urban - Local Self Governments
A. Fill in the blanks

1. Urban local self-government bodies look after the needs and requirements of cities and
towns.

2. Mumbai is a metropolitan city.

3. The number of wards in a municipal area is determined by the population of the city.

4. The chief Executive Officer of a Municipal Corporation is also known as Municipal

Commissioner.

B. Match the following

1. Municipal Corporation → c. More than 10,00,000 population

2. Municipal Council → b. Head of Municipality

3. Nagar Panchayat → a. Transitional areas

4. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act → e. Urban local bodies

5. President → d. 20,000 to 1,00,000 population

C. Choose the correct answer

1. The City Council is also known as the b. Nagar Panchayat.

2. c. Mahanagarpalika is also known as Municipal Corporation.

3. The alternate name for Municipal Council is a. Nagar Palika.

4. A city is divided into several a. wards.

5. b. Women have reserved seats in the Municipal Corporation.

6. c. Sarpanch is the Head of Government of India.

7. The Gram Panchayat is elected by d. Gram Sabha.

8. The Gram Panchayat is elected for b. five years.

9. The members of the Gram Panchayat other than the Sarpanch are called b. Sadasya.

10. Many villages are grouped to form a b. block.

D. Answer the following questions in detail

1. How were urban local self-government bodies set up in India? What are its levels?
 o Urban local self-government bodies in India were set up to provide essential civic
services and manage local administration efficiently. The three levels of urban local
bodies are:

1. Municipal Corporation – for large cities with a population above 10 lakh.

2. Municipal Council – for medium-sized towns with a population between

20,000 to 10 lakh.

3. Nagar Panchayat – for small towns and transitional areas.

2. What is a Municipal Corporation? Explain its composition.

o A Municipal Corporation is the governing body of a large city responsible for

infrastructure, public services, and local administration. Its composition includes:

1. Mayor – the ceremonial head.

2. Municipal Commissioner – the chief executive officer.

3. Councillors – elected representatives from different wards.

4. Standing Committees – responsible for various administrative functions.

3. List the mandatory functions of the Municipal Corporation.

o The mandatory functions include:

1. Water supply and sanitation

2. Road maintenance

3. Waste management

4. Street lighting

5. Health and public hygiene

4. Which areas have Municipal Councils and Nagar Panchayats as self-government bodies?

o Municipal Councils exist in medium-sized towns, while Nagar Panchayats are present
in smaller towns and transitional areas.

5. What are the sources of income for the local self-governing bodies in urban areas?

o Sources of income include:

1. Property tax

2. Water tax

3. Vehicle tax

4. Grants from the government

5. Fines and penalties

E. Answer the following questions in detail

1. Trace the origins of the Panchayati Raj system.

o The Panchayati Raj system in India has historical roots in village governance. It was
formally introduced in 1959 following the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee report. It
aimed to decentralize power and ensure grassroots democracy.

2. What are the compulsory and optional functions of the Gram Panchayat?

o Compulsory functions:

1. Sanitation and public health

2. Street lighting

3. Drinking water supply

o Optional functions:

1. Organizing fairs and festivals

2. Encouraging agriculture and cottage industries

3. What is the composition of the Block Samiti?

o The Block Samiti comprises:

1. Elected representatives from villages

2. Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs)

3. Officials like the Block Development Officer (BDO)

4. What are the functions of Zila Parishad?

o Functions include:

1. Coordinating with Panchayat Samitis

2. Implementing development projects

3. Supervising rural schools and healthcare

5. Differentiate between the central, state, and local self-governments.

o Central Government: Manages national affairs like defense and foreign policy.

o State Government: Handles state-level issues like education and healthcare.

o Local Self-Government: Manages city and village administration.

F. Snap Shot!

1. Why did the Municipal Corporation of Indore install artificial ponds for Ganesh Visarjan?

o To prevent pollution of natural water bodies in the city.

2. Which type of function is this?

o Mandatory function
3. List any five non-mandatory functions of the Municipal Corporation.

o Ensuring the supply of cooking gas and ration

o Organizing cultural and sports events

o Establishing orphanages, old-age homes, and rest houses

o Running public libraries and museums

o Providing financial aid to the poor

1. Introduction to the Green Revolution

• The Green Revolution was a set of agricultural improvements aimed at solving food
shortages.
• It mainly benefited developing countries after the 1960s.
• India was among the first countries to adopt high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds in 1966-67.

2. Impact on Indian Agriculture

• Before the Green Revolution, Indian agriculture had stagnated (stopped progressing).
• The introduction of HYV seeds led to a major increase in food production.
• It was a turning point for agriculture in India.

3. Features of the Green Revolution

• It introduced hybrid varieties of five main cereals:
• Wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, and millet
• These new seeds were mostly drought-resistant, except for rice.
• HYV seeds were:
• Highly responsive to fertilizers
• Had a shorter growing season than traditional crops

4. Criticisms and Limitations

• Despite its benefits, not everyone could access these advancements.
• The Green Revolution mostly benefited certain regions and farmers.
• The handwritten note suggests that even 20 years after India’s independence (1947), food
shortages remained, leading to the use of hybrid seeds to improve production.