CHAPTER 2:

OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN
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Dr. Mohamad Kassab

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INHERITANCE
 INHERITANCE
▪ It is when a class “inherits” attributes and methods from another class.
o Parent / Superclass / base class - the class being inherited from
o Child / Subclass/derived class - the class inheriting from another
▪ A subclass cannot access the private members of its parent, but it can
access members that are public or members that are protected.
Example:
//Parent class // The class “Programmer” is a child class
class Employee { that inherits the members of “Employee”
public: class Programmer: public Employee {
int getSalary() { return salary; } public:
protected: / string programming_language;
/*Protected members are public to void setSalary(int s) { salary = s; }
classes derived from Employee, and /* see how method can access salary
private to all other classes */ because it is a protected member! */
int salary; };
}; 3
CODE DEMONSTRATION

▪ 1. Access file “Inheritence”

▪ 2. write subclass
“Programmer” which is a
subclass of “Employee”.
▪ De-comment the lines in the
main function and execute the
code

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OVERRIDING INHERITED FUNCTIONS
▪ You can override an inherited method by redefining it in the child class.
Example:
class Animal {// parent class
public:
void animalSound() {
cout << "The animal makes a sound \n";
}
};

class Dog: public Animal { // Now, class “Dog” inherits “Animal”

public:
void animalSound() {
cout << "The dog says: woof woof \n";
}
};
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 Why do we need inheritance?
Suppose you want to define two classes:
class Faculty { class Student {
private: private:
string name; string name;
string idNum;
some parts are string idNum;
string rank; repeated!! string major;
public: public:
Faculty( string n, string i, string r) Student( string n, string i, string r)
void print(); void print();
string getName(); string getName();
string getRank(); void changeMajor(string m);
} }
Faculty::Faculty( string n, string i, string r) Student::Student( string n, string i, string m)
: name(n), idNum(i), rank(r) { : name(n), idNum(i), major(m) {
} }
void Faculty::print( ) { void Student::print( ) {
cout << name; cout << name;
cout << idNum; cout << idNum;
cout << rank; cout << major;
} }
string Faculty::getName( ) { return name; } string Student::getName( ) { return name; }
void Faculty::getRank( ) { return rank; } void Student::changeMajor( string m ) {
major = m; 6
}
 Benefits of using inheritance
Create a base class containing the common members, and two derived classes

class Person { Person::Person( string n, string i)

private: : name(n), idNum(i) {
string name; }
string idNum; void Person::print( ) {
public: cout << name;
Person(string n, string i) cout << idNum;
void print(); }
string getName(); string Person::getName( ) { return name; }
}
We called the constructor of
A faculty A student Person in the initializer list of
is a person is a person the constructor of Student

Student::Student(string n, string i, string m)

class Faculty : public Person{ class Student : public Person{ : Person(n,i), major(m) {
private: private: }
string rank; string major; void Student::print( ) {
public: public: Person::print();
Faculty(string n, string i, string r); Student(string n, string i, string m); cout << major;
void print(); void print(); }
void getRank(); void changeMajor(string m); void Student::changeMajor( string m ) {
} } major = newMajor ;
} 7
CODE DEMONSTRATION
▪ 1. Access file “overriding”
▪ 2. write subclass “student”
which is a subclass of “Person”
with the following:
▪ Private attribute major
▪ Constructor method
▪ Pint method
▪ Change major method
▪ De-comment the lines in the
main function and execute the
code
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TEMPLATES
 FUNCTION TEMPLATE
How do we avoid repeat the same code over and over for different types?

void function_1 ( int x, int y ){ void function_2 ( double x, double y ){ void function_3 ( float x, float y ){
// code goes here… /* The same code goes here, but /* The same code goes here, but
} for “double” instead of “int” */ for “float” instead of “int” */
} }

Solution: Instead of writing the above three versions, just write a single template:

template <typename T> void myFunction( T x, T y ){

// code goes here…
}

You can have more than one typename: template <typename T, typename V, …>
T and V can be used as if they were datatypes.
Let’s see an example… 10
 FUNCTION TEMPLATE
void min_1(int x, int y){ void min_2(double x, double y){ void min_3(float x, float y){
if (x<y) cout << x; if (x<y) cout << x; if (x<y) cout << x;
else cout << y; else cout << y; else cout << y;
} } }

Instead of writing the above three versions, write a single template:

template <typename T> void minimum(T x, T y){
if (x<y) cout << x;
else cout << y;
}

Now, calling the function is straight forward, for example, you may write:
int i = 5; int j = 7; minimum(i,j); // this will print 5
double x = 3.67; double y = 9.7881; minimum(x,y); // this will print 3.67
float a = 1.5; float b = 2.5; minimum(a,b); // this will print 1.5 11
CLASS TEMPLATE
▪ Similar to a function template declaration, it starts with
the keyword template followed by < > for the types
Syntax:
template <typename T, typename V, ...>
class MyClass
{ private:
V var; /* You can treat V like
any regular type */
public:
T functionName(V arg);
/* You can treat T and V like
any regular type */
};

Let’s see a detailed example… 12

 CLASS TEMPLATE
▪ An example of a class template…

template <typename T> int main() {

class Calculator {
private: Calculator<int> x(2, 1);
T num1, num2; cout << “The integer numbers are:";
public: [Link]();
Calculator(T n1, T n2){
num1 = n1; Calculator<double> y(2.498, 1.2775);
num2 = n2; cout << “The double numbers are:";
} [Link]();
void displayNumbers(){
cout << num1 << " and " << num2; return EXIT_SUCCESS;
} }
};

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CODE DEMONSTRATION

▪ 1. Access file “templates”

▪ 2. Run the code.

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EXCEPTIONS
EXCEPTIONS
• When executing C++ code, different errors can occur, e.g., coding errors made by
the programmer, or user errors such as providing a wrong input
• To specify what happens when certain errors are made, use “exceptions”. For this,
you need 3 keywords: try, throw, and catch.
• Here is a syntax example (we’ll explain in more detail in the next slides):
try {
// some code can go here...
if( error_happens )
throw( exception_object );
// some code can go here...
}
catch ( exception_object ) {
// write here what you want to happen when error occurs
}
• We need to create an object that will be “thrown” when there is an error! 16
EXCEPTIONS
• First, we need to define a class for each type of error. Then, we will be
able to throw an object of that class if an error occurs!
• Suppose we define a generic class called MathException that we will use
whenever there is a math-related error. A possible definition could be:
class MathException {
private:
string errMsg; // The error message that is stored in the object
public:
/* A constructor. Remember, “: errMsg(err)” is an initializer list
that sets: errMsg = err; */
MathException(const string& err) : errMsg(err) { }

// A method used to retrieve the error message stored in the object

string getError() { return errMsg; }
}; 17
EXCEPTIONS
• Now we can throw an object of MathException if we detect a math-related error

try {

// some code can go here...

if( z == 0 ){
throw( MathException( “Can’t divide by zero!” ) ); /* Notice how, inside the “throw”
statement, we created an object by calling the constructor of “MathException” */
}else
x = y/z;

// some code can go here...

}
catch ( MathException& obj ) {
cout << [Link](); /* This line will print the error message stored in the
object called “obj” */
}
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CODE
DEMONSTRATION -4

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EXCEPTIONS
• A function may specify the exceptions it throws. Here is an example:
void calculator() throw(ZeroDivide, NegativeRoot) {
// function body goes here ...
}

• You will see many examples in the book where a class has a function (i.e., a method)
that specifies the exception it throws, without worrying about the details of what
will happen when that exception is caught!

• This is mainly meant to emphasize that you should look out for, and “catch”, any
errors that may happen, but the book never provides additional details about the
exception object itself, since this is not important for understanding data structures!

• Let us consider an example taken from Chapter 3 of the textbook…

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REMINDER!
 PLAGIARISM IN LABS & ASSIGNMENTS
• Please do NOT copy code from each other. f you do so, you
WILL be caught!
• If you copy, but change the variable names, or remove comments,
or try to modify the copied code; you’ll still be caught! We easily
catch such attempts all the time!!

• The penalty for plagiarism (in assignments, quizzes, homework,

or exams) is one of the following (whichever is higher):
• 10% of the full course grade
• The full grade of assignment/quiz/homework/exam.
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