RAVI FOUDAION

Nedunuru

Computer
Fundamental
what is Computer?

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives
the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and
non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Inputo

b. processes data Processing

c. produces output Output

d. stores results Storage

Input (Data):

Input is the law information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the
collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process:

Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of
the computer system.

Output:

Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also
called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.

Computer system

All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + USER

 Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices

All physical parts of the computer ( or everything that we can touch ) are know s
Hardware.

 Software = Programs
Software gives “intelligence” to the computer

 USER = Person, who operates computer.

Major parts of the computer
Input Devices

1. Mouse 2.
Keyboard

3. 4. Digital
Scanner Camera

5. 6.
Joysticks
7. Track
Ball 8. Touch
pad
screen

fff
10. Bar
Code
9. Light Reader
Pen

11.
Microphone
12.
Graphics
Tablets

13. 14.
Magnetic Optical
Ink Mark
character Reader
Reader (Used for
Answer
(Use in
sheet
Bank0 Marking
Purpose)
15 .
Magnetic
Card 16.
Reader
Biometric
( Used in
Shops, Devices
Colleges,
Stations
etc)

17.
Bluetooth

Processor

CENTRAL PROGESSING UNIT (CPU)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all
events inside
the computer. It controls all internal and external devices, performs arithmetic and
external devices, performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU (Central
Processing Unit ) is the device that interprets and

Output Devices

1. Monitor
2.

Printer
(Dot
Matrix)

3. Projector

Inkjet

[Link]

Laser
5. Speaker

Storage Devices
1. Primary memory ( main memory)

A. RAM ( Random Access Memory/ Read-Write Memory)

B. ROM ( Read-only-memory)

2. Secondary memory ( storage devices )

A. Hard Disk (Local Disk )

B. Optical Disks; CD-R, CD,-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW

C. Pen Drive

D. Zip Drive

E. Floppy Disks

F. Memory Disks

G. External Hard Disk

A. Hard
Disk

B. Optical C. Pen Drive

disk

D E. Floppy
Disk
(super
disk)

F. Memory G. External

Cards Hard
Disk
Peripheral Devices

1. The 2.
Modem/ Switches/Hu
Internet b

Adapter

3. Router 4. TV Tuner
Card

Internal Components

1. The Mother
Board 2. Expansion
Slots
3. CMOS Battery 4. Cooling Fan

5. Network Card
6. Graphics
Card

7. Power Supply
Unit ( SMPS) 8. Memory
Slots
Software
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions giv3en to the computer in
the form of a program is called Software is the set of programs, which are used for
different purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called
Software.

Types of software

1. System software:

a) Operating System Software

DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.

b) Utility Software

Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media Player, Anti Virus

Utilities, Disk

Defragmentation, Disk Clean, BackUp, WinZiP, WinRAR ect…..

2. Computer Languages & Scripting :

a) Low Level Language

i) Machine Level Language

ii) Assembly Language

Machine language ; These language instructions are directly executed by CPU

Assembly language ; These endeavor of giving machine language instructions a name

structure that means bit strings of instructions of a machine language are given name
here

High Level Language : The user friendly language … more natural language than
assembly language.

Assembler is needed to convert assembly language into machine language

Complier is needed to convert high level to machine language

b) High Level Language

COBOI (Common Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation),

BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), C++ etc, are the examples of
High Level Language.

Types of Computer

On the basis of Working Principle

a) Analog Computer

An analog computer (spelt analogue is British English) is a form of computer that uses
cintinnous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being solved.

1.
Thermomete 2.
r Speedometer
3. Petrol
Pump 4.
Indicator Multimeter

b) Digital Computer

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantites represented
as digits, usually in the binary number system.

c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital )

A combination of computer those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital
and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of
performing complex simulations.
On the basis of size

a) Super Computer

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For
example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers
include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum explorations.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer

channels all its power into executing a
few programs as fast as
possible, whereas a mainframe uses
its power to execute many programs
concurrently.

b) Mainframe Computer

A very large and expensive computer

capable of supporting hundreds, or even
thousands, of users simultaneously . In the
hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor
(in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves
to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just
below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes
are more Powerful than supercomputers because
they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single
program faster than a mainframe.

c) Mini Computer

A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie

between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade,
the distinction large minicomputers and small mainframes
has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a
minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of
supporting form 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

d) Micro Computer

i) Desktop Computer : a personal or micro-mini computer to fit on a desk.

iii/PDAs: a hand-sized
computer. Palmtops
have no keyboard but
the screen serves both as
an input and output device.

e) Workstations

A terminal or desktop
computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic
term for a user’s machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or
“mainframe”
On the basis of Brand

a) IBM/IBM Compatible
Computers

c) Apple/Macintosh
Booting

The process of loading the system files of the operating system from the disk the
computer memory to complete the circuitry requirement of the computer system is called
booting. The system of [Link] are:

Types of Booting ;

There are two types of booting:

 Cold Booting : If the computer is in off state and we boot the computer by
pressing the power switch ‘ON’ from the CPU box then it is called as cold booting.
 Warm Booting : If the computer is already ‘ON’ and we restart it by pressing the
‘RESET’ button from the CPU box or CTRL, ALT and DEL key simultaneously from
the keyboard then is called warm booting.

How to start the Computer in Ms.

Windows mode?

There is nothing special you need to start

this system just,

1. Switch ON the Power Supply

2. Switch ON the CPU and,

3. Switch ON the Screen (Monitor).

How to Shutdown ( Turn Off ) the Computer ?

Before shutting down the Computer, close all opened windows at first Then,

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Shutdown (Turn Off Computer).

Then, Computer asks you :

What do you want the Computer to do ?

 Standby
 Shutdown (Turn Off)
 Restart
 Restart in MS-DOS mode.

3. Choose 2nd
option (i.e.

Shutdown/Turn Off )

4. Click on OK.

Then, wait until the message “It’s now safe to turn off your Computer’

5. Then, Switch Off the screen.

6. Switch Off the screen.

7. At last, Switch Off the Power supply.

Basic Computer Literacy

Quiz One

1. Which one is not an output device ?

o Printer
o Monitor
 o Keyboard
o Modem

2. Which one works as on output and input device ?

o Modern
o Scanner
o Mouse
o Monitor

3. All computers must have:

o Word processing software

o An operating system
o A printer attached
o A virus checking program

4. The brain of the computer is called:

o Random Access Memory or RAM

o Central Processing Unit or CPU
o Read Only Memory or ROM
o BIOS

5. An operating system is :

o Integrated software
o CD-ROM software
o Application software
o System software

6. Software is :

o A computer program
o A set of instructions
o All of the above
o Only in operating systems

7. One MB is equal to :

o The amount of RAM in every computer

o 1 billion bytes
o 1024KB
 o 1 thousand bytes

8. The resolution of a printer is measured in:

o Megabits
o Hz
o Dots per inch (DPT)
o Inches(diagonal)

9. Windows and Macintosh computers:

o Are both manufactured by Motorola

o Both use Intel microprocessors
o Use the same operating system
o Are not compatible

10. A computer port is used to :

o Communicate with other computer peripherals

o Download files from the web
o Communicated with all hard drives
o Connect computers together

Quiz Two
11. Which computer is the fastest?

o PII 600MHz
o PIII 600MHz
o Pentium 600 MHz
o 486 Turbo

12. Which hard disk will be able to store more information?

o 24MB
o 2400KB
o 24Gig
o 240MB

13. In order for your computer to play music you need:

o A network card and speakers

o A sound card and speakers
o Nothing more than the internal speaker
o A CD-ROM drive
14. In order to access the world Wide Web you need:

o An Internet connection, an Internet Service Provider and brows

o Only Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator
o A modem and a browser
o Nothing. All computer can access the Internet

15. If you have two different Printers attached to your computer:

o It is not possible to have two printers attached to a single computer

o You need to install a single printer driver
o You need to use application software that can recognize both printers
o You need install two different printer drivers in order to be able to print to
either printer

16. Which file extensions indicate only graphics files?

o BMP and DOC

o JPEG and TXT
o TXT and STK
o BMP and GIF

17. Which Windows program do you use to manger folders and files?

o Windows Explorer
o Windows Accessories
o Microsoft Office
o Windows Control Panel

18. What is a URL:

o An email address
o The title of web site
o The address of a page on the World Wide Web
o A communication method between computers and printers

19. Which media holds more information?

o Floppy diskette
o DVD
o CD-ROM
o Zip drive
20. Which one is an email addresses:

o http:// [Link]/[Link]
o D:\\Email\Standard
o joesmart@[Link]
o [Link]/teachers/mailaddresses

Quiz Three
21. CPU means (1 point)

o Central Processing Unit

o Controlled Program Utilization
o Computer Programming Unit
o Computerized Processing Unit

22. Computers use a special code for representing letters and numbers, known
as the (1 point)

o Processing code
o Binary code
o CRX code
o Integrated code

23. The main circuit board in the computer that connects the parts of the
computer is the (1 point)

o Hard drive
o Motherboard
o fatherboard
o Main board

24. The part of the computer that processes the information is the (1 point)

o Floppy disk
o CD-ROM drive
o Monitor
o Microprocessor

25. Which of these is not be example of an input device? (1 point)

o Keyboard
o Mouse
 o Hard drive
o Scanner

26. Processing speed in computers is measured in (1 point)

o millivolts (Mv)
o hertz (Hz)
o megahertz (MHz)
o rpm’s

27. External devices such as printers and scanners puld into__in the back of the
computer. (1 point)

o RX-5’s
o Expansion slots
o Outlets
o Ports

28. Windows is (1 point)

o a kind of operating system.

o a graphics display device.
o a monitor display system.
o a video game.

29. To “ boot a computer” means to ( 1 point)

o add extra drives.

o turn on the sound.
o turn it on.
o Throw it out – it’s outdated.

30. The hard drive in the computer is usually (1 point)

o Drive A.
o Drive B.
o Drive C.
o Drive H

31. A “byte” is (1 point)

o Found in the upper right corner of a window screen

o A group of 8 bits of code.
 o The capacity of a sound card.
o The part that moves on it disk drive.

32. When you click SAVE on the monitor, and there is no floppy disk in a drive,
the document or application you’re using is stored ( 1 point)

o On the RAM chips

o On the CD-ROM drive
o In ROM memory
o On the hard drive

33. Pictures on the display screen ( monitor) are made up of ( 1 point)

o Pixcls.
o Layers of color.
o Bits.
o Video “packets’

34. Temporary memory is called (1 point)

o RAM
o CAD
o DOS
o ROM

35. Which of these Is not one of the three main functions of a microprocessor? (1
point)

o Fetch
o Store
o Decode
o Execute

36. Which of these is not example of computer hardware? (1 point)

o Video card
o Mouse
o CD-ROM drive
o Windows

37. To “debug” the system means to (1 point)

o Clean it.
 o Find and correct errors.
o Decode it.
o Set up icons.

38. A megabyte is (1 point)

o 1,000 bytes
o 1 byte
o 1 million bytes
o 1 trillion bytes

39. Formatting a disk means (1 point)

o Installing an operating system on it.

o Setting up sections on the disk to store the files in.
o Cleaning the disk form any dust contaminates,
o Programming the disk so data on it can’t be erased.

40. A system that connects individual computers together is a (1 point)

o Operating system
o Network.
o Tape drive system.
o Partnered path

41. When you ue a PC, you are using a ( 1 point)

o Programmable console
o Powered calculating machine.
o Personal computer.
o Processing contraption

42. VDU stands for.

o Video Display Unit

o Visible Display Unit
o Visible Display Unit
o Video Diode Unit.