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Database Normalization Explained

The document outlines the various forms of database normalization, including First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth Normal Form (4NF), and Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF). Each form has specific requirements to eliminate redundancy and ensure data integrity, with examples illustrating non-compliance and the correct structure. The highest level, DKNF, mandates that all constraints be expressible as domain or key constraints.

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5 views2 pages

Database Normalization Explained

The document outlines the various forms of database normalization, including First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth Normal Form (4NF), and Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF). Each form has specific requirements to eliminate redundancy and ensure data integrity, with examples illustrating non-compliance and the correct structure. The highest level, DKNF, mandates that all constraints be expressible as domain or key constraints.

Uploaded by

mktmkh6
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Database Normalization - Summary &

Examples
First Normal Form (1NF)
1NF requires atomic values (no sets/lists in a cell), no multivalued or composite attributes,
and no nested relations.
Example:
- NOT 1NF: Ali | Math, Science
- 1NF: Ali | Math
Ali | Science

Second Normal Form (2NF)


2NF builds on 1NF and removes partial dependencies.
Non-key attributes must depend on the whole composite key, not part of it.
Example:
- NOT 2NF: StudentID + CourseID → StudentName
- 2NF: Break into two tables

Third Normal Form (3NF)


3NF requires no transitive dependencies.
Non-key attributes should not depend on other non-key attributes.
Example:
- NOT 3NF: EID → Title, Title → Salary
- 3NF: Break Title and Salary into separate tables

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)


Stricter than 3NF. Every determinant must be a candidate key.
Example:
- NOT BCNF: Course → Instructor, Student → Instructor
- BCNF: Refactor into separate relations

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)


Removes multivalued dependencies.
Attributes must be independent of each other given the key.
Example:
- NOT 4NF: Smith → Project X & Department Y
- 4NF: Separate into Project and Department tables

Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF)


The highest normal form. All constraints must be expressible as domain or key constraints.
Example:
- EmpID must be 4 digits, Email valid format
- All rules derived from domain or key constraints

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