Question Answer

What does theIt controls most visceral functions including arterial pressure, GI motility and secretion, bladder empty
Who coined thJohn Newport Langley
What is the or It is derived from the English word "autonomy" meaning self-governing.
Why is ANS als Because it controls involuntary functions and activities of internal organs.
Which tissues Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
How fast can AIt can double the heart rate within 3 to 5 seconds.
How fast can AIt can double or halve arterial pressure within 10 to 15 seconds.
Can the ANS in Yes, both can occur within seconds.
Is the ANS indNo, it is regulated by the medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and
How does ANSThrough visceral reflexes.
What is the baAfferents → Control center → Efferents
What are the tSympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
Where do sympa T1–L2 spinal cord segments (intermediolateral gray horn)
What are the cParavertebral chains, prevertebral ganglia, and nerves to internal organs
What is the lenShort preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
Where do paras Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal nerves S2–S4
What percentag 75%
What organs arHeart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, proximal colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidne
Where are para In the wall of the target organ
What is the fi Long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers
What are the tAcetylcholine and Norepinephrine
What are choliFibers that release acetylcholine
What are adren Fibers that release norepinephrine
What are the cNicotinic and Muscarinic
What are the aAlpha (α1, α2) and Beta (β1, β2)
Where are musc On effectors, supplied by parasympathetic postganglionic and some sympathetic cholinergic fibers
Where are nicoBetween pre- and postganglionic neurons and at neuromuscular junctions
Which neurotraNorepinephrine
Which neurotraEpinephrine
Where are β1 rIn the heart
Which fibers aAll preganglionic fibers and most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
Which sympathe Those supplying sweat glands and piloerector muscles
What are examp Baroreceptor, GI reflexes, micturition, sexual reflexes, gallbladder emptying
What are the eIncreased BP, blood glucose, metabolism, blood flow to muscles, mental activity, and coagulation
What causes th Hypothalamus via the limbic system activates brainstem and spinal sympathetic discharge
What are sympDrugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors e.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine, methoxamine
What do phenyl Phenylephrine: α-receptors; Albuterol: β2 receptors
Which drugs reEphedrine, tyramine, and amphetamine
What does ResPrevents norepinephrine synthesis and storage
What does Gua Blocks norepinephrine release from sympathetic endings
What does ProBeta-1 and beta-2 receptors
What does Aten Mainly beta-1 receptors
What are paraCholinergic drugs like pilocarpine and methacholine
What are anticNeostigmine, pyridostigmine, and ambenonium; they enhance parasympathetic effects
What are antimAtropine, homatropine, scopolamine; they block muscarinic receptors
What drugs stiAcetylcholine and nicotine
What are ganglHexamethonium, tetraethyl ammonium, and pentolinium block pre- to postganglionic transmission
Question Answer
How quickly caIt can double heart rate in 3–5 seconds, arterial pressure in 10–15 seconds, and cause bladder empt
What CNS cent Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.
How does the Ist provides autonomic output and reflex pathways.
How does the B Ay using visceral reflex arcs with afferent, control, and efferent components.
What carries i Afferent pathways.
What carries i Efferent pathways.
What are the tSympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems.
Where are theIn the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord segments T1–L2.
What are paravTwo chains of ganglia running alongside the vertebral column.
Name the preve Celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric.
What is the strShort preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers.
Through whichCranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
What sacral spS2, S3, and occasionally S1 and S4.
Which cranial The vagus nerve (CN X).
Which organs H r eart, lungs, GI tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and ureters.
Where are most In the walls of target organs.
What is the fi Long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
Which ANS fibe All preganglionic fibers, and most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
Which sympathe Those supplying sweat glands and piloerector muscles.
Which neurotranAcetylcholine.
Which neurotraNorepinephrine.
What are the tNicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
Where are musc On effector cells innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic or sympathetic cholinergic fibers.
Where are nicoAt ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons and at neuromuscular junctions.
What are the tAlpha (α1, α2) and Beta (β1, β2) receptors.
Which neurotraNorepinephrine.
Which neurotraEpinephrine.
Where are β1 In the heart.
What is the effBronchodilation and smooth muscle relaxation.
What are autonInvoluntary responses that regulate visceral functions like blood pressure and digestion.
Give examplesBaroreceptor reflex, GI reflexes, micturition, sexual reflexes, and gallbladder emptying.
What physiologIncreased blood pressure, metabolism, glucose, mental activity, and muscle strength.
Which brain arThe hypothalamus, especially via limbic system signals.
What is the rolIt releases large amounts of catecholamines like epinephrine.
What are sympDrugs that mimic or enhance sympathetic nervous system activity.
Name drugs tha Norepinephrine, epinephrine, methoxamine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol.
Which drugs reEphedrine, tyramine, and amphetamine.
What does ResPrevents norepinephrine synthesis and storage.
What does Gua Blocks norepinephrine release from sympathetic endings.
Which drugs blPhenoxybenzamine and phentolamine (non-selective), prazosin and terazosin (α1), yohimbine (α2).
Which drugs blPropranolol (β1 and β2), atenolol, nebivolol, metoprolol (mostly β1).
What is the actThey block transmission from pre- to postganglionic neurons (e.g., hexamethonium).
What are paraDrugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors (e.g., pilocarpine, methacholine).
What do antichThey increase ACh effects by inhibiting its breakdown (e.g., neostigmine, pyridostigmine).
What do antimu Block muscarinic receptors (e.g., atropine, scopolamine).
Which drugs stAcetylcholine and nicotine.
What is the acIt stimulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia simultaneously.
What is a nicotStrong sympathetic vasoconstriction in abdominal organs and limbs.
What is a nicotIncrease in gastrointestinal activity via parasympathetic stimulation.
What are the tSpinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus/cortex.
How is body teThrough vasodilation, sweating, and metabolic adjustments.
What controls GI autonomic reflexes via parasympathetic activation.
What neurotran Acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors).
What is the maDecreases heart rate via vagus nerve.
What is the maIncreases heart rate and contractility via β1 receptors.
How does sympa Generally causes vasoconstriction via α1 receptors.
How does paras Increases motility and secretion via muscarinic receptors.
What is dual i Most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
What is the neAcetylcholine (in both systems).
Which divisionSympathetic division.
Which divisionParasympathetic division.
What is the effVasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
What is the effSmooth muscle relaxation (e.g., bronchodilation).
What does theAnother name for the autonomic nervous system, reflecting its control of involuntary, life-sustaining fu
What is the funIt contains sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies.
What are chrom Modified postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
What effect doIt increases heart rate by blocking parasympathetic (muscarinic) input.
What is the pr The vagus nerve.
What structureThe limbic system.
What is the rolThey promote renin release from juxtaglomerular cells.
Which fibers i Sympathetic adrenergic fibers (mostly β2 for dilation).
Which muscle Smooth
t muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue.
How many neur Typically two: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
What are the mViscera, blood vessels, glands, and cardiac/smooth muscle.
d secretion, bladder emptying, sweating, and body temperature.

stem, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord.

llbladder, pancreas, kidneys, upper ureters

thetic cholinergic fibers

ctivity, and coagulation

ganglionic transmission

, and cause bladder emptying or sweating within seconds.

etic cholinergic fibers.

nd digestion.
er emptying.
sin (α1), yohimbine (α2).

yridostigmine).

voluntary, life-sustaining functions.

hrine and norepinephrine.