Scribd
Upload
23 views9 pages

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Maths Solutions

The document contains a series of mathematics problems from Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics, focusing on polynomial functions, factorization, and the application of the Remainder Theorem. It provides step-by-step solutions for finding constants, determining roots, and factorizing polynomials completely. Key results include specific values for constants a and b, as well as the complete factorization of given polynomials.

Uploaded by

zuhayrnurzaman3
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views9 pages

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Maths Solutions

The document contains a series of mathematics problems from Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics, focusing on polynomial functions, factorization, and the application of the Remainder Theorem. It provides step-by-step solutions for finding constants, determining roots, and factorizing polynomials completely. Key results include specific values for constants a and b, as well as the complete factorization of given polynomials.

Uploaded by

zuhayrnurzaman3
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Problem Maths

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606


Paper 21 Q4 Jun 2018
Question 1

It is given that x + 4 is a factor of


3 2
p(x) = 2x + 3x + ax − 12.

When p(x) is divided by x − 1, the remainder is b.

i) Show that a = −23 and find the value of the constant b.


Solution:

Since x + 4 is a factor, we know:

p(−4) = 0.

Substitute x = −4 into p(x):


3 2
p(−4) = 2(−4) + 3(−4) + a(−4) − 12 = −128 + 48 − 4a − 12 = −92 − 4a.

Set p(−4) = 0:

−92 − 4a = 0 ⇒ a = −23.

Now find b using the Remainder Theorem:


3 2
b = p(1) = 2(1) + 3(1) + (−23)(1) − 12 = 2 + 3 − 23 − 12 = −30.

Answer: a = −23, b = −30

ii) Factorise p(x) completely and hence state all the solutions of
p(x) = 0.

We are given:
3 2
p(x) = 2x + 3x − 23x − 12.

We already know x + 4 is a factor. Dividing p(x) by x + 4:


2
p(x) = (x + 4)(2x − 5x − 3).

Factor the quadratic:


2
2x − 5x − 3 = (2x + 1)(x − 3).
So the full factorisation is:

p(x) = (x + 4)(2x + 1)(x − 3).

Solutions of p(x) = 0:

1
x = −4, x = − , x = 3.
2

Paper 11 Q2 Nov 2018


Question 2
3 2
p(x) = 2x + 5x + 4x + a,

2
q(x) = 4x + 3ax + b.

It is given that p(x) has a remainder of 2 when divided by 2x + 1, and q(x) is divisible by
x + 2.

i) Find the values of the constants a and b.


Let x = − 1

2
in p(x):
3 2
1 1 1 1 1 5
p (− ) = 2(− ) + 5(− ) + 4 (− ) + a = − + − 2 + a = −1 + a.
2 2 2 2 4 4

Given the remainder is 2:

−1 + a = 2 ⇒ a = 3.

Now substitute a = 3 into q(x):


2
q(x) = 4x + 9x + b.

Since q(x) is divisible by x + 2, then:


2
q(−2) = 4(−2) + 9(−2) + b = 16 − 18 + b = −2 + b = 0 ⇒ b = 2.

Answer: a = 3, b = 2

ii) Given r(x) = p(x) − q(x), find the exact remainder when r(x) is
divided by 3x − 2.
We have:
3 2 2 3 2
r(x) = p(x) − q(x) = (2x + 5x + 4x + 3) − (4x + 9x + 2) = 2x + x − 5x + 1.

Let x = 2
3
(root of 3x − 2):

2 8 4 10 16 12 90 27
r( ) = 2( ) + ( ) − ( ) + 1 = + − + .
3 27 9 3 27 27 27 27
−35
= .
27

35
Answer: Remainder is −
27

Paper 11 Q3 Jun 2019


Question 3

The polynomial is:

p(x) = (2x − 1)(x + k) − 12

i) Write down the value of p(−k) .


p(−k) = (2(−k) − 1)(−k + k) − 12 = (−2k − 1)(0) − 12 = −12.

Answer: p(−k) = −12

ii) When p(x) is divided by x + 3 , the remainder is 23. Find the


value of k.

Let x = −3:

p(−3) = (2(−3) − 1)(−3 + k) − 12 = (−7)(−3 + k) − 12 = 21 − 7k − 12 = 9 − 7k.

Set equal to 23:

9 − 7k = 23 ⇒ −7k = 14 ⇒ k = −2.

Answer: k = −2

iii) Using your value of k, show that the equation p(x) = −25 has
no real solutions.

Substitute k = −2:

p(x) = (2x − 1)(x − 2) − 12.

Expand:
2 2
p(x) = (2x − 1)(x − 2) − 12 = 2x − 5x + 2 − 12 = 2x − 5x − 10.

Solve p(x) = −25:


2 2
2x − 5x − 10 = −25 ⇒ 2x − 5x + 15 = 0.

Discriminant:
2
D = (−5) − 4(2)(15) = 25 − 120 = −95.
Since the discriminant is negative, there are no real solutions.

Answer: No real solutions since D = −95 < 0.

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606

Paper 21 Q7 Nov 2020


Question 4
3 2
p(x) = 2x − 3x − 23x + 12

a) Find the value of p(


1

2
)

Solution:
3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 23
p( ) = 2( ) − 3( ) − 23 ( ) + 12 = 2 ⋅ − 3 ⋅ − + 12
2 2 2 2 8 4 2

1 3 23 24 1 1
= − − + = − + = 0
4 4 2 2 2 2

Answer: p ( 1

2
) = 0

b) Write p(x) as the product of three linear factors and hence


solve p(x) = 0
We know 1

2
is a root, so 2x − 1 is a factor.

Perform polynomial division:


2
p(x) = (2x − 1)(x − x − 12)

Factor the quadratic:


2
x − x − 12 = (x − 4)(x + 3)

So:

p(x) = (2x − 1)(x − 4)(x + 3)

Solutions of p(x) = 0:

1
x = , x = 4, x = −3
2
Paper 12 Q7 Mar 2016
Question 5

Let f (x) = ax 3
+ 7x
2
− 9x + b

i) f (x) is divisible by 2x − 1

Remainder when divided by x − 2 is 5 times the remainder when divided by x + 1.

Solution:

1 1
2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = ⇒ f ( ) = 0
2 2

Substitute:

1 1 1 1 a 7 9
f ( ) = a( ) + 7( ) − 9( ) + b = + − + b = 0
2 8 4 2 8 4 2

Multiply through by 8:

a + 14 − 36 + 8b = 0 ⇒ a + 8b = 22 (1)

Let R be the remainder when divided by x − 2, and R the remainder when divided by x + 1.
1 2

We are told: R 1 = 5R2

f (2) = 8a + 28 − 18 + b = 8a + b + 10 = R1

f (−1) = −a + 7 + 9 + b = −a + b + 16 = R2

Substitute:

8a + b + 10 = 5(−a + b + 16)

8a + b + 10 = −5a + 5b + 80

Simplify:

13a − 4b = 70 (2)

Solve equations (1) and (2):

From (1): a = 22 − 8b

Sub into (2):

13(22 − 8b) − 4b = 70 ⇒ 286 − 104b − 4b = 70 ⇒ −108b = −216 ⇒ b = 2

Then a = 22 − 8(2) = 6

Answer: a = 6, b = 2
ii) Show that f (x) = (2x − 1)(cx
2
+ dx + e)

Use polynomial division:

We know:
3 2 2
f (x) = 6x + 7x − 9x + 2 = (2x − 1)(3x + 5x − 2)

So:
2
f (x) = (2x − 1)(3x + 5x − 2)

Answer: c = 3, d = 5, e = −2

iii) Hence factorise f (x) completely.


Factor the quadratic:
2
3x + 5x − 2 = (3x − 1)(x + 2)

So:

f (x) = (2x − 1)(3x − 1)(x + 2)

Paper 22 Q3 Mar 2017


Question 6

Let:
4 3 2
p(x) = x − 2x − 3x + 8x − 4

i) Show that p(x) = (x − 1)(x


3
− x
2
− 4x + 4)

Factor using division:


Divide p(x) by (x − 1) → You get:
3 2
p(x) = (x − 1)(x − x − 4x + 4)

✔️ Shown.

ii) Factorise completely.

Factor the cubic:


Try rational root theorem → test x = 1, 2, −1, −2, 4, −4
Try x = 1:

1 − 1 − 4 + 4 = 0 ⇒ root

So (x − 1) is also a factor of the cubic.

Now divide:
3 2 2
x − x − 4x + 4 = (x − 1)(x − 4)

So:
2
p(x) = (x − 1) (x − 2)(x + 2)

Paper 12 Q1 Mar 2018


Question 7

Let:
3 2
p(x) = x + ax − 3x + b

Given:

Remainder when divided by x + 3 is twice the remainder when divided by x − 2


p(x) is divisible by x + 1 ⇒ p(−1) = 0

Use:

3 2
p(−1) = (−1) + a(−1) − 3(−1) + b = −1 + a + 3 + b = a + b + 2 = 0

⇒ a + b = −2 … (1)
p(−3) = (−27) + 9a + 9 + b = 9a + b − 18

p(2) = 8 + 4a − 6 + b = 4a + b + 2

Given p(−3) = 2p(2):

9a + b − 18 = 2(4a + b + 2)

9a + b − 18 = 8a + 2b + 4

a − b = 22 (2)

Now solve (1) and (2):

From (2): a = b + 22

Sub into (1):

b + 22 + b = −2 ⇒ 2b = −24 ⇒ b = −12 ⇒ a = 10

Answer: a = 10, b = −12


Paper 12 Q7 Mar 2020
Question 8

Let:
3 2
p(x) = ax + 3x + bx − 12

Given:

2x + 1 is a factor ⇒ p (− 1

2
) = 0

p(3) = 105

a) Find values of a and b

Substitute x = − : 1

1 1 1 b
p (− ) = a (− ) + 3( ) − − 12 = 0
2 8 4 2

Multiply both sides by 8:

−a + 6 − 4b − 96 = 0 ⇒ −a − 4b = 90 (1)

Now use x = 3:

p(3) = 27a + 27 + 3b − 12 = 27a + 3b + 15 = 105

27a + 3b = 90 ⇒ 9a + b = 30 (2)

From (2): b = 30 − 9a

Sub into (1):

−a − 4(30 − 9a) = 90 ⇒ −a − 120 + 36a = 90 ⇒ 35a = 210 ⇒ a = 6

Then b = 30 − 9(6) = −24

Answer: a = 6, b = −24

b) Write p(x) as a product of 2x + 1 and a quadratic factor

We know:
3 2
p(x) = 6x + 3x − 24x − 12

Divide by 2x + 1:

Result:
2
p(x) = (2x + 1)(3x − 3x − 12)

c) Solve p(x) = 0

Factor quadratic:
2 2
3x − 3x − 12 = 3(x − x − 4)

Solve:

1 ± √ 17
x =
2

Final answer:

1 1 ± √ 17
x = − , x =
2 2

Common questions

Powered by AI

The Remainder Theorem can be applied by substituting specific values into the polynomial that simplify the expression involving unknown coefficients, given the known remainder. For instance, if \(p(x)\) has a remainder of \(b\) when divided by \(x - 1\), substitute \(x = 1\) into \(p(x)\) to formulate an equation involving \(a\) and \(b\). Solve for the unknowns using the remainder condition .

First, identify a factor using the Factor Theorem, such as \(x + 4\) for \(p(x) = 2x^3 + 3x^2 -23x -12\). Next, perform polynomial division to simplify \(p(x)\) into a product of the identified factor and a quadratic. Further factor the quadratic into linear factors. For example, \((x + 4)(2x^2 - 5x - 3) = (x + 4)(2x + 1)(x - 3)\). The solutions for \(p(x) = 0\) are given by setting each linear factor to zero: \(x = -4, x = -\frac{1}{2}, x = 3\).

Simultaneous equations are derived by using polynomial properties such as divisibility and specific remainders. For instance, given \(p(x) = ax^3 + 7x^2 - 9x + b\) is divisible by \(2x-1\) and specific remainder conditions, form equations by substituting suitable values of \(x\). Solve the system: \(a + 8b = 22\) and \(13a - 4b = 70\) to find \(a = 6\) and \(b = 2\).

Use the Factor Theorem to verify if a specific value is a factor of a polynomial by substituting the value into the polynomial equation and checking if it equals zero. For example, to show that \(x + 4\) is a factor of \(p(x) = 2x^3 + 3x^2 + ax −12\), substitute \(x = -4\) into \(p(x)\) and verify if \(p(-4) = 0\).

Exploiting known factor roots allows straightforward simplification of the polynomial, thus making subsequent factorization easier. Knowing \(x + 4\) is a root of \(p(x) = 2x^3 + 3x^2 -23x -12\), allows division to reveal \((x+4)(2x^2-5x-3)\), quickly isolating the quadratic for further analysis .

After obtaining one factor through the rational root theorem or divisibility check, perform polynomial division to simplify to a quadratic factor. For example, \(p(x) = (2x − 1)(x^2 − x − 12)\) can be fully factored by finding \((x − 4)(x + 3)\), resulting in \(p(x) = (2x − 1)(x − 4)(x + 3)\).

A negative discriminant implies that the quadratic equation has no real roots and the solutions are complex or imaginary. This is because a square root of a negative number is not defined in the set of real numbers, producing imaginary numbers instead .

Remainder conditions provide equations that the polynomial's coefficients must satisfy. By substituting values that simplify expressions and using known remainders, such as \(p(−3) = 2p(2)\), derive equations linking coefficients, solve them to ascertain coefficients like \(a\) and \(b\).

To verify the absence of real solutions for a quadratic equation, calculate the discriminant \(D\). If \(D = b^2 - 4ac < 0\), the equation has no real solutions. For example, for \(2x^2 - 5x + 15 = 0\), the discriminant is \(-95\) since \((−5)^2 - 4(2)(15) = 25 − 120 = −95\), confirming no real solutions .

Polynomial division helps reduce a higher-degree polynomial into simpler components by systematically eliminating known factors, resulting in a quotient that is lower degree and easier to factor further. For instance, dividing \(p(x) = x^4 - 2x^3 - 3x^2 + 8x - 4\) by \(x - 1\) leaves a quotient \(x^3 - x^2 - 4x + 4\), effectively simplifying the problem .

You might also like