3.

VECTOR TRANSMISSION
Occurs when an animal such as dog or an
insect, such as tick, mosquitoes, transmits a
FIRST AID pathogen into the body through a bite.
Is an immediate care given to a person who
has been injured or suddenly taken ill COMPARISON OF TRANSMITABLE DISEASES
1. HERPES - is a viral infection that causes
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST AIDER eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes.
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim 2. MENINGITIS - is an inflammation of the
and the physician. brain or spinal cord caused by a viral or
2. It is not intended to compete with, or take bacterial infection.
the place of the services of the physician. 3. HEPATITIS - is a viral infection of the liver
3. It ends when the services of a physician 4. HIV (HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS)
begin. - Is the virus that destroys the body’s ability
4. Ensure safety of him/her and that of the to fight infection. The resultant state is
bystanders. referred to as; AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNE
5. Gain access to the victim. DEFICIENCY SYNDROME) HIV…
6. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
7. Summon more advance medical care as PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT DISEASE
needed. TRANSMISSION:
8. Provide needed care for the patient.  Body Substance Isolation ( B S I ) -
9. Assist more advance personnel. Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent
10. Record all finding and care given to the risk of exposure from any other type of bodily
patient. substance.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

1. To alleviate suffering. 1. Personal Hygeine
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger. 2. Protective Equipment
3. To prolong life. 3. Equipment Cleaning & Disinfecting

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER FIRST AID EQUIPMENTSAND SUPPLIES

1. GENTLE - should not cause pain. BASIC EQUIPMENT
2. RESOURCEFUL - should make the best use Spine board
of things at hand. Short board/ Kendrick's extrication device.
3. OBSERVANT - should notice all signs. Sets of splints
4. TACTFUL - should not alarm the victim. Poles
5. EMPATHETIC - should be comforting. Blankets
6. RESPECTABLE - should maintains a calm,
professional & caring attitude. SUGGESTED FIRST AID KIT (BASIC)
Rubbing alcohol
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID Povidone iodine
1. Unfavorable Surroundings. Cotton
2. The Presence of Crowds. Gauze pads
3. Pressure from the victim or relatives. Tongue depressor
Penlight
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES & FIRST AIDERS Band aid
HOW DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED: Bandage (triangular)
1. DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION Forceps
Occurs when a person touches an infected Scissors
person’s body fluids. Gloves
2. AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION Elastic roller bandage
Occurs when a person inhales infected Occlusive dressing
droplets Plaster
CLOTHE MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN 3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - is the system
FIRST AID that transports oxygen, food water and
1. DRESSING OR COMPRESS - any sterile cloth removes waste
material used to cover the wound. products.
2. BANDAGES - any clean cloth material sterile PARTS:
or not use to hold the dressing place. HEART
BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
“HUMAN BODY”

4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - is the systems that

absorbs food and eliminate some waste
products.
PARTS:
MOUTH
SALIVARY
GLANDS
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
LIVER
GALL BLADDER
PANCREAS
RECTUM

5. URINARY SYSTEM - is the system that

removes waste products.
PARTS:
4 BODY POSITIONS KIDNEY
1. Supine URETERS
2. Prone URINARY
3. Lateral BLADDER
4. Proximal URETHRA

BODY SYSTEMS
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM - is the system that 6. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - is the system
transmits impulses throughout the body. that propagates species.
PARTS: PARTS:
BRAIN MALE
SPINAL CORD TESTICLES
NERVES VASA DEFERENTIA
SEMINAL VESSEL
PROSTATE GLAND
URETHRA
PENIS
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - is the system that
supplies oxygen and remove carbon dioxide PARTS:
from the blood. FEMALE
PARTS: OVARY
AIR PASSAGES FALLOPIAN TUBE
CHEST CAGE UTERUS
DIAPHRAGM VAGINA
7. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM - is the system
that gives form to the body, allow bodily “SOFT TISSUE INJURIES”
movement, provide protection to the vital The Skin
internal organs produce red blood cells and • The largest single organ in the body.
serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphorus • It is the complex layers of tissue that cover
and other body chemicals. the surface of the body.
PARTS:
SKULL Their functions are:
VERTEBRAE • To protect the internal structure from
RIBS contact with the environment.
PELVIS • To regulate the temperature of the body.
BONES OF • To transmit information from the
THE UPPER environment to the brain.
AND LOWER
LIMBS Soft Tissue Injuries (Wound)
A break in the continuity of a tissue of the
8. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - is the system body whether internal or external
that control body temperature and Classification:
appreciate sensation. • Closed soft tissue injury
PARTS: • Open soft tissue injury
EPIDERMIS • Explosion
DERMIS
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER Closed Soft Tissue Injury – Skin is unbroken
Classification:
1 Contusion
2. Internal laceration
3. Internal puncture
4. Crush injury
5. Rupture

BODY REGIONS
1. CRANIAL CAVITY - Brain
2. SPINAL CAVITY - Spinal Cord Signs & Symptoms:
1. Pain and tenderness
3. THORACIC CAVITY - Heart, lungs
4. ABDOMINAL CAVITY - Liver, Pancreas, 2. Swelling
Intestines, Stomach, Kidney, Spleen. 3. Discoloration
5. PELVIC CAVITY - Bladder, Rectum, 4. Hematoma
Reproductive Organ. 5. Uncontrolled restlessness
6. Thirst
\ 7. Symptoms of shock
8. Vomiting of cough up blood
9. Passage of blood in the urine or feces
10. Sign of blood along mouth, nose, and
ear canal.

First Aid:
1. Ice application
2. Compression
3. Elevation
4. Splint
OPEN WOUND 2. Venous bleeding -Occurs when a vein is
A break in the skin or mucous membrane; or punctured. Characterized by an even flow of
the protective skin layer is damage. blood.
Classification of open wound: 3. Capillary bleeding - Described as “capillary
1. PUNCTURE - Penetrating pointed oozing”. This type of bleeding is expected in
instruments such as nail, ice picks, daggers all minor cuts, scratches and abrasions.
etc.
2. ABRASION - Scrapping or rubbing against First Aid:
rough surfaces. 1. Control Bleeding
3. LACERATION - Blunt instruments such as 2. Direct pressure (main help; use of pressure
shrapnel’s, rocks broken glasses, etc. bandage)
4. AVULSION - Explosion, animal bites, 3. Elevation
mishandling of tools, etc. 4. Pressure point bleeding control – pressure
5. INCISION - Sharp bladed instruments such on supplying artery
as blades, razors, etc. 5. Cover the wound with dressing and
Dangers: bandage
A. Hemorrhage 6. Care for shock
1 glass – normal 7. Consult or refer to physician
2-4 glasses – anemic; predisposes to infection
4-6 glasses – fatal Wound with bleeding not severe (home care)
B. Infection 1. Clean the wound with soap and water or
Delays healing of wound mild antiseptic.
Gangrene may develop 2. Apply dry or clean dressing and bandage it
Amputation – to prolong life snugly.
C. Shock 3. Advice the patient to see his doctor
Predisposes body to infection promptly if there is infection.
May lead to loss of body part
May lead to death BURNS
An injury involving the skin and its parts.
Flow of blood: Leading effects of accidental home deaths.
Arterial – bright red, spurting, pulsing flow
from an artery. COMMON CAUSES OF BURNS
Venous – dark red, steady flow from vein 1. Carelessness with match and cigarette
Capillary – slow, even flow or oozing from smoking.
Capillaries 2. Scald from hot liquid
3. Defective heating, cooking and electrical
equipment
4. Immersion in overheated bath water
5. Use of such chemical, such as lye, strong
acids and detergents

FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE SERIOUSNESS

OF THERMAL BURNS
THE DEPTH
The deeper the burn, the more severe it is.
Making an assessment of a burn’s depth will
help you decide whether to seek medical care
for the victim.
BLEEDING
1. Arterial bleeding - Occurs when an artery is Classification of burns according to depth
severed or opened. Characterized by the 1. SUPERFICIAL (First Degree)
irregular spurting of blood. • Skin is reddened
• Pain, tenderness
• Epidermis damaged
  Is a bandage is over a joint, splint and
2. PARTIAL THICKNESS (Second Degree) make a bulky dressing so that the joint
• Blisters develop remains immobilized. If there is no
• Epidermis and dermis damaged movement of a wound over the joint,
there should be improved healing and
3. FULL THICKNESS (Third Degree) reduced scarring.
• No pain or sensitivity  A bandage should fit snugly but should
• Epidermis, dermis and other layers were not cut off circulation or cause the victim
Damaged. discomfort. the area beyond the wound
changes color begins to tingle or feel
Types of Burns cold or if the wound starts toswell the
1. Thermal – Contact with fire and heat bandage is too tight and should be
2. Chemical – Chemicals will continue to loosened.
cause tissue destruction until the chemical
agent is removed. Bandaging techniques depend upon
3. Electrical – The injury severity from - Size and location of the wound
exposure to electrical current depends on the - Your first aid skills
type of current (direct or alternating), the - Materials at hand
voltage, the area of the body exposed, and
the duration of contact. Contact with Use of Triangular Bandage
electrical current and voltage of electricity. To hold dressing in place.
Open phase
Head (topside)
“BANDAGING” Face; back of head
Triangular bandage is usually made muslin. It Chest; back
can be made by simply cutting diagonally the Hand; foot
60 inch square of a piece of cloth, making into Cravat phase
two triangular bandages. The longer side of Forehead; eye
the triangular bandage is called the “Base” Ear; cheek; jaw
with both corners dubbed as “Ends”. The Shoulder; hip
corner opposite to the base is called “Apex”. Arm; leg
Bandage – any clean cloth material, sterile or Elbow; knee (straight, bent)
not, used to hold dressing in place. Palm pressure
Dressing – any sterile cloth material used to Palm bandage of open hand
cover wound. Sprained ankle bandage (shoe on, shoe off)
To immobilize or support body part
DRESSING AND BANDAGING GUIDELINES Underarm sling
 Skin is not sterile. If a dressing slips over Arms sling
the victim’s skin while you are trying to Cuff sling
positions it, discard and use a fresh one.
Place the dressing over the wound, don’t Procedure for Home Sterilization:
slide it into place. 1. Ironing
2. Heating in the oven
 Use a dressing that is large enough to 3. Wash with soap and water and dry.
extend at least one inch beyond the 4. Direst exposure to sunlight for 10-15
edges of the wound. minutes
5. Boil fabric and dry
 If body tissue or organs are exposed,
cover the wound with a dressing that will Note: Never place fluff cotton direct on the
not stick, such as plastic wrap or wound.
moistened gauze. Then secure the
dressing with a bandage or adhesive
tapes.
Cravat Bandaging Head/Scalp.
Bandaging with Cravats(Triangular Bandages)

Head Injury: Jaw/Cheek/Top/Back/Forehead

Elbow Bandage

Shoulder or Armpit
Knee Bandage

Palm of the Hand (2) Closed Hand

Sling

Leg/Arm (Upper and Lower) Bandage

Palm of the Hand (1)

Ear Injuries

Cravat Donut
Hand/Foot Bandage
 Guidelines in splinting
“Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries” 1. Always care for wounds before applying a
COMMON CAUSES splint.
1. Vehicular accidents 2. Splint the injury in which you found it.
2. Motorbike accidents 3. The splint must extend both above and
3. Mishandling of tools and equipment below the injured area keep it immobilize.
4. Falls 4. Secure the splint to uninjured parts of the
5. Sports body.
5. Make sure any knots are not pressing
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: against the injury.
1. Pain 6. Check Pulse, Motor, Sensory (PMS) before
2. Bruising and after splinting.
3. Swelling
4. Misshapen appearance and obvious SHOCK
Deformity A depressed condition of many body
5. Exposed bone functions due to the failure of enough blood
6. Pale, bluish skin; Loss of pulse in an to circulate throughout the body following
injured limb. serious injury.
7. Numbness goes farther down the arm
or leg. Causes of Shock:
1. Severe bleeding
Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries include the 2. Crushing injuries
following: 3. Infection
1. MUSCLE CRAMP OR SPASM - Is the sudden, 4. Heart attack
painful tightening of a muscle. 5. Perforation of stomach ulcer
2. Muscle strain or pulled muscle - Is the 6. Shell bomb or bullet wound
sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during 7. Rupture of tubal pregnancy
exertion. 8. Anaphylaxis
3. Muscle Sprain - Is caused by torn fibers in a 9. Starvation
ligament.
4. Dislocation - Is the displacement of a bone Dangers of Shock
from its normal position at a joint. Leads to death
5. Dislocation - Is the displacement of a bone Predisposes body infection
from its normal position at a joint. Leads to loss of body parts

Immobilization/ Splinting Use of Bandages Signs and Symptoms of Shock

1. Collarbone Face – pale or cyanotic
2. Rib Skin – pale, cod and moist
3. Ankle Breathing – irregular
4. Arm support Pulse – rapid and weak
Nausea and vomiting
Use of wood or other improvised splints Weakness
Elbow
forearm/wrist
Finger
Hip/thigh
Knee/leg
Ankle
Traction splint