Chapter Objectives

 Principle of linear impulse and momentum for a

particle
 Conservation of linear momentum for particles
 Analyze the mechanics of impact
 Concept of angular impulse and momentum
Engineering Mechanics:
 Solve problems involving steady fluid streams and
Dynamics in SI Units, 12e
propulsion with variable mass

Chapter 15
Kinematics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum
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15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and

Chapter Outline Momentum
 Equation of motion for a particle of mass m is
1. Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum
∑F = ma = m dv/dt
2. Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System
of Particles  Rearranging the terms and integrating between
3. Conservation of Linear Impulse for a System of Particles the limits v = v1 at t = t1 and v = v2 at t = t2
4. Impact t2 v2 t2

5. Angular Momentum  t1
F dt = m  dv 
v1
 t1
F dt = mv 2  mv1
6. Relation between Momentum of a Force and Angular  Referred to as the
Momentum principle of linear impulse
7. Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum and momentum
8. Steady Flow of Fluid Streams
9. Propulsion with a Variable Mass*

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15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and 15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum Momentum
Linear Momentum Linear Impulse
 Vectors of the form L = mv is called linear  I =  F dt is called linear impulse, and measure
momentum the effect of a force during the time the force acts
 Magnitude mv has unit of mass-velocity, kg.m/s  The impulse acts in the same direction as the
force, magnitude has unit of force-time, N.s

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15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and 15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum Momentum
Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum Procedures for Analysis
 The equation is rewritten in the form Free-Body Diagram
t2  Establish the x, y, z inertial frame of reference
mv1 +   F dt = mv 2
t1 and draw FBD
 Principle of linear impulse and momentum in its  Establish direction and sense of initial and final
x, y, z components is velocities
t2  Assume the sense of vector components in the
m(vx )1 +   Fx dt = m(vx )2
t1 direction of the positive inertial coordinates
t2
m(v y )1 +   Fy dt = m(v y )2  Draw the impulse and momentum diagrams for
t1
t2 the particle
m(vz )1 +   Fz dt = m(vz )2
t1
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15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and
Example 15.1
Momentum
Procedures for Analysis The 100-kg stone is originally at rest on the smooth
Principle of Impulse and Momentum horizontally surface. If a towing force of 200 N,
 Apply the principle of linear impulse and acting at an angle of 45°, is applied to the stone for
momentum, t2 10 s, determine the final velocity and the normal
mv1 +   F dt = mv2 force which the surface exerts on the stone during
t1
 If the motion occurs in the x-y plane, it can the time interval.
resolve the vector components of F
 Every force acting on the particle’s FBD
can create an impulse
 The impulse is equal to the area under the force-
time curve

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Example 15.1 Example 15.3

Solution Block A and B have a mass of 3 kg and 5 kg

Free-Body Diagram respectively. If the system is released from rest,
Since all forces acting are constant, the impulses are determine the velocity of block B in 6 s.
I = Fc(t2 – t1)
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Resolving the vectors along the x, y, z axes,
 +  t2
   m(v x )1 +  t Fx dt = m(v x ) 2
  1

0 + 200(10) cos 45 = (100)v2  v2 = 14.1m/s

t2
+  m(v ) +  
y 1
t1
Fy dt = m(v y ) 2

0 + N C (10)  981(10) + 200(10) sin 45 = 0  N C = 840N

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Example 15.3 Example 15.3

Solution Solution
Free-Body Diagram Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Since weight of each block is constant, Block A:
the cord tensions will also be constant. t2
+  m(v A )1 +   Fy dt = m(v A ) 2
t1

Since mass of pulley D is neglected, 0  2TB (6) + 3(9.81)(6) = (3)(v A ) 2 1

the cord tension is TA = 2TB.
Block B:
t2
+  m(vB )1 +   Fy dt = m(vB ) 2
t1

0 + 5(9.81)(6)  TB (6) = (5)(vB ) 2 2

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15.2 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for

Example 15.3
a System of Particles

Solution  Principle of linear impulse and momentum for a

Kinematics system of moving particles is
We have 2s A + sB = l
dvi
Taking time derivative yields 2v A = vB  Fi =  mi dt
When B moves downward A moves upward.
 Internal forces fi acting between particles do not
Sub this result into Eq. 1 and solving Eqs. 1 and 2 appear with this summation,
yields (vB)2 = 35.8 m/s and TB = 19.2 N
t2
 mi vi 1 +  t1 Fi dt = mi vi 2

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15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
for a System of Particles for a System of Particles
 When the sum of the external impulses acting on  Internal impulses for the system will always
a system of particles is zero, the equation is cancel out as they occur in equal but opposite
collinear pairs
 mi vi 1 =  mi vi 2  The forces causing negligible impulses are called
 This is called conservation of linear momentum non-impulsive forces
 The total momentum for a system of particles  Forces that are very large and act for a very
remains constant during the time period t1 to t2 short period of time are called impulsive forces

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15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum

for a System of Particles for a System of Particles
Procedure for Analysis Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram Momentum Equations
 Establish the x, y, z inertial frame of reference  Apply the principle of linear impulse and
and draw the FBD momentum or the conservation of linear
 Apply conservation of linear momentum in a momentum
given direction  Determine the internal impulse ∫[Link] acting on
 Establish the direction and sense of the particle’s only one particle of a system
initial and final velocities.  Average impulsive force Favg can be determined
 Draw the impulse and momentum diagrams for from Favg = ∫F dt/∆t.
each particle of the system

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Example 15.4 Example 15.4

The 15-Mg boxcar A is coasting at 1.5 m/s on the Solution

horizontal track when it encounters a 12-Mg tank B Part (a)
coasting at 0.75 m/s toward it. If the cars meet and Free-Body Diagram.
couple together, determine Consider both cars as a single system.
(a) the speed of both cars just after the coupling, and
(b) the average force between them if the coupling Momentum is conserved in the x direction since the
takes place in 0.8 s. coupling force F is internal to the system.

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Example 15.4 Example 15.4

Solution Solution
Conservation of Linear Momentum Part (b)
Conservation of Momentum
(+ )

m A (v A )1 + mB (vB )1 = ( m A + mB )v2
( +) m A (v A )1 +   F dt = m Av2
(15000)(1.5)  (12000)(0.75) = (27000)v2 
v2 = 0.5m / s  (15000)(1.5)  Favg (0.8) = (15000)(0.5)
Favg = 18.8kN
Part (b)
Average (impulsive) coupling force Favg, can be
determined by applying the principle of linear
momentum to either one of the cars

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Example 15.6 Example 15.6

The bumper cars A and B each have a mass of 150 Solution

kg and are coasting with the velocities shown before Free-Body Diagram
they freely collide head on. If no energy is lost during The cars will be considered as a single system.
the collision, determine their velocities after collision. The free-body diagram is shown.

Conservation of Momentum
(+ ) m A (v A )1 + mB (vB )1 = m A v A 2 + mB vB 2
(150)(3)  150 2  = (150)v A 2 + 150vB 2
 v A 2 = 1  vB 2 ===== 1

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Example 15.6 Example 15.7

Solution An 800-kg rigid pile P is driven into the ground using

Conservation of Energy a 300-kk hammer H. the hammer falls from rest at a
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 height y0 = 0.5 m and strikes the top of the pile.
2 2 2 2
Determine the impulse which the hammer imparts on
1
2
m A v A 1 + 12 mB vB 1 + 0 = 12 m A v A 2 + 12 mB vB 2 + 0 the pile if the pile is surrounded entirely by loose
v A 22 + vB 22 = 13 ==== 2  sand so that after striking, the hammer does not
rebound off the pile.
Sub Eq. (1) into (2), we get
vB 2 = 3 m/s  and vB 2 = 2 m/s or 2 m/s 

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Example 15.7 Example 15.7

Solution Solution
Conservation of Energy Free-Body Diagram
Velocity can be determined using the conservation Weight of the hammer and pile and the resistance
of energy equation applied to the hammer. force Fs of the sand are all non-impulsive,
T0 + V0 = T1 + V1
Momentum is conserved in the vertical direction
1 1
mH (vH ) 02 + WH y0 = mH (vH )12 + WH y1 during this short time.
2 2
1
0 + 300(9.81)(0.5) = (300)(vH )12 + 0
2
(vH )1 = 3.13 m/s

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Example 15.7 Example 15.7

Solution Solution
Conservation of Momentum Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Since the hammer does not rebound off the pile just The impulse which the pile imparts to the hammer
after the collision, then (vH)2 = (vP)2 = v2 can now be determined since v2 is known.
t2
( + ) mH (vH )1 + m p (v p )1 = mH v2 + m p v2 ( + ) mH (vH )1 +   Fy dt = mH v2
t1

(300)(3.13) + 0 = 300v2 + 800v2 (300)(3.13)   R dt = (300)(0.854)

v2 = 0.8542 m/s
 R dt = 683 N  s

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15.4 Impact 15.4 Impact

 Impact occurs when two bodies collide and Central Impact

cause impulsive forces to be exerted between  When (vA)1 > (vB)1, collision will occur
them  During collision, particles undergo a period of
1. Central impact occurs when the direction of deformable
motion of the mass centers of the two colliding  Only at maximum deformation will both particles
particles is along the line of impact have common velocity as their relative motion is
2. Oblique impact occurs when one or both of the zero
particles is at an angle with the line of impact

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15.4 Impact 15.4 Impact

Central Impact Central Impact

 Afterward a period of restitution occurs, particles  Ratio of the restitution impulse to the deformation
will return to their original shape or remain impulse is called the coefficient of restitution
permanently deformed  Can be expressed in terms of the particles’ initial
 Equal but opposite restitution impulse ∫R dt and final velocities,
pushes the particle apart from one another
 After separation the particles will have the final (v B ) 2  ( v A ) 2
momentum, where (vB)2 > (vA)2 e=
(v A )1  (vB )1

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15.4 Impact 15.4 Impact

Coefficient of Restitution Procedure for Analysis (Central Impact)

 e has a value between zero and one  The conservation of momentum applies to the
system of particles, ∑mv1 = ∑mv2
Elastic Impact (e = 1)
 Deformation impulse (∫P dt) is equal and  Coefficient of restitution relates the relative
opposite to the restitution impulse (∫R dt) velocities of the particles along the line of impact,
just before and just after collision
Plastic (inelastic) Impact (e = 0)
 After collision both particles couple or stick
together and move with a common velocity
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15.4 Impact 15.4 Impact

Oblique Impact Oblique Impact

 When oblique impact occurs, particles move  When y axis is established within the plane of
away from each other with velocities having contact and the x axis along the line of impact,
unknown directions and unknown magnitudes the impulsive forces of deformation and
 Provided the initial velocities are known, four restitution act only in the x direction
unknown are present in the problem
 Unknown are (vA)2, (vB)2, θ2 and Φ2, or x and y
components of the final velocities

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15.4 Impact Example 15.9

Procedure for Analysis The bag A, having a mass of 6 kg is released from

 Momentum of the system is conserved along the rest at the position θ = 0°. After falling to θ = 90°, is
line of impact, x axis so that ∑m(vx)1 = ∑m(vx)2 strikes an 18 kg box B. If the coefficient of restitution
 The coefficient of restitution, e, relates the between the bag and the box is e = 0.5, determine
relative-velocity components of the particles the velocities of the bag and box just after impact
along the line of impact (x axis). and the loss of energy during collision.
 Momentum of particle A is conserved along the y
axis, perpendicular to the line of impact, since no
impulse acts on particle A in this direction.
 omentum of particle B is conserved along the y
axis, perpendicular to the line of impact, since no
impulse acts on particle B in this direction.
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Example 15.9 Example 15.9

Solution Solution
Conservation of Energy Conservation of Restitution
At θ = 0°, we have Realizing that for separation to occur after collision
T0 + V0 = T1 + V1 (vB)2 > (vA)2,
1  +  (vB ) 2  (v A ) 2
0 + 0 = (6)(v A )12  6(9.81)(1)   e =  (v A ) 2 = (v B ) 2  2.215
2   (v A )1  (vB )1
(v A )1 = 4.43m / s
Conservation of Momentum Solving the two equations,
After impact, A and B assume travel to the left (v A ) 2 = 0.554 m/s = 0.554 m/s 
 +  (vB ) 2 = 1.66 m/s 
   mB (vB )1 + m A (v A )1 = mB (vB ) 2 + m A (v A ) 2
 
0 + (6)(4.43) = (18)(vB ) 2 + 6(v A ) 2  (v A ) 2 = 4.43  3(vB ) 2
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Example 15.9 Example 15.11

Solution Two smooth disks A and B, having mass of 1 kg and

Loss of Energy 2 kg respectively, collide with the velocities shown. If
Applying the principle of work and energy to the bag the coefficient of restitution for the disks is e = 0.75,
and box just before and after collision, determine the x and y components of the final
velocity of each disk just after collision.
U1 2 = T2  T1
1 1 1
U1 2 =  2 (18)(1.66)2 + 2 (6)(0.544)2    2 (6)(4.33)2 
= 33.15 J

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Example 15.9 Example 15.9

Solution Solution
Resolving each of the initial velocities into x and y Conservation of “x” Momentum
components, we have We have
 + 
(v Ax )1 = 3 cos 30 = 2.60m / s    m A (v Ax )1 + mB (vBx )1 = m A (v Ax ) 2 + mB (vBx ) 2
 
(v Ay )1 = 3 sin 30 = 1.50m / s 1(2.60) + 2(0.707) = 1(v Ax ) 2 + 2(vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2 + 2(v Bx ) 2 = 1.18

(vBx )1 = 1cos 45 = 0.707m / s Conservation of (x) Restitution

 We have
(vBy )1 = 1sin 45 = 0.707m / s  +  (vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2
  e =
  (v Ax )1  (vBx )1
(v )  (v Ax ) 2
0.75 = Bx 2  (vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2 = 2.48
2.60  (0.07)
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Example 15.9 15.5 Angular Momentum

Solution  Angular momentum, HO, of a particle about point

Solving the two simultaneous equations, O is defined as the “moment” of the particle’s
(v Ax ) 2 = 1.26m / s = 1.26m / s  linear momentum about O
(vBx ) 2 = 1.22m / s  Scalar Formulation
 If a particle is moving along a curve, the angular
Conservation of “y” Momentum
momentum can be determine by using a scalar
The momentum of each disk is conserved in the y
formulation
direction (plane of contact),
+  mA (v Ay )1 = m A (v Ay ) 2  (v Ay ) 2 = 1.5m / s 
+  mB (vBy )1 = mB (vBy ) 2  (vBy ) 2 = 0.707m / s = 0.707m / s 

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15.5 Angular Momentum 15.5 Angular Momentum

Scalar Formulation Vector Formulation

 The magnitude of HO is ( H O ) z = ( d )( mv)  If the particle is moving along a space curve, the
 d is the moment arm or perpendicular distance vector cross product is used to determine the
from O to the line of action of mv. angular momentum about O
 Common for (HO)z is kg.m2/s  We have H O = r  mv

 The direction of HO is defined by the right-hand  Angular momentum is determined by evaluating

rule. the determinant
i j k
H O = rx ry rz
mvx mv y mvz
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15.6 Relation Between Moment of a Force and 15.6 Relation Between Moment of a Force and
Angular Momentum Angular Momentum
 The moments about Point O of all forces acting is  The equation states that resultant momentum
related by  F = mv about point O of all the forces acting on the
 The moments of the forces particle is equal to the time rate of change of the
about point O can be obtained by particle’s angular momentum about point O
 The result is also similar to  F = L
 MO = r  F = r  mv
 Derivation of r x mv can be written as System of Particles
 O = d (r  mv) = r  mv + r  mv
H  Forces acting on arbitrary ith particle of the
dt system consist of a resultant external force Fi,
and a resultant internal force fi
 Since r  mv = m(r  r ) = 0 therefore
 i )O
(ri  Fi ) + (ri  fi ) = ( H
 MO = H O
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15.6 Relation Between Moment of a Force and

Example 15.12
Angular Momentum
System of Particles The box has a mass m and is traveling down the
 Similar equations can be written for each of the smooth circular ramp such that when it is at the
other particles of the system angle θ it is a speed v. Determine its angular
momentum about point O at this instant and the rate
 (ri  Fi ) +  (ri  fi ) =  (H i )O of increase in its speed, i.e., at.

 The second term is sero since the internal forces

occur in equal but opposite collinear pairs, and
hence the moment of each pair about point O is
zero
 MO = H O
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 15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and
Example 15.12
Angular Momentum
Solution Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum
Since v is tangent to the path, the angular  We have ∑MOdt = dHO and integrated, assuming
momentum is at time t = t1, HO = (HO)1 and time t = t2, HO =
H O = rmv (HO)2
From the FBD, the weight W = mg contributes a  This equation is referred to as the principle of

moment about O angular impulse and momentum

d t2
+  M O = H O ; mg ( r sin  ) = (rmv)  t1 MO dt = (HO )2  (HO )1
dt
Since r and m are constant, t2
(HO )1 +   M O dt = (HO ) 2
t1
dv dv
mgr sin  = rm  = g sin 
dt dt
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15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and 15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and
Angular Momentum Angular Momentum
Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum Vector Formulation
 Since the moment of a force about point O is MO  Using impulse and momentum principles, it is
= r x F, the angular impulse may be expressed in possible to write which define the particle’s
vector form as motion,
t2 t2
Angular impulse =  M O dt =  (r  F ) dt t2
t1 t1 mv1 +   F dt = mv 2
 t1
t2
The principle of angular impulse and momentum ( H O )1 +   M O dt = ( H O ) 2
for a system of particles may be written as t1

t
 (HO )1 +  t12 MO dt =  (HO )2
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15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and 15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and
Angular Momentum Angular Momentum
Scalar Formulation Conservation of Angular Momentum
 If the particle is confined to move in the x-y  When the angular impulse acting on a particle
plane, three independent equations may be are all zero during the time t1 to t2, it may be
written to express the motion, written as
t2
( HO )1 = (HO ) 2
m(vx )1 +   Fx dt = m(vx ) 2
t1  It is known as the conservation of angular
t2
m(v y )1 +   Fy dt = m(v y ) 2 momentum.
t1
t2
 If no external impulse is applied to the particle,
( H O )1 +   M O dt = ( H O ) 2 both linear and angular momentum is conserved.
t1

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15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and 15.7 Relation Between Moment of a Force and
Angular Momentum Angular Momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum Procedure for Analysis
 In some cases, the particle’s angular momentum Free-Body Diagram
will be conserved and linear momentum may not.  Draw the particle’s FBD where angular
 This occurs when the particle is subjected only momentum is conserved.
to a central force.  The direction and sense of the particle’s initial
and final velocities is established.
Momentum Equations
 Apply the principle of angular impulse
and momentum,
t2
(H O )1 +   M O dt = (H O ) 2 or ( H O )1 = (H O ) 2
t1

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Example 15.14 Example 15.14

The 0.4 kg ball B is attached to a cord which passes Determine (a) the speed of the ball at the instant it is
through a hole at A in a smooth table. When the ball r2 = 0.2 m from the hole, and (b) the amount of work
is r1 = 0.5 m from the hole, it is rotating around in a done by F in shortening the radial distance from r1 to
circle such that its speed is v1 = 1.2 m/s. By applying r2.
a force F the cord is pulled downward through the
hole with a constant speed vc = 2 m/s.

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Example 15.14 Example 15.14

Solution Solution
Part (a) Free-Body Diagram Conservation of Angular Momentum
As the ball the cord force F on the ball passes The speed of the ball is thus
through the z axis.
v2 = (3.0) 2 + (2) 2 = 3.606m/s
Weight and NB are parallel and the conservation of
angular momentum applies about the z axis.
Conservation of Angular Momentum Part (b)
The only force that does work on the ball is F.
H1 = H 2
T1 +  U1 2 = T2
r1mB v1 = r2 mB v2
1 1
(0.5)(0.4)(1.2) = (0.2)(0.4)v2  v2 = 3m/s (0.4)(1.2) 2 + U F = (0.4)(3.606) 2  U F = 2.313J
2 2
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15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream 15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

• Consider the diversion of a steady stream of fluid  The force ∑F represents the resultant of all the
by a fixed pipe external forces acting on the fluid stream
• The impulse and momentum diagrams for the  Since flow is steady, ∑F will be constant during
fluid are as shown below the time interval dt
 Applying the principle of linear impulse and
momentum to the fluid stream,
dm v A + mv +  Fdt = dm v B + mv

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15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream 15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Principle of Impulse and Momentum Principle of Impulse and Momentum

 Solving for the resultant force yields  Since flow is steady in the x-y plane, hence we

dm have dm
F = (v B  v A) +  MO = ( dOB vB  dOAv A )
dt dt
 It is convenient to express vector equation in the
form of two scalar component equations  Once the velocity of the fluid flowing onto the
dm device is determined, the mass flow is calculated
 Fx = dt
(vBx  v Ax ) using
dm dm
 Fy = dt (vBy  v Ay ) dt
=  Av A AA =  B vB AB =  AQA =  BQB

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15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream Example 15.6

Procedure of Analysis Determine the components of reaction which the

Free-Body Diagram fixed pipe joint at A exerts on the elbow. If water
 Draw a FBD of the device which is directing the
flowing through the pipe is subjected to a static
fluid gauge pressure of 100 kPa at A. The discharge at B
is QB = 0.2 m3/s. Water has a density ρw =
Equations of Steady Flow 1000kg/m3, and the water-filled elbow has a mass of
 Apply the equations of steady flow, 20 kg and center of mass at G.
dm
 MO = dt
( dOB vB  dOAv A )

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Example 15.16 Example 15.16

Solution Solution
Since the density of water is constant, QB = QA = Q, Equations of Steady Flow
dm + dm
=  wQ = 200 kg/s
dt
Q 0 .2 Q
  Fx = dt
(vBx  v Ax );
vB = = = 25.46 m/s ; v A = = 6.37 m/s 
AB  (0.05) 2 AA  Fx + 3141.6 = 200(0  6.37)
Free-Body Diagram Fx = 4.41kN
Since 1 kPa = 1000 N/m2, dm
3 2
+  Fy = dt
(vBy  v Ay );
FA = p A AA = [100(10 )][ (0.1) ] = 3141.6 N
 Fy  20(9.81) = 200( 25.46  0)
Fy = 4.90 kN
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Example 15.16 15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass

Solution A Control Volume That Loses Mass

Equations of Steady Flow  Consider a device such as a rocket which at an
If moments are summed about point O, then Fx, Fy, instant of time has a mass m and is moving
and static pressure FA are eliminated, as well as forward with a velocity v
moment of momentum of water entering at A,  The “closed system” included both the mass m of
dm the device and the expelled mass me
 M O = dt (dOBvB  dOAv A )
M O + 20(9.81)(0.125) = 200[(0.3)(25.46)  0]
M O = 1.50 kN  m

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15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass 15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass

A Control Volume That Loses Mass A Control Volume That Gain Mass
 Applying the principle of impulse and momentum  A device such as a scoop or a shovel may gain
to the system, mass as it moves forward
+  The device shown has a mass m and is moving
 mv  me ve   FCV dt = (m  dme )(v + dv)  (me + dme )ve
forward with a velocity v
F CV dt = v dme + m dv  dme dv  ve dme

 The relative velocity of the device as seen by the

observer moving with the particles of the ejected
mass is vD/e = (v + ve),
dv dme
F CV =m
dt
 vD / e
dt
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15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass Example 15.18

A Control Volume That Gain Mass The initial combined mass of a rocket and its fuel is
 Applying the principle of impulse and momentum m0. A total mass mf of fuel is consumed as a
to the system, constant rate of dme/dt = c and expelled at a
+ constant speed of u relative to the rocket. Determine
 mv  mi vi +  FCV dt = ( m  dmi )(v + dv)  ( mi + dmi )vi the max velocity of the rocket i.e., at the instant the
fuel runs out.
 We may write this equation as
dv dm
F CV =m
dt
+ (v + vi ) i
dt

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Example 15.18 Example 15.18

Solution Solution
The rocket is losing mass as it moves upward. The Separating the variables and integrating, realizing
only external force acting on the system consisting that v = 0 at t = 0, we have
of the rocket and a portion of the expelled mass is v t uc  t  m0 
the weight W  dv =    g  dt  v = u ln(m0  ct )  gt 0 = u ln   gt
0 m  ct
 m0  ct 
0
 0 
dv dme dv
+   Fs = m  vD / e ;  W = m  uc The time t’ needed to consume all the fuel is given
dt dt dt
by  dm 
Since W = mg, m f =  e t  = ct   t  = m f / c
 dt 
dv   gm f
 (m0  ct ) g = (m0  ct )  uc m0
dt By sub, we get vmax = u ln  m  mf

 c
 0 

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