Introduction to
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
SCO113 – Foundations of
Artificial Intelligence
ICT Manager, May 2012 to April 2018, Express Communications
Ltd
Associate Faculty, May 2013 – September 2016 Mount Kenya
University
Tutorial Fellow, October 2016 to March 2021 Technical University
of Kenya
Tutorial Fellow, April 2021 to August 2023 Kenyatta University
Lecturer, September 2023 to Present, Kenyatta University
Bsc. Computer Science, August 2008- December 2012, Kenyatta
University
Msc. Distributed Computing Technologies, May 2013 –
September 2015 University of Nairobi
PhD Computer Science, May 2019 – July 2023 Kenyatta University Dr. Eric Araka, PhD
Introductions
Instructor
▪Eric Araka, PhD
▪Lecturer, School of Pure and Applied Sciences,
Computing & Information Science Department
▪CIS Building, Room 114
▪Email: [Link]@[Link]
▪Tel: +254784815187 I prefer SMS/WhatsApp
▪Students?
Course Overview
✓Main Areas of study
✓Foundations
✓Intelligent agents
✓Problem-solving as State Space Search
✓Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
✓Planning
✓Representing and Reasoning under Uncertainty
✓Decision-Making
✓Learning
✓Sample Applications
• Primary Text: S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence – A Modern
Approach, 4th edition, 2010
Outline in this class
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Why should you learn Artificial Intelligence?
• What is Human Intelligence?
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Getting to know a little bit more about Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence Glossary
• Machine Learning(ML) & Natural Language Processing(NLP)
• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Robotics & Internet of Things (IoT)
• Robotics
• Internet of Things
• AI & The Future of Work
• The machines are coming
Definition & Motivations
• Artificial Intelligence is the automation of activities we normally
attribute to human thinking and rationality, such as problem-
solving, decision-making, and learning.
WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ?
“Artificial Intelligence would be the ultimate version of Google.
We’re nowhere near doing that now.
However, we can get incrementally closer to that, and that is
basically what we work on”
- Larry Page
CEO, Google, October 2000
“We’ve been building the best AI team and tools for
years, and recent breakthroughs will allow us to do
even more.
We will move from mobile first to an AI first world.”
- Larry Page
CEO, Alphabet, April 28, 2016
AI in Big Tech Companies
AI in Google I/o 2017
[Link]
1. TensorFlow May 17,2017 – May 19, 2017
Google’s Machine learning System
2. 2nd Generation TPU (Tensor Processing Unit)
for TensorFlow Research Cloud
3. Machine Learning API
• Google Cloud Machine Learning Engine
• Google Cloud Jobs API
• Google Cloud Vision API
• Google Cloud Speech API
• Google Cloud Natural Language API
• Google Cloud Translation API
• Google Cloud Video Intelligence API
4. AI in Google’s Products
• Google Assistant
• Google Lens
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg talks about the company's 10-year road map during
@ Facebook’s F8 developers conference in April,2016
Top 10 Hot AI Technologies, Q1 ‘17
38% of enterprises are already using AI,
growing to 62% by 2018
The 10 Hottest AI Technologies:
1. Natural Language Generation
2. Speech Recognition
3. Virtual Agents
4. Machine Learning Platforms
5. AI-optimized Hardware
6. Decision Management
7. Deep Learning Platforms
8. Biometrics
9. Robotic Process Automation
10. Text Analytics and NLP
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
WHAT IS
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE ?
What is Human Intelligence ?
Learning Reasoning
Perceiving Understanding of Language Feeling
Intelligence
• Definition: A mental capability that, among
other things, involves the ability to reason,
plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and
learn from experience.
•
It reflects a broader and deeper capability for
comprehending our surroundings—"catching
on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring
out" what to do.
Examples of Intelligence
Examples of Intelligence
Examples of Intelligence
WHAT IS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ?
Artificial Intelligence
• For years, scientists have tried to embed the
intelligence found in human beings to computers.
• This study is called Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Definition: The theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence, such as
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-
making, and translation between languages.
AI in the Eyes of the Society
People get to know AI through news, movies, and actual applications in daily life. What is AI in the eyes of the
public?
Haidian Park: First AI-themed Park in the World The Terminator Self-service security check
StarCraft II: AlphaStar Beat Professional Players 2001: A Space Odyssey Spoken language evaluation
AI-created Edmond de Belamy Sold at US$430,000 The Matrix Music/Movie recommendation
Demand for AI Programmers:↑ 35 Times! Salary: I, Robot Smart speaker
Top 1! Blade Runner …
50% Jobs Will be Replaced by AI in the future Elle
Winter is Coming? AI Faces Challenges Bicentennial Man
… …
News Movies Applications in daily life
AI Applications AI Control over human Security protection
AI industry outlook beings Entertainment
Challenges faced by AI Fall in love with AI Smart Home
… Self-awareness of AI Finance
… …
AI in the Eyes of Researchers
"I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'"
— Alan Turing 1950
The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
— John McCarthy 1956
The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men.
— Marvin Minsky
What Are Intelligences?
Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Human intelligences can be divided into seven categories:
Verbal/Linguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Visual/Spatial
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Musical/Rhythmic
Inter-personal/Social
Intra-personal/Introspective
What Is AI?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, techniques, and application systems for simulating and
extending human intelligence. In 1956, the concept of AI was first proposed by John McCarthy, who defined the subject as "science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer program". AI is concerned with making machines work in an intelligent way, similar to the
way that the human mind works. At present, AI has become an interdisciplinary course that involves various fields.
Brain
science Cognitive
science
Computer
science
AI Psychology
Philosophy
Linguistics
Logic
Identification of concepts related to AI and machine learning
AI Development Report 2020
Relationship of AI, Machine Learning, and Deep
Learning
Relationship of AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
AI: A new technical science that focuses on the research and development
of theories, methods, techniques, and application systems for simulating
and extending human intelligence.
Machine learning: A core research field of AI. It focuses on the study of
how computers can obtain new knowledge or skills by simulating or
performing the learning behavior of human beings and reorganizing
existing knowledge architecture to improve its performance. It is one of
the core research fields of AI.
Deep learning: A new field of machine learning. The concept of deep
learning originates from the research on artificial neural networks. The
multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is a type of deep learning architecture. Deep
learning aims to simulate the human brain to interpret data such as
images, sounds, and texts.
What is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence
is the simulation of
human intelligence by
machines
Machine learning lets
us give computers the
ability to learn without
being explicitly
programmed
Deep learning is a
problem solving
approach for
implementing machine
learning (i.e. neural
networks)
WHAT IS AI?
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making
intelligence machine
-John McCarthy
• A computer performing tasks that are normally though to require
human intelligence
• Getting a computer to do in real life what computers do in the movies
AI = Machine Intelligence
TURING TEST
• Can Machine think ?
• A way to test machine intelligence. To determine
w/ ?s whether responses come from computer
or human
“Now you decide am I a machine,
am I a human, am I a war hero,
or am I a criminal.”
- Alan Turing, The Imitation Game (2014)
Moore’s Law
Artificial Intelligence Evolution
1900 Today
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans System that think rationally
Thinking
System that act like humans System that act rationally
Acting
This model from Russell and Norving.
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans
“Cognitive Science”
Thinking • Neuron Level
• Neuroanatomical Level
• Mind Level
Acting
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans
“Cognitive Science”
Thinking • Neuron Level
• Neuroanatomical Level
• Mind Level
System that act like humans
“The Turing Test”
• Understand language
Acting • Game AI, Control NPCs
• Control the body
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans System that think rationally
“Cognitive Science” “Laws of thought”
Thinking • Neuron Level • Logic
• Neuroanatomical Level • A is X and X are Y then A is Y
• Mind Level
System that act like humans
“The Turing Test”
• Understand language
Acting • Game AI, Control NPCs
• Control the body
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans System that think rationally
“Cognitive Science” “Laws of thought”
Thinking • Neuron Level • Logic
• Neuroanatomical Level • A is X and X are Y then A is Y
• Mind Level
System that act like humans System that act rationally
“The Turing Test” “Doing the right thing”
• Understand language • Maximize the goal achievement, given
Acting • Game AI, Control NPCs information
• Control the body • Doesn’t necessary involve thinking
• It involve solving
Goals of AI
Human Rational
System that think like humans System that think rationally
“Cognitive Science” “Laws of thought”
Thinking • Neuron Level • Logic
• Neuroanatomical Level • A is X and X are Y then A is Y
• Mind Level
System that act like humans System that act rationally
“The Turing Test” “Doing the right thing”
• Understand language • Maximize the goal achievement, given
Acting • Game AI, Control NPCs information
• Control the body • Doesn’t necessary involve thinking
• It involve solving
Types of AI
Strong AI
The strong AI view holds that it is possible to create intelligent machines
that can really reason and solve problems. Such machines are considered to
be conscious and self-aware, can independently think about problems and
work out optimal solutions to problems, have their own system of values
and world views, and have all the same instincts as living things, such as
survival and security needs. It can be regarded as a new civilization in a
certain sense.
Weak AI
The weak AI view holds that intelligent machines cannot really reason and
solve problems. These machines only look intelligent, but do not have real
intelligence or self-awareness.
What’s required for a machine to be Intelligent ?
AI Terms you should know
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) :
A field of computer science dedicated to the study of computer software making
intelligent decisions, reasoning, and problem solving.
• Machine Learning (ML) :
A field of AI focused on getting machines to act without being programmed to do
so. Machines "learn" from patterns they recognize and adjust their behavior
accordingly.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) :
The ability of computers to understand, or process natural human languages and
derive meaning from them. NLP typically involves machine interpretation of text
or speech recognition.
AI Terms you should know
• Data Mining :
The process by which patterns are discovered within large sets of data
with the goal of extracting useful information from it.
• Deep Learning (DL):
A subset of machine learning that uses specialized algorithms to
model and understand complex structures and relationships among
data and datasets.
AI Terms you should know
• Big Data:
The VOLUME, VARIETY and VELOCITY of the data creates challenges for data
processing systems
• Algorithm:
Formula that represents a relationship between things. It’s self-contained, step-
by-step set of operations that automates a function, like a process,
recommendation or analysis.
• Neural Network:
Computational approach that loosely models how the brain solves problems with
layers of inputs and outputs. Rather than being programmed, the networks are
trained with several thousand cycles of interaction.
AI Terms you should know
• Intelligent Agents The different types of agent
• An Agent is Anything • Human Agent
• Robotic Agent
• Can be Viewed as Perceiving its Environment • Software Agent
Through Sensors • Generic Agent
• Acting upon that Environment through Actuators
𝑓: 𝑃 ∗ → 𝐴
• Agent Function which maps every
possible precepts sequence to a
possible action the agent can perform
Agent = Architecture + Program
AI Terms you should know
• Intelligent Agents - Example : Taxi Driver
• Performance Measure:
Safe, Fast, Legal, Comfortable Trip, Maximize profits
• Environment:
Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers
• Actuators:
Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
• Sensors:
Cameras, Sonar, Speedometer, GPS, engine sensor
What can AI do for you?
Uses of AI spreading Rapidly and Widely
KASPAROV VS DEEP BLUE in 1997
A Supercomputer called Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov
Deep Blue by IBM Garry Kasparov
2 All-time Greatest
VS IBM Watson in 2011
Jeopardy champions
What is Machine Learning?
• A Sub-Field of AI
• Construction and study of systems that can learn from data
What is Machine Learning?
• Evolved from pattern recognition and computational learning theory
• Subfield of Artificial Intelligence
• Study of Algorithms that iteratively learn form data
• Make predictions
• Find hidden insights without explicit programming
What is Machine Learning?
• Types of Learning
• Supervised Learning:
Reliance on algorithm trained by human input, reduce expenditure on manual
review for relevance and coding
• Unsupervised Learning:
High reliance on algorithm for raw data, large expenditure on manual review
for review for relevance and coding
• Semi-Supervised Learning:
Reliance on analytics trained by human input, automated analysis using
resulting model
• Reinforcement Learning:
Algorithm is continually trained by human input, can be automated once
maximally accurate
In other words …
“Learning is any process by which a system improve
performance from experience”
“Machine Learning is concerned with computer
programs that automatically improve their
performance through experience”
- Herbert Simon
Google Translate Google’s Self Driving Car
Google Voice Search Gmail Spam Detection
YouTube Playlist - Content Curation
Facebook – Chatbot Army
ML Applications
• Machine Learning has a wide spectrum of applications including:
• Spam Email Detection
• Machine Translation (Language Translation)
• Image Search (Similarity)
• Clustering (KMeans) : Amazon Recommendations
• Classification : Google News
• Text Summarization : Google News
• Fraud detection : Credit card Providers
• Speech Understanding : iPhone with Siri
• Face Dectection : Facebook’s Photo tagging
What is Deep Learning?
Deep Learning Framework by Big Tech Companies
• Google
• TensorFlow
• Keras
• Facebook
• Caffe2
• Amazon
• DSSTNE
• Microsoft
• CNTK
Credit - [Link]
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• What is NLP?
• Study of interaction between computer and human languages
• A Sub-Field of AI
• Aim : To build intelligent computer that can interact with human being like a human being !!
Language Language
Understanding
(NLU) Generation
(NLG)
NLP = Computer Science + AI + Computational Linguistics
Speech-to-Text (TTS)
What Makes NLP so Hard?
• Ambiguity
• Non-Standard Language
• Complex entity names
• Phrasal verbs/idioms
• More Complex Language than English
• German
• Chinese
• Japanese
• Thai
Recap
AI • Artificial Intelligence (AI) = Machine Intelligence
• Machine Learning (ML) is a computational method
that allow machines to act or think without being
explicitly directed to perform specific functions.
• Deep Learning (DL) is a branch of ML that uses
neural network models to understand large amounts
of data
ML
DL
Robotics & IoT
What is Robot?
• “A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move
material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks”
- Robot Institute of America, 1979
• “An Intelligent robot is a mechanical creature which can function
autonomously”
Historical Perspective
• The word robot was first used in 1921 by Czech playwright Karel
Capek in his satirical drama titled Rossum’s Universal Robots
- Derived from Czech word robota which literally means ‘forced labor’
• The term robotics was coined by American author and professor of
biochemistry at Boston University, Isaac Asimov in his short story
titled Runaround.
Basic Components of a robot system
• Manipulator
• Series of rigid members, called links, connected by joints
• Actuators
• Provide power to the manipulator
• Sensory Devices
• To monitor position, speed, acceleration, torque etc.
• Controller
• Provides the intelligence to make the manipulator perform in a certain manner
• Power Conversion Unit
• Takes signal form controller and converts it into meaningful power level so the
actuators can move
Advantages
• Used to do repetitive (boring) actions or jobs
• Perform a variety of tasks
• Improve in quality
• Increase in production
• Perform dangerous tasks that humans can’t do
• Robots do not get sick, they can work 24/7 without complaining
Disadvantages
• Expense
• No guarantee
• Expertise: training on to use robots takes time
• safety
Types of Robots
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS EDUCATIONAL ROBOTS MEDICAL ROBOTS
Used for repetitive tasks and
inspection of pipes or sites not
easily accessible to humans
Used for teaching and Doctors use robotic surgical arm in
training precision surgery, telemedicince, et.
HOUSEHOLD ROBOTS AND
HELPER ROBOTS
Carry out household tasks and assist
aged and infirm people
Types of Robots
MILITARY ROBOTS SCIENTIFIC OR RESEARCH ROBOTS
Used in war zones to support troops
Used in chemically contaminated areas,
outer space, etc.
Robots used for surveillance as DRONES
Robots used for
clean-up operation
Drones used to locate at Fukushima
Osama Bin Laden Nuclear Reactor Fukushima
JAPAN
ASIMO : Advanced Step in Innovation Mobility
Atlas : Dynamic Humanoid
BigDog : Advanced Rough-Terrain Robot
WildCat : The Fastest Quadruped Robot
Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL): Powered Exoskeleton
Robonaut 2 :
Kuratas
MegaBots [Link]
Pepper, the Emotional Robot
Robots
• Sewbo robot
• Kengoro robot
• Henn-na Hotel
• Spot, a four-legged robotic dog
• MIT’s Running, Jumping Cheetah
• RoboHon
• Sphero BB-8 RC Toy
• Sword-Swinging, Slicing Robot Arm
• Geminoid F
• Origami Robot
IoT : Internet of Thing
The top 10 IoT application areas – based on real IoT projects
Amazon Echo Family
Amazon Echo - $179.99 Echo Look - $199.99
Hands-free speaker that fills any room with immersive Hands-Free Camera and Style Assistant, available
360⁰ audio. by invitation only. Love your look. Every day.
Echo Dot - $49.99 Echo Show - $199.99
Add Alexa to any room in the house. Can connect to your Everything you love about Alexa and now she can
speakers over Bluetooth or 3.5 mm stereo cable. show you things.
Amazon Dash
AI & THE FUTURE OF WORK
WORK & LIFE IN THE AGE OF ROBOTS
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
How likely is it AI
will steal your job?
THE MACHINES
ARE COMING
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
FACTORY WORKER
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
Tesla factory, Fremont, California
$5/day > Technology
[Link]
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch [Link]
[Link]
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
WAREHOUSE LOGISTICS
Amazon Automated Warehouse
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
[Link]
POSTMAN
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch Amazon Prime Air
SHIPPING LOGISTICS
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch KALMAR AUTOMATED VEHICLES, PORT OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
POLICEMAN
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch BOSTON DYNAMICS WILDCAT
SECURITY GUARD
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch KNIGHTSCOPE K5
SNIPER
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch GENERAL ATOMICS MQ-9 REAPER
BUILDER
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch HADRIAN X
PIZZA DELIVERY GUY
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch FLIRTEY DRONE
PIZZA DELIVERY GUY
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
CHIEF
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch moley robotic
DRIVER
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch HADRIAN X
LONG-HAUL TRUCKING
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
MUSICIAN
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch
FARMER
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch Magnum Autonomous Tractor
Care Taker
Original from TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of Work (2017), Volker Hirsch ROBEAR
4 jobs that will never be phased out by technology
Morticians and funeral services Psychologists and therapists
Government leadership positions HR managers
13 Things Everyone should do to catch up with
the world of AI,Big data, Cloud and IoT
Advantages of AI
• The advantages of AI are mainly derived from
switching tasks that are usually performed by
humans to machines. The advantages include:
– Cost reduction: an automated AI system is able to
perform 24/7 everyday and only need to be purchased
once. In some cases, the acquisition cost may be less
than paying the salary of employees.
– Productivity: a good AI system may be able to replace
several workers performing the same task with
additional automation.
Advantages of AI
– Safety: A worker may experience stress, panic or
tiredness. In some cases, this may lead to accidents in
the workplace. An AI system is never affected by
human emotions and states, thus maintaining high
levels of safety.
–
Operational security: A highly skilled worker may
retire or decide to leave for another company. The
worker’s departure may significantly affect the
operational security of the plant/company. An AI
system doesn’t experience this, therefore maintaining
high levels of operational security for the company.
Conclusions
• Intelligence is what makes us human.
• AI is a research field with the objective of
mimicking the intelligence in humans and
embedding them in computers and machines.
• There are many branches of AI, each of the tries
to represent different parts of human intelligence
into machines.
• It is an interesting and constantly evolving
research field, with many of them being part of
everyday lives.
Tutorial
• List and describe five examples of human
intelligence in our everyday lives.
• Some applications of Artificial Intelligence has
been adopted for consumer devices and
products. Do some research online. List and
describe five examples of AI applications that
you have found.
Questions?
Resource
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
csmm-101x-0#!
• [Link]
• [Link]
html
THANK YOU
Eric Araka, PhD
Business – [Link]@[Link]
Personal – arakaeric@[Link]