Tutorial 6
7
The Trigonometric Functions
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 1 of 39
Outline
❑ Radian Measure of Angles
❑ The Sine and the Cosine
❑ Differentiation and Integration of sine and cosine
❑ The Tangent and Other Trigonometric Functions
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 2 of 39
Radians and Degrees
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 3 of 39
Positive & Negative Angles
Definition Example
Positive Angle: An
angle measured in the
counter-clockwise
direction
Definition Example
Negative Angle: An
angle measured in the
clockwise direction
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 4 of 39
Converting Degrees to Radians
EXAMPLE
Convert the following to radian measure:
(a) 450 (b) − 210
SOLUTION
5
(a) 450 = 450 radians =
180 2
7
(b) − 210 = −210 radians = −
180 6
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 5 of 39
Determining an Angle
EXAMPLE
Give the radian measure of the angle described.
SOLUTION
The angle above consists of one full revolution (2π radians) plus one half-
revolutions (π radians). Also, the angle is clockwise and therefore negative.
That is,
t = − (2 + ) = − 3.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 6 of 39
Sine & Cosine in Right Angle
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 7 of 39
Sine & Cosine in a Unit Circle
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 8 of 39
Properties of Sine & Cosine
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education [Link] Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 9 of 39
Calculating Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
Give the values of sin t and cos t, where t is the radian measure of the angle
shown.
SOLUTION
We can immediately determine sin t.
1
sin t =
4
Since sin2t + cos2t = 1, we have
2
1 Replace sin2t with (1/4)2.
+ cos t = 1
2
4
15
cos 2 t =
16
15 Take the square root of both
cos t =
4 sides.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 10 of 39
Using Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
If t = 0.4 and a = 10, find c.
SOLUTION
Since cos(0.4) = 10/c, we get
10
cos(0.4) =
c
ccos( 0.4) = 10
10
c= 10.9.
cos(0.4)
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 11 of 39
Determining an Angle t
EXAMPLE
Find t such that –π/2 ≤ t ≤ π/2 and t satisfies the stated condition
sin t = − sin( 3 / 8)
SOLUTION
One of our properties of sine is sin(–t) = –sin(t). And since –sin(3π/8) =
sin(–3π/8) and –π/2 ≤ –3π/8 ≤ π/2, we have t = –3π/8.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 12 of 39
The Graphs of Sine & Cosine
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 13 of 39
Derivatives of Sine & Cosine
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 14 of 39
Differentiating Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
Differentiate the following:
(a ) ecos x (b ) 3 sin πt
SOLUTION
(a ) (e ) = e (cos x ) = ecos x (− sin x )
d cos x cos x d
dx dx
(b ) d 3
dt
( d
) 1 −2 3 d
sin πt = (sin t ) = (sin t ) (sin t )
dt
13
3 dt
1 d
= (sin t ) (cos t ) (t )
−2 3
3 dt
1
= (sin t ) (cos t )
−2 3
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 15 of 39
Differentiating Cosine in Application
EXAMPLE
Suppose that a person’s blood pressure P at time t (in seconds) is given by
P = 100 + 20cos 6t.
Find the maximum value of P (called the systolic pressure) and the minimum
value of P (called the diastolic pressure) and give one or two values of t where
these maximum and minimum values of P occur.
SOLUTION
The maximum value of P and the minimum value of P will occur where the
function has relative minima and maxima. These relative extrema occur where
the value of the first derivative is zero.
P = 100 + 20 cos 6t This is the given function.
P = 20(− sin 6t )6 = −120 sin 6t Differentiate.
−120 sin 6t = 0 Set P΄ equal to 0.
sin 6t = 0 Divide by -120.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 16 of 39
Differentiating Cosine in Application
CONTINUED
Notice that sin6t = 0 when 6t = 0, π, 2π, 3π,... . That is, when t = 0, π/6, π/3,
π/2, ... . Now we can evaluate the original function at these values for t.
t 100 + 20cos6t
0 120
π/6 80
π/3 120
π/2 80
Notice that the values of the function P cycle between 120 and 80. Therefore,
the maximum value of the function is 120 and the minimum value is 80.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 17 of 39
Application of Differentiating & Integrating Sine
EXAMPLE
The average weekly temperature in Washington, D.C. t weeks after the
beginning of the year is
2
f (t ) = 54 + 23 sin (t − 12 ).
52
The graph of this function is sketched below.
(a) What is the average weekly temperature at week 18?
(b) At week 20, how fast is the temperature changing?
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 18 of 39
Application of Differentiating & Integrating Sine
SOLUTION
(a) The time interval up to week 18 corresponds to t = 0 to t = 18. The average
value of f (t) over this interval is
1 18 1 18 2
f (t ) dt = 54 + 23 sin (t − 12 ) dt
18 − 0 0 18 0 52
18
1 52 2
= 54t − 23 cos 52 (t − 12 )
18 2 0
1 598 3 1 598 − 6
= 972 − cos −
13 18 0 − cos 13
18
1
= 829.521 − 1 − 22.944 = 47.359.
18 18
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 19 of 39
Application of Differentiating & Integrating Sine
CONTINUED
Therefore, the average value of f (t) is about 47.359 degrees.
(b) To determine how fast the temperature is changing at week 20, we need to
evaluate f ΄(20).
2
f (t ) = 54 + 23 sin (t − 12 ) This is the given function.
52
2 2
f (t ) = 23 cos (t − 12 ) Differentiate.
52 52
23
f (t ) = cos (t − 12 ) Simplify.
26 26
23
f (20) = cos (20 − 12 ) 1.579 Evaluate f ΄(20).
26 26
Therefore, the temperature is changing at a rate of 1.579 degrees per week.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 20 of 39
Other Trigonometric Identities
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 21 of 39
Applications of Tangent
EXAMPLE
Find the width of a river at points A and B if the angle BAC is 90°, the angle
ACB is 40°, and the distance from A to C is 75 feet.
r
SOLUTION
Let r denote the width of the river. Then equation (3) implies that
r
tan 40 =
75
75 tan 40 = r.
We convert 40° into radians. We find that 40° = (π/180)40 radians ≈ 0.7
radians, and tan(0.7) ≈ 0.84229. Hence
75 tan 40 = r 75(0.84229) = 63.17 meters.
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 22 of 39
Tangent
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 23 of 39
Differentiating Tangent
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.
y = 2 tan x 2 − 4
SOLUTION
We find that
d
dx
(
( y ) = dy = d 2 tan x 2 − 4
dx dx
)
= 2 sec 2( x − 4 ) dxd ( x − 4 )
2 2
= 2 sec ( x − 4 ) (x − 4 ) (x )
1 d −1 2
2 2 2 2
−4
2 dx
2
)
= 2 sec ( x − 4 (x − 4) 2 x
21
2
2 −1 2
2 x sec ( x − 4 )
2 2
= .
x2 − 4
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 24 of 39
Finding Anti-derivatives
EXAMPLE
Determine the following
1
sin (2 x + 1) + 2e
2 x −1
+ dx
3x
SOLUTION
Using the rules of indefinite integrals, we have
sin (2 x + 1) + 2e 2 x −1
+
1
3x
dx = sin (2 x + 1)dx + 2e 2 x −1
dx +
1
dx
3x
( )
1 1
= sin (2 x + 1)dx + 2 e 2 x −1
dx + dx
3 x
1 2 x −1 1
= − cos(2 x + 1) + e + ln x + C
2 3
MT129 – Calculus
© 2010 and
Pearson Education Inc. Probability Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar,
Goldstein/SCHNIEDER/LAY, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, CALCULUS AND ITS
11e – Slide #10APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 25 of 39