STATISTICS NOTES CSEC MATHEMATICS 2019

STATISTICS
Statistics is the name given to the science of collecting large quantities of facts or data and
studying or analyzing them.

Types of Data
RAW DATA
Raw data, or unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers or characters that are not yet
analyzed has no meaning by itself.
EXAMPLE:

DISCRETE DATA VS CONTINUOUS DATA

Discrete data is counted, Continuous data is measured.
EXAMPLE:
Discrete data: number of girls in 11 Science
Continuous data:amount of rainfall

EXERCISE 1
State if the following data is discrete or continuous:-
a. the heights of your classmates. …………………..
b. the number of school bags in the class. …………………..
c. the body mass of the students in the class. …………………..
d. the number of words in a book. …………………..
e. the body temperature of a normal person. …………………..
f. the scores of a basketball team in a basketball match. …………………..
Frequency Distribution
FREQUENCY
The frequency is the number of times a particular data point occurs in the set of data.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution is a table that list each data point or a group of data point and their
frequencies.
It should be noted that the total frequency must always be the same as the number of data points

in the raw data.

UNGROUPED DATA
This is data that is given as individual data points
EXAMPLE:

Score Tally Frequency

1 IIII I 6
2 II 2
3 IIII 4
4 I 1
5 III 3

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EXERCISE 2
The shoe sizes of students in a class are:

Draw a frequency table to represent the information given.

Measure of Dispersion

MEAN
The mean, denoted , is the arithmetic average of a given set of numbers.
Formula:

EXAMPLE 1:
What is the mean of the data in the following sample?
18, 12, 14, 14, 19, 24, 19

EXAMPLE 2:
What is the mean of the data in the following sample?
6, 7, 5, 6, 9, 10, 1, 0, 3

EXAMPLE 3:
If the mean of four numbers 4, 8, x and 12 is 10, what is the value of x?

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EXAMPLE 4:
The mean of the seven numbers below is 15.

What is the value of c?

EXAMPLE 5:
The mean of 11 numbers is 7. One of the numbers 13 is deleted. What is the mean of the
remaining 10 numbers?

MEDIAN

The middle value in a data set that is arranged in order

NOTE:
 The median of a data set that has two middle values will be the average of those two
values
 The median is a particularly useful measure of central tendency when there are extreme
values in the data set.

EXAMPLE 6:
Find the median of the the following set of data.
25, 6, 23, 7, 12, 4, 2, 17, 21

EXAMPLE 7:
Find the median of the the following set of data.
5, 10, 3, 14, 9, 3

EXAMPLE 8:
Tony obtained the following scores in a game: 7, 3, 8, 4, 5, 6, 9, 8, 9. The median score is

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MODE
The mode is the data item that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
EXAMPLE 9:
Find the mode of the following set of data
16, 13, 14, 15, 13, 18, 19

EXAMPLE 10:
The table below which shows the frequency of scores obtained by students in a test.

SCORE 2 3 5 6 8 11

STUDENTS 8 4 6 3 12 2

The modal score is

THE RANGE
This is the difference between the highest and the lowest number of a data set.
EXAMPLE 11:
The heights, in cm, of five students are 150, 152, 155, 170, 153. What is the range, in cm?

EXAMPLE 12:
The marks obtained by ten students in a test marked out of 25 were:

The range of marks was

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QUARTILES

Lower Quartile : This is the Median of th lower half of the data or 25% of the entrire data
set.

Upper Quartile : This is the Median of the upper half of the data or 75% of the entire data
set.
Inter-quartile range = Upper Quartile – Lower Quartile
EXAMPLE 13:

Given the data set

Find:
(a). The Median

(b). The Lower Quartile

(c). The Upper Quartile

(d). The Inter – Quartile range

EXAMPLE 14:

Given the data set

Find:
(e). The Median

(f). The Lower Quartile

(g). The Upper Quartile

(h). The Inter – Quartile range

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

PIE CHART

A circle is divided into sectors or pie shaped pieces that are proportional in size to the
frequencies or percentages of the data categories.

EXAMPLE:

Subject Physics Chemistry Biology Mathematics Geology

No. of
9 15 19 12 5
graduates

The table above gives the number of graduate by subject from a university’s Faculty of Natural
Sciences in 2016.

(a) Calculate the number of students that graduated from the university’s Faculty of Natural
Science in 2016.

SOLUTION:

(b) Determine the sector angle that will represent the number of graduates in each subject.

SOLUTION:

(c) Construct a pie chart to represent the information given in the table above.

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EXERCISE 3:
1. The pie chart below represents the marital status of
3000 females who are lone heads of household. Find
the number of female heads of household who are
widowed.

2. The pie chart shows the popular games played at a school of 270 students. How many
play cricket?

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BAR GRAPH

A bar graph consist of a number of rectangular bars of the same width which can be drawn
vertically or horizontally and are evenly spaced. The height or length of each rectangular bar is
directly proportional to the size of the data that it is representing.

EXAMPLE:

Subject Physics Chemistry Biology Mathematics Geology

No. of
9 15 19 12 5
graduates

The table above gives the number of graduate by subject from a university’s Faculty of Natural
Sciences in 2016.

EXERCISE 4:
The table below shows the number of bananas, to the nearest toone, produced annually
on a farm over a period of 6 years.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year
Production
150 275 100 40 125 210

(a) On the sheet provided, draw a bar chart to represent the data given in the table above
using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 year on the and 1 cm to represent 25 tonnes
on the .

(b) Determine the range of the numbr of bananas prduced between 2010 and 2015.

(c) (i) During which year was there the greatest production of bananas.

(ii) How is this information shown on the bar chart?

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(d) (i) Between which two consecutive years was there the greatest change in the
production of bananas?

(ii) How is this information shown on the bar chart?

LINE GRAPH
A line graph shows the data by means of drawing a line as the name suggests. A line graph is a
graph constructed by joining a set of points together in a consecutive manner.
Line graphs are very good for showing upward and downward trends.
EXAMPLE:

The line graph below shows the monthly sales, in thousands of dollars, at a car dealership for the
period July to November 2014.

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(a) Complete the table below to show the sales for EACH month.

Month July August September October November

Sales in
13 36
$ Thousands

(b) (i) Between which TWO consecutive months was there the GREATEST increase in
sales?
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Between whch TWO consecutive months was there the SMALLEST increase in
sales?
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) What feature of the line graph enables you to infer that the increase in sales
between two consecutive months was the greatest or the smallest?

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the mean monthly sales for the period July to November 2014.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) The TOTAL sales for the period July to December was $130 000.
(i) Calculate the sales, in dollars, for the months of December.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Complete the line graph to show the sales for December.

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GROUPED DATA
This is data that has been organized into groups known as classes.
EXAMPLE:
Given below are marks obtained by 20 students in a Math test that is graded out of 25.

Frequency Mid-point Lower Class Upper Class

Score
Boundaries Boundaries

CLASS INTERVAL
A class interval is defined as a grouping if statistical data.
From the frequency table above:

(a). the first class is the class interval

(b). the second class is the class interval

(c). the third class is the class interval _________
(d). the fourth class is the class interval _________
(e). the fifth class is the class interval _________

CLASS LIMITS

Class limits are the smallest and largest observations (data, events etc) in each class. Therefore,
each class has two limits: a lower and upper.

From the frequency table above:

(a). the lower limit for the first class interval is ________
(b). the upper limit for the third class interval is ________
(c). the lower limit for the fifth class interval is ________
(d). the upper limit for the fourth class interval is _______

CLASS BOUNDARIES

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Class Boundaries are the midpoints between the upper class limit of a class and the lower class
limit of the next class in the sequence. Therefore, each class has an upper and lower class
boundary.

MID-POINT OF A CLASS

The mid-point of a class interval is defined as the average of the lower and upper limits of a
class.

Thus:

THE WIDTH OF A CLASS INTERVAL (or CLASS SIZE)

The width of a class interval is the difference between the upper and lower class boundaries.

Thus:

EXERCISE 5:
From the frequency table, calculate the width of the class interval.

HISTOGRAMS
A histogram is a bar chart that shows how the data is distributed among each data point

or in each interval .
In the case of grouped data, we plot either the class boundaries or class mid-points along the
horizontal axis against corresponding frequencies.
EXAMPLE:

Twenty bags of sugar were weighed. The weights, to the nearest kg, are as follows:

(a) Complete the frequency table for the data shown above.

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(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 10 kg on the x-axis, and 1 cm to represent 1 bag on

the y-axis, draw a histogram to represent the data contained in your frequency table.

EXERCISE 6:
A class of 24 students threw the cricket ball at sports. The distance thrown by each student was measured
to the nearest metre. The results are shown below.

(a) Complete the frequency table for the data shown above.

Distance (m) Frequency

20 – 29 3
30 – 39 5

(b) State the lower boundary for the class interval 20 – 29.
..……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Using a scale of 1 cm on the x-axis to represent 5 metres, and a scale of 1 cm on the
y-axis to represent 1 student, draw a histogram to illustrate the data.

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FREQUENCY POLYGON
The frequency polygon for grouped data is obtained by plotting the frequency against the
corresponding mid-point of the class interval and then drawing a straight line in order to joining
consecutive points.
EXAMPLE:
The heights of a sample of seedlings were measured to the nearest centimeters and then arranged
in class intervals as shown in the table below.

Height in cm Midpoint Frequency

3–7 5 0
8 – 12 10 3
13 – 17 15 12
18 – 22 16
23 – 27 22
28 – 32 18
33 – 37 14

(a) How many seedlings were in the sample?......................

(i) the lower class limit for ……………….

(ii) the upper class boundary for …………….

(b) Complete the table by inserting
(i) the midpoint of each class interval

(c) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 cm on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to represent

5 seedlings on the vertical axis, draw a frequency polygon to represent the data as shown
in your table at (c).

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CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

(OGIVE CURVE)
The cumulative frequency curve is drawn by plotting the cumulative frequency against the upper
boundaries of the classes.
The diagram must be drawn portrait and the cumulative frequency must be on the vertical axis.
EXAMPLE 15:
Complete the table below.

No. of Parcels Cumulative Frequency

Mass
4 4
10 14
17 31
46
11
60

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Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 kg on the x-axis and 2 cm to represent 10 parcels on the

y-axis, draw the cumulative frequency curve for the data.

EXERCISE 7:
1. The table below shows the amount, to the nearest dollar, spent by a group of 40 students at
the school canteen during a period of one week.

(a) Copy and complete the table to show the cumulative frequency.
(b) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent $5 on the horizontal axis and 1 cm to represent 5
students on the vertical axis, draw the cumulative frequency graph for the data.
(c) Use your graph to estimate
(i) the median amount of money spent
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) the probability that a student chosen at random spent less than $23 during the

week.

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………………………………………………………………………………………

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