HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part XV Analytical chemistry

Chemistry: Chapter 65 Contribution of analytical chemistry to our society

Structured questions

Sections 65.165.2
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Sulphur dioxide is commonly added to wine as an antioxidant. Since it is toxic, limit
is set on its amount in wine. The limit of its amount stated in the Hong Kong
Preservatives in Food Regulations is 450 mg dm 3. The amount of sulphur dioxide in a
sample of wine can be found by the following procedure:
Step 1 The free sulphur dioxide in wine is converted to sulphite ion by alkali.
Step 2 All of the sulphur dioxide is liberated by adding excess acid.
Step 3 The mixture is titrated with iodine solution, using a suitable indicator.
25.0 cm3 of the wine sample was titrated with 0.0018 M iodine solution. 10.50 cm3 of
iodine solution was used for complete reaction.

(a) Write the equations for the reactions involved in steps 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
(3 marks)

(b) (i) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. (1 mark)

(ii) State the observation at the end point of titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the wine (in mg dm3).
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1) (3 marks)

(d) State whether the amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample exceeds the limit
stated. (1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) Step 1: SO2(aq) + 2OH(aq)  SO32(aq) + H2O(l) 1
Step 2: SO32(aq) + 2H+(aq)  SO2(aq) + H2O(l) 1
Step 3: SO2(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)  2HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 1
(b) (i) Starch solution 1
(ii) The reaction mixture changes from colourless to dark blue. 1

(c) Number of moles of I2 = 0.0018 M × dm3 = 1.89 × 105 mol 1

∴ number of moles of SO2 = 1.89 × 105 mol

Mass of SO2 = 1.89 × 105 mol × (32.1 + 16.0 × 2) g mol1 = 1.21 mg 1

∴ concentration of SO2 in the wine = = 48.4 mg dm3 1

(d) The amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample does not exceed the
limit (450 mg dm3). 1
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|!|CMELF0156500002|!|
Sulphur dioxide is commonly added to wine. The limit of its amount stated in the
Hong Kong Preservatives in Food Regulations is 450 mg dm 3. The amount of sulphur
dioxide in a sample of wine can be determined by the following procedure:
Step 1: The free sulphur dioxide in wine is first converted to sulphite ion by alkali.
Step 2: All of the sulphur dioxide is then liberated by adding excess acid.
Step 3: The mixture is then titrated with iodine solution, using starch as indicator.
25.0 cm3 of the wine sample was titrated with 0.0020 M iodine solution. The results
were shown below:
1 2 3 4
Final burette reading (cm3) 11.35 21.70 32.00 42.40
3
Initial burette reading (cm ) 0.40 11.35 21.70 32.00

(a) What is the function of sulphur dioxide in wine? (1 mark)

(b) Calculate a reasonable average for the volume of 0.0020 M iodine solution

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

required to completely react with sulphur dioxide in 25.0 cm 3 of the wine

sample.
(1 mark)

(c) Calculate the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the wine (in mg dm3).
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1) (3 marks)

(d) State whether the amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample exceeds the limit
stated. (1 mark)

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(a) It is used as an antioxidant / prevents the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic
acid by atmospheric oxygen. 1
(b) Average volume of I2 solution used

= = 10.35 cm3 1

(c) SO2(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)  2HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

Number of moles of I2 = 0.0020 M × dm3 = 2.07 × 105 mol 1

∴ number of moles of SO2 = 2.07 × 105 mol

Mass of SO2 = 2.07 × 105 mol × (32.1 + 16.0 × 2) g mol1 = 1.33 mg 1

∴ concentration of SO2 in the wine = = 53.2 mg dm3 1

(d) The amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample does not exceed the
limit (450 mg dm3). 1
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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

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Ginseng is a Chinese medicine. It contains five active ingredients (A, B, C, D and E).
You were a chemist of a commercial laboratory. A client asked you to qualitatively
analyse two commercial products, 1 and 2 of ginseng to see which one is a better buy.
The two products cost the same per gram. You performed thin-layer chromatography
as the preliminary test. The chromatogram obtained was shown below.

A B C D E 1 2

(a) Calculate the Rf values of the spots for active ingredients A, B and C. (3 marks)

(b) Which product contains both active ingredients A and B? (1 mark)

(c) What conclusion would you report to the client? (1 mark)

(d) Suggest ONE instrumental analytical method to further analyse the products.
(1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) Rf value of the spot for active ingredient A = 0.28 1

Rf value of the spot for active ingredient B = 0.44 1

Rf value of the spot for active ingredient C = 0.55 1

(b) Product 1 1
(c) Product 1 is a better buy as it contains four active ingredients of ginseng
(A, B, D and E) while product 2 only contains two (B and E) of them. 1
(d) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
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Section 65.3
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Many pigs of a country were contaminated with dioxins. All pork of that country was
banned from eating, selling and exporting.

(a) State ONE example of dioxins. (1 mark)

(b) State a source of dioxins. (1 mark)

(c) State ONE harmful effect of dioxins on humans. (1 mark)

(d) Suggest ONE instrumental analytical method to determine the dioxin level.
(1 mark)

(e) Suggest TWO advantage of using instrumental analytical methods over

conventional analytical methods. (2 marks)

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(a) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins / polychlorinated dibenzofurans 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(b) Emissions from incinerators / combustion of materials containing

chlorine 1
(c) They are carcinogenic. 1
(d) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
(e) Any TWO:
Instrumental analytical methods are more rapid / more accurate / more
sensitive / usually non-destructive / causing less human error. 2
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Carbon monoxide is one of the atmospheric pollutants. Its level can be monitored by
infrared spectroscopy.

(a) State ONE source of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. (1 mark)

(b) Describe briefly how infrared spectroscopy can measure the concentration of
carbon monoxide. (2 marks)

(c) Suggest another method that can be used to measure the concentration of carbon
monoxide in the atmosphere. (1 mark)

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(a) Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in car engines and power stations 1
(b) Carbon monoxide has a characteristic absorption peak near 2170 cm1. 1
The intensity of the absorption peak is directly proportional to the
concentration of carbon monoxide. 1
(c) Colorimetry 1
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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

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Formaldehyde is a common indoor air pollutant.

(a) Write the molecular formula of formaldehyde. (1 mark)

(b) Why is formaldehyde used in wood furniture? (1 mark)

(c) State TWO analytical methods to determine the formaldehyde level. (2 marks)

(d) State ONE adverse effect of high formaldehyde level on human health. (1 mark)

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(a) CH2O 1
(b) Formaldehyde is used as an adhesive or coating material. 1
(c) Colorimetry 1
Infrared spectroscopy 1
(d) It may cause watery eyes / difficulty in breathing. 1
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Section 65.4
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The manufacturer of a brand of fruit juice X claims that it is 100% natural, organic
and free of additives.

(a) How can you justify it by using the following two methods?
(i) Thin-layer chromatography for colourings (2 marks)

(ii) Mass spectrometry for pesticides (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(b) In these years, melamine is added illegally to some milk powder for babies.
Suggest an instrumental analytical method to identify it. (1 mark)

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(a) (i) Thin-layer chromatography can be used to identify some artificial
food colourings by checking the Rf value. 1
If the spots from the artificial food colourings have the same Rf
value as those from the fruit juice, it indicates that the fruit juice
contains artificial food colourings. 1
(ii) The mass spectrum and fragmentation pattern of some pesticides are
known. 1
If the mass spectra of any ingredients in the fruit juice show the
peaks of the molecular ions or fragment ions of the pesticides, it
indicates that the fruit juice contains pesticides. 1
(b) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
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Cocaine, heroin and ketamine are common illegal drugs taken by drug abusers.

(a) State TWO kinds of samples commonly taken from the bodies of drug abusers
for analysis. (2 marks)

(b) (i) Suggest a preliminary test for the analysis of the illegal drugs. (1 mark)

(ii) Based on the results obtained from the preliminary test, how can you
determine whether a person took illegal drugs or not? (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(c) Suggest an instrumental analytical method to further analyse the sample taken
from the bodies of drug abusers. (1 mark)

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(a) Any TWO:
Urine / blood / sweat / saliva 2
(b) (i) Thin-layer chromatography 1
(ii) Both illegal drugs and the samples obtained from the bodies develop
spots on chromatogram. 1
If the spots from them have the same R f value, it indicates that the
person took illegal drugs. 1
(c) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
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Morphine and heroin are restricted drugs. The structures of morphine and heroin are
shown below.

Morphine Heroin

(a) Identify ONE functional group that is present in morphine but absent in heroin.
(1 mark)

(b) Describe how to distinguish between morphine and heroin by

(i) simple chemical test, and (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(ii) infrared spectroscopy. (1 mark)

(c) Heroin can be derived from morphine. Suggest the reagents and condition
required for the conversion. (2 marks)

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(a) Hydroxyl group 1
(b) (i) Add acidified potassium dichromate solution to the two compounds. 1
Only morphine turns the solution from orange to green. 1
(ii) For morphine, there is a strong absorption peak corresponding to
OH bond at 32303670 cm1 / for heroin, there is a strong absorption
peak corresponding to C=O bond at 16801800 cm1. 1
(c) Reagents: ethanoic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid 1
Condition: heat under reflux 1
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In an investigation of a car accident, the driver was suspected of drink-driving.

(a) Suggest an instrument to measure the alcohol content in the driver’s breath.
(1 mark)

(b) State the working principle of the instrument suggested in (a). (3 marks)

(c) After investigation, the police officers suspected the drunken person in the car
was a passenger only. The driver involved might leave the scene before the

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

police had arrived.

(i) If you were the police officer, what evidence would you collect to prove that
a driver was involved? (1 mark)

(ii) How could you identify the evidence mentioned in (i)? (1 mark)

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(a) A breathalyser 1
(b) In the breathalyser, a small tube is filled with orange potassium
dichromate crystals. 1
If the breathed air containing alcohol vapour enters the tube, some of the
crystals turn green. 1
The degree of the colour change is directly related to the alcohol content
in the breathed air. 1
(c) (i) Collect fingerprints inside the car 1
(ii) Identify the fingerprints by iodine sublimation 1
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|!|CMELH0156500011|!|
A driver was suspected of drinking. She could not pass the preliminary test. The
alcohol content in her breath was analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The infrared
spectrum of ethanol is shown below.

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1)

(a) Suggest a preliminary test for drink-driving. (1 mark)

(b) Identify the broad absorption peak at about 3400 cm1. (1 mark)

(c) Suggest ONE compound in the breath that also gives a broad absorption peak at
about 3400 cm1. (1 mark)

(d) Identify ONE peak that is present in ethanol but not in the compound in (c).
(1 mark)

(e) Explain why the analysis by infrared spectroscopy CANNOT be used as the only
evidence for drink-driving. (2 marks)

(f) Suggest an instrumental method that can determine the alcohol content of the
driver more accurately. (1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) Using a breathalyser 1
(b) The absorption peak corresponds to the OH bond in ethanol. 1
(c) Water vapour 1
(d) The absorption peak at about 3000 cm1 corresponds to the CH bond in
ethanol, which is absent in water vapour. 1
(e) The analysis by infrared spectroscopy only shows that ethanol is present
in the breath of the driver. 1
It cannot determine the alcohol content in the body of the driver
accurately. 1
(f) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
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A fingerprint is unique to everyone.

(a) Describe how a fingerprint forms on an object. (1 mark)

(b) To identify fingerprints, iodine sublimation can be used.

(i) Describe how we can make the fingerprint ‘visible’. (3 marks)

(ii) Suggest a chemical used to prevent the visible fingerprint from fading.
(1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(a) When we press our fingers on an object, a layer of grease will stick on the
object and exist as an invisible fingerprint. 1
(b) (i) Place the suspected material in a closed container with iodine
crystals. 1
The crystals are then heated gently, causing them to undergo
sublimation. 1
The iodine vapour then dissolves in the grease of fingerprint, making
it ‘brown’. 1
(ii) 1% starch solution 1
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Section 65.5
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In each of the following cases, suggest an analytical method to identify the presence
of the chemical(s) in the corresponding substance.

(a) The colourings in a brand of soft drink (1 mark)

(b) Dioxins in the soil sample from a construction site (1 mark)

(c) Formaldehyde in a toy car (1 mark)

(d) Proteins present in cancer cells (1 mark)

(e) Melamine in a brand of milk powder (1 mark)

(f) Volatile organic compounds in a brand of paint (1 mark)

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(a) Thin-layer chromatography 1
(b) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(c) Colorimetry / infrared spectroscopy 1

(d) Mass spectrometry 1
(e) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
(f) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 1
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