INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM

ECONOMICS, CLASS 10
L-1, DEVELOPMENT.
Q.1. What is development? What are the 2 aspects of development?

Development refers to the achievement of aspirations and wishes of an individual or nation. It

pertains to the growth of an individual, a society, a nation or the entire world.

Income is the most important aspect of development, but along with income, people also seek
developmental goals other than income like equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy, respect,
etc.
Q.2. Mention any 4 characteristics of development?

•Different people have different developmental goals. E.g.: developmental goals of an urban
unemployed youth will be different from a boy from a rich urban family.

•What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be destructive
for others. E.g.: industrialists may require dams for the generation of electricity for their
industries. The same dam may be resented by those who are displaced from their homes.

•Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also
seek equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy, respect etc.

•For development, people look at a mix of goals.

Q.3. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What
are the limitations of this criterion?

The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita
income or average income of a person in a country. Countries with per capita income of US$
63,400 per annum and above in 2023 are called rich countries and those with per capita income
of US $ 2400 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle
income country because its per capita income in 2023 was US $10,030 per annum.
Limitations:

•It covers only the economic aspects ignoring peace, health, environment, education, security,
etc.

•It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the
individual countries.
•It hides disparities or differences

Q.4. What is the importance of the Human development Index?

•It indicates the level of development of a country.

•It indicates to a country how far it has travelled, how far it has yet to travel to achieve a high
rank.

•Through it one comes to know the important elements of economic welfare like life expectancy,
level of educational attainment and real per capita income.

Q.5. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from
the one used by the World Bank?

•The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is a combination of factors such as
health, education and income as indicators of development.

•per capita income is the criterion used by World Bank.

•The base of the World Bank comparison is very narrow whereas UNDP has taken a broader
view

6) Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any 4 public
facilities

Public facilities refer to facilities which a person cannot purchase or arrange at an individual
level. Usually these are provided by the government.

These are important because money in our pocket cannot buy all the services required for a better
quality of life.

E.g. pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, protection from infectious diseases

[Link] of public facilities-public distribution system, provision for clean drinking water, sanitation
facilities and public health centres.

Q.7. Why do we use average? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your
own examples related to development.
The per capita income or the average income is used to compare economic
development of countries.

We use averages to identify and analyze performance level in different areas.

It is used to compare different situations and to find out the strong and weak points.
We use averages to make calculations easier and averages reveal general
Performance level.
There are limitations to their use. Averages will not represent the actual performance.
When we take the average of similar performance or similar amount, it is meaningful.
However, when we calculate two extremes or a number of very low performance and a
very high performance, the average will not tell the exact situation.
Q.8. Kerala, with a lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than
Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to
compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

•Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than

Haryana because of factors like low IMR, high literacy rate, and high Net attendance [Link]
also functions well in Kerala.

•Per capita income is certainly not the only criterion, and it has its limitations. But this does not
mean that it is not useful at all.

•To overcome this limitation of average income, the human development index is used. The
human development index uses a combination of development factors (such as health, education,
income) for comparison.

Q.9. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be
the other possibilities fifty years from now?

•The present sources for energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude
oil, biogas, etc.

•Fifty years from now people will make use of non-conventional sources like biodiesel, biogas,
nuclear energy, wind energy and energy from waste materials because they are abundant,
renewable, pollution-free and eco-friendly.

10: Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with two examples.

For development resources are essential.

If natural resources are not sustained, development will stagnant after a point of time.
The issue of sustainability for development is important because development should take place
without compromising the needs of future generations.
Exploiting resources unethically undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is
because in the future those resources will not be available for further progress.

Sustainability promotes people against pollution and ensures their quality of life and health.
It promotes efficient use of natural resources. E.g. Ground water level in India and Crude oil
deposits all over the world. Due to over usage water table is going down in India and India will
face acute water shortage in future. The crude oil deposits will last for fifty years more. Without
water and petroleum products development will stagnate.

11)’The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed
of even one person’. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
[Link] Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person’’ this statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources
and development go hand in hand.

*For sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement
claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable – to satisfy everyone’s
needs.

*However, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that
a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.

12) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for others. Explain with examples.

People seek things that are most important for them. At times, two people or groups of people
may seek things which are conflicting. A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her
brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this. Similarly,
to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and
disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals. They may prefer small check
dams or tanks to irrigate their land. Different people can have different developmental goals and
what may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for others.

13) What do you mean by HDI? What are its three components?

ANS) HDI stands for Human development Index. It is another measure of the level of
development of the country.

It includes other criteria than income.

It compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and
percapita income.

Components: 1. LIFE EXPECTANCY 2. GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO 3. PER CAPITA

INCOME

14) What is Body Mass Index? How is it calculated?

It is a measure used by nutritional scientists to find out whether a person is properly nourished or
not. BMI is a calculated measure of a person's body weight (in kilograms) divided by the square
of their height (in meters). BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)2.

15)DEFINE

A) Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR)- indicates the number of children that die before the age of
one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
B)Literacy Rate- measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.

C)Net Attendance Ratio- is the total number of children of age group of 15-17 years attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group

D) Life Expectancy - average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.