j

Principles of
Engineering Design
Vladimir Hubka
Translated and edited by
W. E. Eder /!
Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada. ;J

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Contents

Author's Preface
Translator's Preface
List of Tables
List of Figures J
/f

1 General Introduction 1
1.1 A Robinson Crusoe story 1
1.2 Structure of this book 2

2 Technical Processes 5
2.1 Human needs and their satisfaction 5
2.2 Basis of knowledge about technical processes 5
2.3 Trends in development of technical processes 6
2.4 Factors of processes 7
2.5 Secondary inputs and outputs of technical processes 7
2.6 Structure of technical processes 7
2.7 Operands used in technical process 8
2.8 General model of technical processes 8
2.9 Types of process 8
2.10 Generalisation and synopsis-statements TP 9

3 Technical Systems 12 (
3.1 Purpose and tasks of technical systems 12
3.2 Mode of action of technical systems 14
3.3 Properties and quality of technical systems 15
3.4 Secondary inputs and outputs, disturbances 16
3.5 Structure of technical systems, anatomy 17
3.6 Origination and operation phases of technical systems 20
3.7 Development of technical systems 21
3.8 Abstraction and classification of technical systems 22
3.9 Particular types of machine system. Branches of mechanical
engineering 24
3.10 Synopsis of important statements about technical and machine
•••<.:;;':"
systems-statements MS 24
4 Design Processes 27
4.1 Basis of knowledge of systematic design 27
4.2 Premise for validity of general design methodology. 29
4.3 Ta~ks and methods of design research 130
4.4 General model of the design process 31
4.5 Structure of the design process 32
4.6 Design strategy, procedural model 34
4.7 Fitting the general model to particular conditions 36
4.8 Design tactics, methods and working principles 37
4.9 Representation during design 40
4.10 Working means in the design process 41
4.11 Synopsis of design process statements-statements DesP 42
/}
5 General Model of Methodical Procedure during Design- If
the General Procedural Model 44
5.1 Requirements of the general model 44
5.2 Concepts of the model 45
5.3 Explanations of the model 48
5.4 Particular steps in the model 48 -~
II
Stage I-Elaborate or clarify the assigned problem 49 !
Stage 2-Establish the functional structure 50
Stage 3-Establish concepts 53
Stage 4-Establish preliminary layout 57
Stage 5-Establish dimensional layout 59
Stage 6-Detailing, elaboration 61
5.5 Generalized basic operations in the design process 62
5.5.1 Elaborating the assigned problem 63
5.5.2 Searching for solutions 65
5.5.3 Evaluating and deciding 68
5.5.4 Providing and preparing information 72
5.5.5 Verifying/checking 74
5.5.6 .Representing 76

6 Case Study: A Welding Positioner 77

6.1 Elaboration of assigned specification 77
6.2 Establishing the functional structure 81
6.3 Establishing the concept 85
6.4 'Establishing the preliminary layout 87
6.5 Establishing the dimensional layout 87

7 Summary 89

8 Bibliography
9 Glossary 95
9.1 Narrative definitions 95
9.2 Key-word definitions 98
':/
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Index 113
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Index

,I!;
Note: bold type indicates main reference in text and glossary
figures
italic type indicates subsidiary reference in summari es, tables and

Abstract (-ing, -ion), 2, 5, 9, 22, 22, 24, 29, Basic, 32, 33, 48, 62, 65, 68 (see also
34, 40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, Operatio n)
65,76,9 5,96,97 ,99, 101 shape, 58
Batch, 45 i
Action, 1, 15,96,9 8,99
chain, 15, 26, 54 Behaviour, 17,25, 37, 40, 43, 55, 68, 95, 110 I
locality, 12, 13, 17, 19, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, Black box, 18,50,5 1,82
65,98 Block, 48, 50, 57, 84 101, 106 (see also ,I
principle, 13, 15, 18 Diagram ; Schematic)
Activity, 27, 32, 38, 42, 48, 63, 102, 103 Bought-o ut, 19, 58 (see also Compon ent)
Adaptive , 38,r 45, 100 Boundar y, 7, 17,36, 50, 51, 52, 53, 103,
Adjustm ent, 25 110, 111
Aesthetic, 64, 75, 96 (see also Appeara nce) Brainsto rming, 38, 39, 64, 65
Aggrega tion, 38, 38, 65 Branch, 24, 26,30,3 2, 34, 111
Agreeme nt, 4, 65
Alternati ve, 19,51,5 3, 55, 58, 59, 68
Analogy (-ue, -ous), 18, 22, 30, 41, 65, 76 CAD, 42, 45, 61
Analy-se (-sis), 1, 28, 49, 111 Calculat ion, 58, 60, 61, 102, 107
Anatomi cal structure , 14, 17, 18,25,2 6, Capabili ty, 12, 14
34, 36, 43, 45, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, Carrier, 15,25, 34, 77 (see also Function )
59,60,6 1, 65, 101, 102, 104, 108 Case study, 47, 49, 50, 54, 58, 60, 61, 77, 89
Apparatu s, 45, 111 Catalogu e, 59, 73 (see also Design)
Appearance, 15, 16, 41, 96 (see also Aesthetic) Category , 64, 100 (see also Class)
Applicat ion, 38, 44, 52, 53 Cause (-ality), i, 5, 15, 16,25,6 3, 105, 107
Arrangem ent, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 55, 56, Chain, 15, 25 (see also Causality)
57,58, 60, 96, 101, 108, 109 Change, 5, 10, 11, 21, 111 (see also
Artefact , 40, 41, 97, 111 (see also Device; Transfor m)
Mechani sm) Characte ristics, 15, 17,21,2 2,24,36 ,48, I :

Artistic, 29 49, 69, 96, 99, 10~ 105, 108, 110

Aspect, 29, 34 (see also Classifying aspect) Check (-ing), 12, 33, 45, 62, 74, 75, 97
Assembly, 17, 18,25,4 1,59,96 ,97,99, Check-li st, 40, 49
100, 107, 109, 110 Class, 8, 11, 14, 16,22, 23, 25, 50, 55, 56,96
drawing, 17, 102 Classific ation, 7, 22, 22, 23, 49,50, 63, 73
Assigned, 2, 30, 32, 42, 43, 89, 96, 100, Classifying aspect, 24,25, 99
',1
, 101, 104, 108 (see also Problem ) Coding, 41
,I
Associat ion, 28, 39 Combin- ing (-ation), 16,25, 39, 41, 52, 56, :I,
Assumpt ion, 36 69, 72, 101 ,

Attribute , 38, 64, 108 Comman d, 12, 18

Automat ion, 6, 11, 18, 21,26, 51, 52 Communicat-ing (-ion), 33, 40, 41, 62, 76, 96
Auxiliary, 7, 11, 14,18,25 ,26,52,5 3,108,11 0 Compati bility, 56

113
114 Index
Completeness, 14, 35, 36, 52, 64 Design (cont.)
Complication, 17, 18,22,26,36,45,53, process (DesP), 14, 17,27,29, 30, 31,31,
54, 68, 74, 99 32,33,33,37,41, 42,46,47,74,89, 103
Component, 8, 17, 18,26,30,32,95,96, property, 15,16,21,25,26,34,42,57,
98, 99, 100, 101 59, 71, 76, 104
Composite, 16 (see also Value) specification, 20, 33, 49, 50, ,,63, 65, 101,
Computer (CAD), 42 104 (see also List of reqllirements)
Concept, 2, 27, 28, 32, 36, 45, 53,54,56, Designer see Design engineer
57,58,76,97, 102 Detail (-ing), 45, 48, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62,
sketch, 54, 85, 101 75, 96, 102, 104
Conceptual, 45, 54, 101 (see also De~ign) Determine, 53, 97
Conceptualise (-ation), 32, 48, 54, 56, 75, 104 Deterministic, 15, 25, 111
Conclusion, 7, 11, 14 (see also Phase) Development, 6, 21,26,27,45,64,89, 100
Concrete, 14,22,24,36,55,57,65,96,97,99 Device, 3, 95,110,111
Concretise (-ation), 14,22,24,34,36,.43, Diagram, 80, 101
44,45,56,58,60,61,62, 68,97 Difficulty, 36, 100
Condition, 7, 28, 36, 45, 49, 53, 58, 65, Dimension (-ing), 16, 19, 32,38, 58, 59, 60,
102, 103 . 10 1.' 104, 108 J
Conformity, 36, 64, 69 DImensIOnal layout, 58, 59, 6l!J, 88, 102
Connect-ion (-ivity), 7, 11,14,18,25,26, Discursive, 39, 44, 50, 65, lOJ,
32, 52, 106, 108, 110, 111 Distribution, 6, 11, 16, 52 (s~f also
Conscious, 28 Involvement)
Constructional, 14, 15,56,57,58,60,61, Disturbance, 7,11,16,25,54 (see also
96,97, 110 (see also Element) Secondary)
Contract, 49, 50, 69, 101 Division, 39, 41, 65
Control, 6,7, 11, 12, 14, 18,25,26,29,30, Document (-ation), 3,22,41,41,42,73,
40, 43, 45, 48, 52, 97, 108, 110 (see 76, 100
also Feedback; Regulation) Doubt, 39, 64, 74
Controllable, 28 Drawing, 41, 61, 102 (see also Detail)
Convergence, 34 Duration, 43 (see also Time)
Cost, 41, 59, 61, 105
Cost-benefit, 61, 71 Economy (-ics), 16,39, 40, 41, 43, 49, 61,
Coverage, 68 64, 69, 71, 109
Create (-ivity), 3,28,31,65 Effect, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
Criteria, 16, 25, 36, 51, 53, 68, 69, 105 (see 18, 19,24,25,31,34,43,45,50,52,
also Evaluation) 53, 54, 55, 63, 65, 96, 104, 105
Critical path, 37, 39 Effective, 3, 40
Critic-ism (-al), 34, 40, 49, 54 Effector, 12, 19,26,54,97,98,111
Customer, 31, 32, 49, 50, 64 (see also Efficiency, 44, 69
Sponsor) Elaboration, 33,49, 52, 62, 63, 64, 104
Cycle (-ic), 32, 43, 45 Element, 14, 16, 42, 97, 109, 110 (see also
Constructional) .
Data, 29, 73, 74 Elementary design property, 16, 34, 36; 42,
Deadline, 45, 74 43,45
Decide (-sion), 3, 6, 16,28,33,36,51,61, Embodiment, 15,55,71,97, 103 (see also
62, 68, 70, 97, 105 State)
Decompose (-ition), 30, 45, 53, 54 Emission, 17,25 (see also Waste)
Deficiency, 63, 65 Energy, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19,2.5, 52,
Degree of freedom, 96, 109 95, 96, 107, 111, 112
Descartes, 38 Environment, 5, 7,11,15,16,17,26,32,
Descri-be (-ption), 27, 31, 41, 42, 48, 61, 97, 43,54,95, 110, 111
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109 Equipment, 12,25, 45, 99, 110, 111
Design
catalogue, 56, 66, 67, 68, 102
Ergonomic, 15, 16, 60, 75
Error, 28, 29, 39, 74, 75, 97
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characteristic, 15,26,42,49,51,55,57, Establish, 10, 14, 17, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 1
60, 61, 65, 80,.100 57,58,59,61,97 ,I Ii
engineer, 3, 15, 19,24,26,31,32,37,40, Ethical, 5 i!
43, 44, 45, 64, 75, 76, 108 Evaluate (-ion), 3, 16,25, 28, 29, 33, 36,
engineering, 2, 27, 29, 62, 64, 71, 72,89, 38,39,45,51,52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, \J
97, 112 61, 68, 70, 74, 105 i
manual see Design catalogue Evaluation criteria, 20, 33, 49, 50, 57 I
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 Index 115

Example, 49 (see also Case study) Information, 8, la, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 25,
Execution, 7, 11, 14, 29, 52 30,31,33,37,40,41,42,43,44,45,
49, 50, 52, 55, 58, 62, 63, 72, 73, 76,
Experience, 1,54,58,64
Experiment, 38, 39,60, 71, 75 95,96, 102, 104, 107, 109, 110 (see also
Expert, 68, 73, 75 (see also Syndicate) Specialist design information)
Innovation, 21,26
Input, 7,8,11,12,13,14,17,19,21,25,
26, 34, 43, 54, 95, 96, 98, 104, 106,
Factor, 7, 8, 11, 17,20,26,30,36,37,41,
107, 110, 111
75, 105 Inspect (-icon), 3, 7, 29
Failure, 30, 41, 58, 62, 63
Instruction, 38
Family, 11, 44, 54, 96, 99
Instrumentation, 6
Feasibility, 49, 67, 68 Interact (-ion), 16, 17, 105, 107 (see also
Feature, 24, 36, 48, 49,/96, 100 (see also
Connection; Relationship)
Design characteristic)
Intricacy, 32, 100
Feedback, -97 Intuit-ive (-ion), 3, 28, 29, 44, 48, 50, 65, 106
Fidelity, 36 Invention, 38, 68
Filing, 73, 74, 107 Involvement, 26,51, 100 (see also ;}
Finance, 64 Distribution; Human)
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FiXation, 28, 56, 68 (see also Prejudice)

Irrational, 29, 42, 106 ;j
Fixed, 50, 63, 104 (see also Requirement)
Iterat-ive (-ion), 34, 36,38, 43, 65
Fixing, 41, 65 (see also Characteristics)
Fixture, 45, 102
Flow Diagram, 20, 48
Form, 2, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 24, 25, 44, Jig, 45
Judgement, 16, 61 (see also Evaluation)
51,57,58,59,60,96, 105
Form-design, Form-determination, Form-
giving, 32, 58, 59, 60, 75, 105,108
Key-word, 63, 77
Formulation, 28, 40, 100, 101, 103, 108 Knowledge, 2, 7,10, 15,25,26,43,54,63,
Function, 6, 14, 16, 17,41,41,43,45,50,
72, 73, 89
51, 53, 9~ 97, 98, 106
Function tree, 54
Function-carrier, 17, 18, 54, 55, 56, 96, 106 Laws of nature, 5, 55, 64,72,74, 105, 111
(see also Organ) Layout, Laying out, 45, 48, 57, 58, 59, 60,
Functional 76,104
structure, 14, 18, 19, 25, 36, 50, 51, 52,
Learn, 2, 29, 77
53,54, 57, 101, 106 Life, 20, 20, 21
unit, 53 (see also Assembly) List of requirements, 20, 36, 49, 63, 65, 68,
Functioning, 14, 106 83, 100 (see also Design specification)
Loading, 58
Locality see Action locality
General procedural model, 44 Location, 7, 8, 11, 12
Ge~erat-ing (-ion), 20, 21, 26, 42, 97, 100
GerlUs, 11, 24, 57, 96, 99
GIQssary, 4, 47, 95 Machine, 12, 18,25, 45, 99, 106, 110
Group (-ing), 15, 51, 52, 53, 100 element, 18, 19, 26, 96, 110 '
system (MS), 17, 18,24,25,49,57,64,
65, 71, 76, 89, 107, 110
Heuristic, 28, 30, 43,45 Magnitude, 25 (see also Value)
Hierarchy (-ical), 9, 18, 22, .25, 32, 52, 84, Main, 7, 51, 52 (see also Transformation)
96, 101, 106, 110 Management, 11, 21, 32, 37, 40, 43, 45, 64,
Human, 8, 10,41,52,71,97,111 72,97
Hybrid,24 Manufacture, 2, 7, 8, 15, 16,25,41,45,57,
59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 97, lob, 105, 108,
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110, 112
Iconic, 57, 76, 101 Mapping, 41
Ideal, 16, 17, 36, 37, 71,109 Market, 37,'39, 41, 49, 64
Imagination, 54, 97 Material, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19,25,52,
Implement (-ation), 1, 96, 97 55,59,60,95,96, 101, 107, 108, 112
Improve (-ment), 21, 34, 52, 53, 57, 59, 71 Means, 1,2,6, 8, 10, 18, 34,43,63,64,65,
Incubation, 38, 41, 47 106, 107
116 Index
Mechanisation, 6, 11,21,26,51,52 Part, 17, 18,25, 102, 109, 110 (see also
Mechanism, 12, 96, 97, 98 Component)
Mental, 2, 27, 72, 97 (see also Activity; Partial, 7, 11, 55, 58, 76, 101, 110 (see also
Process; Thinking) Function; Process; System)
Method, 1, 3,28,30,37,38,38,43,65, 74, Performance, 71, 108, 110, 112
89, 103 Personal working mode, 39, 43/
Method '6-3-5', 39, 68 Personality, 64 ,5
Methodical, 22, 40, 43,44,48,65,76, 103, 108 Phase, 20, 29, 36, 37, 45, 48, 52, 62
Methodology, 22, 29, 102, 103 Phenomenon, 5, 15,25, 54, 55, 99, 112
Minimum, 50, 63, 104 (see also Phylum, 11,22,23,96
Requirement) Plan (-ing), 1, 6, 10, 16; 16,29,30,37,38,
Mode of action, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,21,24, 40, 45, 50, 64, 97, 102, 103
25,26, 53, 54, 55, 56, 89, 107 Plant, 12,25,45,52,65,99, 110, 111
Model (-ling), 6, 8, 11, 13,20,22,24,25, Policy, 21
27,31, 37,39,43,46,51,76, 89, 97, Pre-conscious, 28 (see also Conscious;
100, 107 Rational)
Modification, 30, 34 Prejudice, 28, 56, 68 (see also Fixation)
Morphology, 39, 54, 55, 85, 101 Preliminary layout, 36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 88, 101
Motivation, 28, 69 Prepare (-ation), 7, 11, 14, 16,133,48,50,
Mutation, 36, 43, 44 (see also Variant) 52, 62, 64, 72, 73
Principle, 13, 15, 18,44,55,5&,163, 75, 99, 108
Priority, 28, 50, 104
Nature (-al), 5, 25, 55, 99, 112 (see also Pro bability, 63, 74
Laws of Nature) Problem, 2, 3, 28, 32, 37, 40, 48, 49, 62,
Need, 2, 5, 10,63,97, 109, 111 63, 64, 68, 100, 102, 108 (see Assigned)
Negative, 50 (see also'Requirement) axis, 34
Network, 39, 64 solving, 27, 32, 89
Neutral, 43, 44, 49 (see also Object- Procedural manner, 37, 103
independent) model, 32, 34, 36, 37, 43, 44, 48, 102
Novel, 56, 100 plan, 37, 43, 102
Procedure, 3, 6, 11,29, 37, 38, 40, 46, 47,
68,74, 102, 103, 109, 111
Object, 8, 10,45,97, 102, 107, 111 Process (-ing), 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 20, 26, 31, 51,
Object-independent, 29, 30, 44 (see also 68,72,75,89,95,96,97, 111
Neutral) Product, 62
Objective (-ity), 1, 16,28,63,68,69,71, 105 Production, 2, 28, 37, 45 (see also
Obligatory, '14 (see also Fixed) ManufactU!:e)
Observe, 5 Professionalism, 41 (see also Ethical)
Operand, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19,24,45,51, 65, Profitability, 69
96,97, 107 Progress, 43, 64, 65, 99
Operation, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16,20,26, Project, 64, 65, 75 (see also Teamwork)
28,30,37,41,42,43,51,52,101,102, Property, 8, 1~, 16, 17, 21, 24, 25, 34, 36, 38,
103,104,110,111,112 39, 62, 64, 65, 68, 72, 96, 97, 105, 108
Operator, 12 (see also Human) Prototype; 45, 75, 76
Optim-um (-isation), 25, 27, 36, 40, 43, 44, Provide, 33, 62, 72 (see also Information)
51, 52, 53, 59, 61, 65, 68, 69 Psychology, 30, 43, 45
Order, 40, 50 Purpose, 12, 18, 19,43,50,51, 109
Organ, 17, 18, 19,24,26,54,55,96, 97,
98, 107, 110 Qualitative, 6, 109, 112
Organ structure, 26, 36 Quality, 15, 16, 16,25,36,41,43, 61, 64,
Organising (-ation), 7, 11, 16,29,50,64, 69, 71, 72, 105, 108, 109, 112
95,96,97, 109 control, 29
Orientation, 40, 48, 58 Quantify (-ication), 1, 16,50,63,71, 104, 112
Originality, 36, 68, 74, 100 Quantitative, 6, 109, 112
Origination; 20,20,21,26,89 Questioning, 38, 39, 64
Outline, 19 (see also Drawing) Questionnaire, 49
Output, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18,25,34,50,
95, 96, 98, 104, 106, 110, 111
Rating, 68, 69 (see also Weighted)
Rational (-isation), 3, 27, 28, 29, 42,45,48,
Parameter, 7, 15, 16,64,65,68 49,63
 Index 117
Realise (-ation), 1,5,6,7,25,36,41,43, Step, 3, 30, 39, 43, 44, 48, 62, 104 (see also
52, 63, 64, 71, 97, 98, 100, 105, 110 Phase; Stage)
Receptor, 19,26,97,98,111 (see also Storage, 8, 16, 41
Effector) Strategy, 34, 43, 74, 89, 102
Record (-ing), 3,7,40,48,55,60-1,68,73,76 Strength, 16,41, 58, 60, 105 (see also
Recycling, 17,25 . Calculation)
Regulation, 37, 41, 97 (see also Standard) Stressing, 60, 75
Relationship, 14, 16, 34, 43, 44, 55, 56, 57, Structure, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17,31,43,
76,101,106,109,110,111 44,51,52,65, 89,95,96,97, 104, 109,
Relative, 18, 109 110 (see also Anatomical structure;
Relative-strength diagram, 71 Functional structure; Organ structure)
Release, 45, 61, 76 Study, 67
Reliability, 16, 16, 58, 72, 99 Sub-divide (-sion), 7, 18,54
Repeat part, 58 (see also Re-use) Subjective, 16, 68, 105
Report (-ing), 7, 61 Substantiation, 44, 60 (see also Verification)
Representing (-ation), 11, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, Supervise, 29, 97
40,41,41,43,48,50,52,56,57,59, Support, 7, 11, 14, 18,25,108,110
60,62,76,89, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108 Surface, 16, 59, 60
Requirement, 5, 10, 15, 31, 34, 36, 40, 42, Symbol (-ic), 57, 76
43,44,49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, Syndicate, 61, 75
69, 97, 101 (see also Design Synectics, 39, 39, 68
I specification; List of requirements) Synthesis, 56
Research, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39, 72 System, 8, 17, 19,31,39,40,41,64,73,
Resource, 1 95, 96, 110, III
Restriction, 5.0 Systematic design, 27, 47 (see also
Retrieval, 73, 74, 107 (see also Filing) Methodical)
Re-use, 58 Systems thinking, 39
Review, 3, 7, 45, 47, 49,53,56,61,68,75
Tactics (-aI), 30, 37,38,40,40,43, 89,102, 103
Task, 12 (see also Purpose)
Scale, 57, 59, 60, 69, 96, 112
Teamwork,3
Schematic, 27, 52, 57,.76, 101 (see also
Technical process (TP), 5, 10, 12, 18, 22,
Block; Diagram)
22,24,26,42,45,51,52, 53, 54, 89,
Scien-ce (-tific), 22, 25, 29, 112
101,111
Scientific scepticism, 39, 64, 74
Technical system (TS), 12,20,21,24,25,
Search, 3, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 51, 62,65,
27, 30, 31, 34, 36,42,43,45,48,52,
68, 73, 103, 112 (see also Solution)
53,54,61,62,63,65,71,72, III
Secondary, 8, 17,25 (see also Disturbance;
Technological principle, 10,13,24,50, 51, 112
Effect; Input; Output)
Technology, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13,21,22,
Sensitivity, 16, 68
52, 54, 100, 112
Sequence, 3, 10, 12,22,26,28,30,37,38,
Term, (-inology), 3, 22, 32, 47, 72
51,52, 62, 111, 112
Testing, 7, 45, 60, 76 (see also Experiment)
Significance, 68
Theorise, 2
Sketch, 2, 57, 59, 101 (see also Concept)
Thinking, 27, 28, 33, 39 (see also Mental;
Slip clutch, 55, 56
Activity)
Society, 37
Throughput, 8, 12, 89, 96
Solution, 1, 19, 39, 50, 59, 62, 63, 64, 99,
Time, 7, 8, 1l, 12, 16, 54, 111
100, 102, 107, 108
Tolerance, 15, 16,41,50,59, 60, 63, 108
Space, 7, 12, 16, 16, 54, 111 (see also
Tool (-ing), 6, 7, 41, 45, 102
Environment; ,Location)
Transform (-ation), 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12,14,
Specialist, 61 (see also Expert)
18,24, 31, 51, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 107,
Specialist design information, 31, 59, 72,
108, 110, 111 (see also Change)
109 (see also Information)
Transmission, 58
Sponsor, 49, 108 (see also Customer)
Transport, 8, 16, 41, 75
Stage, 3, 14, 48, 63, 104 (see also Phase; Step)
Trend, 21, 64
Standard, 16, 37, 58 (see also Regulation)
Type, 22,23, 24, 57, 96, 99
State, 10, 43, 45, 48, 49, 63, 73, 75, 89, 96,
99, 102, 103, 105, 109
of the Art, 11, 21, 26, 49, 63, 109 Uncertainty, 36
of assembly, 15 Unconscious, 28 (see also Conscious)
of embodiment, 15, 24, 25, 108 Undesired, 25 (see also Disturbance)
118 Index
Value, 5, 15, 16,21,25,29, 53, 69, 71, 72, Weak point, 53, 57, 59
96, 97, 109,112 Weighted, 68, 71 (see also Rating)
analysis; 37, 39,58,60,61,76, 106 Welding positioner, 57, 81
engineering see Value analysis Work
Variability, 15, 50, 57 organ, 18,26
Variant, 19,21,26,28,41,56, 59, 100 (see study, 28, 45
also Mutation) Working l
Vector, 69 conditions, 28, 32, 34, 37
Verify (-ication), 33, 36, 45, 52, 57, 59, 60, means, 31, 37, 41, 43, 45, 58, 89
62,74,97 methods, 29, 31,38, 43, 64, 103
Visualising, 41, 42, 48, 76 principles, 37, 38, 40, 40, 43, 50, 103
situation, 40
Workshop, 61, 62
Waste, 17 (see also Emission)

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