Introduction to anatomy and physiology.
• ANATOMY the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure
of human animals and other living organisms,as revealed by
dissection and separate on of bodily parts.
• A study of structures or internal working of something.
PHSIOLOGY
Greek word physis means nature [Link] means study off. It is the
scientific study of function in living system. It focus is in how organism
organ system , organ , cells and bio molecule carry out the chemical
physical functions that exist in living system.
Introduction of pharmacology:
• From Greek pharmakon(poison) modern Greek
(drug).
• It is the study of drug action.
• Drug is defined as man made,natural or endogenous
(within the body).
• Drug is a molecule which exerts a bio chemical or
physiological effect on the cell tissue,organ of
organisms.
• It is the study of interaction which occurs in living
organism and chemical that effect normal or
abnormal bio chemical functions.
TERMS used in ANATOMY:
• ANTERIOR/VENTRAL: Structure at the front.
• POSTERIOR/DORSAL: Back of body.
• SUPERIOR: Position above.
• INFERIOR: Position below.
• PROXIMAL: Position close to the trunk body.
• DISTAL: Position further to the trunk of body.
• SUPERFICIAL: Which describe structures closer to
the surface of the body.
• DEEP: Structures further inside the surface of the
body.
• MEDIAL: Which describe a position that is closer
to the mid line of the body.
• LATERAL: Which describe the position further from
the mid line of the body.
• CRANIAL: Which describes structures close to the
top of skull.
Anatomy
•In the anatomical position,
the body is upright, directly
facing the observer, feet flat
and directed forward. The
upper limbs are at the
body’s sides with the palms
facing forward.
Planes of body
• An anatomical plane is a hypothetical
plane used to transect the body, in order
to describe the location of structures or
the direction of movements. In human and
animal anatomy, three principal planes are
used:
• The sagittal plane or lateral plane
(longitudinal, anteroposterior) is a plane
parallel to the sagittal suture. It divides the
body into left and right.
• The coronal plane or frontal plane
(vertical) divides the body into dorsal and
ventral (back and front, or posterior and
anterior) portions.
• The transverse plane or axial plane
(horizontal) divides the body into cranial
and caudal (head and tail) portions.
Cell structure.