Chapter Five

Real-time Communication

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 Module Outline

✓ Basic concepts and examples of real time communication

✓ Real time communication in LAN

✓ Real time communication over Internet

✓ Bounded access protocol

✓ Internet of Things(IoT)

✓ Sensor and actuators

✓ Resource reservation

✓ Traffic shaping and policing

✓ Scheduling mechanisms-QoS model 2 2

 Basic concepts and examples of real time communication
➢ Real time system is one in which the correctness of the computation not
only depends on their logical correctness but also on the time on which the
result is produced.
➢ Real time communication (RTC) is a term used to refer to any live
telecommunications that occurs with out transmission delays.
➢ RTC is nearly instant with minimal latency.
➢ Basic concepts
▪ Jitter(variation in time delay between when a signal is transmitted and
when it's received over a network connection)
▪ Timelines
▪ Bandwidth
▪ Loss rate 3
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➢ RTC are the near simultaneous exchange of information over any type of
telecommunications service from the sender to the receiver in a connection
with negligible latency.
➢ Examples of real-time communications include:
❖ Voice over landlines and mobile phones
❖ video conferencing
❖ Instant messaging (e.g., WhatsApp, WeChat, Facebook Messenger)
❖ Video and teleconferencing
❖ fixed-line telephony
❖ mobile telephony
❖ teleconferencing
❖ video calling etc. 4
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Types of Network
➢ In real time communication three types of networks are important.
❖ Controller Area Network (CAN)
❖ Local Area Network (LAN)
❖ Internet
1. CAN: these are very small networks they are typically used to connect the
different components of embedded controllers.
➢ The end-to-end length of a CAN is usually less than 50 meters.
2. LAN: it is a network within a building or campus and used privately
owned.
➢ A LAN is used to connect a numbers of computers within an organization
to share data and other resources such as printers, files etc.
3. Internet: it is the world wide system of computer networks. 5
 Hard and Soft Real time Communication
Hard real time communication
➢ Hard real time system is a real time system that must meet its deadlines.
➢ The level of tolerance for deadline is extremely small or zero tolerance .
Soft Real time Communication
➢ In soft real time communication missed dead line does not result in a system
failures.
➢ But cost can rise in proportion to the delay depending on the application
➢ The level of tolerance is non zero.
Mode of Real Time Communication
➢ Full Duplex: In full duplex RTC, data can be transmitted in both directions on a
single carrier Simultaneously. E. g., Telephone, video conferencing
➢ Half Duplex: in half-duplex RTC, data can be transmitted in both directions on a
single carrier but one a time.
➢ E.g., Radio, Walki- Talkie 6
 Resource Reservation
➢ Resource reservation (RR) is an emerging paradigm for resource
management in real-time systems.
➢ this paradigm will become a standard for main stream RTOS.
➢ Why resource reservation should be implemented in standard real-time systems?
➢ The most of these requirements, RR should be viewed as an approach to
resource management in general, not just to processor scheduling.
➢ The most important reasons are listed below.
I. Temporal protection: Classical real-time schedulable analysis is based on
the knowledge of the worst- case execution time of all periodic tasks.
➢ It prevent temporal faults from affecting the temporal behavior of other
tasks in the system, by enforcing execution time bounds at run time.
II. Hybrid open systems: For practical reasons, large computational platforms
are increasingly shared between real-time and non-real time applications.
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III. Independent design, analysis and validation of real -time subsystems.
➢ Real-time systems are becoming increasingly complex, and the cost (in time
and money) of design, analysis and validation is growing out of bounds.
➢ The virtual resource abstraction, combined with hierarchical scheduling, allows
system designers to tackle this problem in a very straightforward manner.
➢ The complex real-time system can be designed as a set of independent
subsystems, each consisting of a real-time.
IV. Re-use of legacy applications: Sometimes, we want to re-use an already developed and
functioning application (or component) in a new real-time system without going back to the
design and analysis phase.
➢ The reasons are not only cost reduction, but also reduced development time.
V. Quality of Service (QoS). In some domains, such as real-time control and multimedia,
applications can trade quality for resources.
➢ The quality reduction can be in the reduction of timing requirements, and/or in the
acceptance of approximated results.
 Resource Reservation Protocols(RSVP)
➢ The RSVP is a transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a
network for QOS using integrated services model.
➢ It operates over IPV4 and IPV6 and provides receiver initiated setup of resource
reservations for multicast and unicast.
➢ It is used in real-time systems for an efficient quality band transmission.
➢ It is generally used by the receiver side for the fast delivery of the transmission
packets from the sender to the receiver.
Features of Resource Reservation Protocol:
➢ It is a receiver oriented signaling protocol.
➢ It is used both for unicasting and multicasting
➢ It supports dynamic automatic adaptation to changes in network.
➢ It provides a number of reservation styles and support for addition of future styles.
➢ Quality of Service is provided by RSVP protocol.
➢ It dynamically adapts to the change in route for the efficient message transfer.
➢ It is actually not a routing protocol. But, it depends upon other routing protocols.
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➢ Flowspec is used in RSVP to determines the different parameters like bandwidth,
link strength, congestion, etc. for smooth and collision less communication and
data transfer.
➢ Filterspec also is used in RSVP for filtering of the packets.
▪ It is used to route the packets according to its destination type as a fixed or shared
receiver.
Types of messages used in RSVP connection establishment:
I. Reservation Message (resv): The receiver sends the Reservation Message (resv) to
the sender, which specifies all the required resources and parameters for the
reservation to establish.
II. Path Message (path): Upon receiving the reservation message from the receiver, the
sender records all the necessary resources to be reserved and records the path.
➢ The sender multicasts a Path Message (path) to all the receivers, which specifies all
the necessary specifications about the routing details of the packet.
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➢ Reservation Messages Transfer Path Messages Transfer

➢ The data sent by the sender in Resource Reservation Protocol is encrypted

to prevent the data sent to the receiver from attack.
➢ Error reporting is done at the sender side in Resource Reservation Protocol
for making the necessary changes in the communication strategy.
 Traffic shaping and policing

❑ Traffic Policing: it is a technique that monitors traffic in any network by

taking action against packets that don’t adhere to a predetermined rate.
➢ The quantity of tokens in the bucket is kept under control by the network's rules.
➢ One token generally represents one byte of traffic in traffic policing.
➢ It may be used to manage traffic, both incoming and outgoing.
➢ It also keeps control over the excess traffic.
➢ Packet loss will be observed by the recipient of traffic that has been policed
throughout periods when incoming traffic exceeded the contract.
➢ Suppose the source does not limit its transmitting rate (for example, through
a feedback mechanism).
➢ In that case, this will continue, and the recipient may believe that connection
problems or some other disturbance cause random packet loss. 12
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❑ Traffic Shaping is a congestion control method that delays some packets to

speed up with other traffic components.
➢ The delay and bandwidth of packets are increased.
➢ By delaying packets, it forces traffic to comply with a specified pace.
➢ Only outgoing traffic can be controlled using traffic shaping.
➢ It also does packet queuing.
➢ On computer networks, traffic shaping is a bandwidth management method
that involves delaying some or all datagrams in order to bring them into
accordance with a specified traffic profile.
➢ By delaying some packets, traffic shaping can enhance or ensure
performance, reduce latency, or increase useable bandwidth for those
packets.
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 Difference between Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping

➢ The following table highlights the major differences between Traffic

Policing and Traffic Shaping

Traffic Policing Traffic Shaping

➢ The term "traffic policing" refers to a system that ❖ Packet delays are caused by traffic shaping, which
monitors
. traffic in a network. is a congestion control method.

➢ Packets with rates higher than the rate of traffic ❖ It buffers packets at a rate that is higher than the
policing are rejected. traffic shaping rate.
➢ Bytes per second are used to calculate the token ❖ Bits per second are used to calculate the token
values. values.
➢ The presence of traffic policing does not cause
❖ Packet delay is caused by traffic shaping.
delays.
➢ Outbound or incoming traffic can be controlled ❖ Only outward traffic can be controlled using
via traffic policing. traffic shaping
➢ Traffic policing aids in the implementation of ❖ Traffic remarking is not supported by traffic
traffic remarking . shaping. 14
 Scheduling mechanisms- Quality of Service (QoS) model
➢ QoS traffic scheduling is a scheduling methodology of network traffic
based upon QoS.
➢ Here, the frames or packets are mapped to internal forwarding queues
based on its QoS information, which are then services according to a
queuing scheme.
➢ Typically, multiple queues are present each with different priority levels.
➢ The scheduler decides the type of treatment to be given to the traffic in
each queue.
➢ When traffic is available, the scheduler maps it to the appropriate queue.
➢ For E.g.,, video and voice traffic are kept is queued with higher priority
than background traffic.
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 QoS Traffic Scheduling Methods
1. Weighted Round Robin (WRR) : In this method, frames or packets of all the queues
in the scheduler are serviced in each cycle.
➢ Priority among the different queues is maintained by forwarding a specific number of
frames in each queue per cycle in a rotational manner.
➢ For e.g., in a system with four queues 𝑄0, 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑄3, 5 frames of 𝑄0, 3 frames of 𝑄1,
1 frame each of 𝑄2 and 𝑄3 may be sent in each cycle.
➢ This assigns the highest priority and consequently better traffic flow to 𝑄0 while
not starving low priority traffic infinitely.
2. Strict Priority (SP): the scheduling mode of the SP mode forwards the data frame
with the highest priority at the current priority and After all the highest priority data
frames are forwarded, the data frames of the next highest priority are forwarded.
3. Combination of WRR and SP
➢ This queuing method is configurable in nature and it combines both WRR and SP.
➢ In this method, strict priority is given to time-sensitive or real-time traffic like voice
and video, while WRR is adopted for other traffics. 16
 Bounded Access protocol
➢ Most previous system are used medium access control (MAC) protocols for
wireless ad hoc networks has focused on the identical goals of maximizing
throughput and minimizing average packet delay as required for general-
purpose applications.
➢ MAC protocol for use in multi-hop ad hoc networks whose goal is to provide,
with high probability.
➢ Time-bounded access to the wireless medium for applications with guaranteed
response time requirements.
➢ The Time-Bounded Medium Access Control (TBMAC) protocol is based on
time-division multiple access with dynamic but predictable slot allocation.
➢ TBMAC uses a light-weight atomic multicast protocol to achieve distributed
agreement on slot allocation and employs location information to minimize
argument for slots.
➢ TBMAC is the first time-bounded MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc
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networks.
 Internet of Things (IoT)

➢ IoT describes a scenario where embedded systems are integrated into everyday
objects, turning them into smart devices to assist the user in his everyday life.
➢ Each of these smart objects only offers a very limited amount of computational
power since it is only specialized in a limited set of tasks.
➢ In order to achieve complex goals, the devices have to interact with each other.
➢ Therefore, they don’t only need to be interconnected either by wire or through
wireless technology but also need a set of common protocols to enable vendor-
independent communication
➢ Communications has evolved. It’s moved from voice, video, and text messaging
between people to include the exchange of information, context and Real-time
Communications (RTC) between people, places and things.
➢ However, all complete IoT systems have four distinct components:
sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface which preform
it in real time.
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 Sensor and actuators
➢ Emerging technologies offer new paradigms for computation, control,
collaboration, and communication.
➢ To realize the full potential of these technologies in industry, defense, and
homeland security applications, it is necessary to exploit the real-time
distributed computing capabilities of sensor– actuator networks.
➢ To reliably design and develop such networks, it is necessary to develop
deeper insight into the underlying model for real-time computation and the
infrastructure at the node level that supports this model.
➢ The overriding issue that guides the design of this OS is QOS metric called
predictability.
➢ A sensor–actuator network is a distributed platform for integrated
computation and control in real-time environments.
➢ The nodes in such a network are distinguished by being resource constrained.
➢ The power of the network arises from the interactions between simple nodes.
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End of Chapter Five

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End of the Course

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