INTRODUCTION TO AB
ELECTRIFICATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems
Engineering and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture of Agriculture,
Resources and Environmental Sciences
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
DISCUSSION
Explain the terms used in agricultural and biosystems
electrification and its basic concepts, the types and
coerces of power generation and distribution, conductors
and wires accessories and know how to compute circuits,
wires and electricity arrangements in farm residences.
Module 1 – Introduction
Module 2 – Power Generation and Distribution Systems
Module 3 – Conductors and Wiring
Module 4 – Electricity for Farm
Electricity
It is a form of energy
generated by friction,
induction, chemical change
having magnetic chemical,
and radiant effect.
It is an electron in motion
It is made of atom consisting
of electron, proton, and
neutron.
Theory
All matters are made up of molecules
Molecules are made up of atoms
Atom contains neutron, electron, and proton
That neutron is neutral; it is neither positive or negatively
charged.
The electron of an atom of any substance could be
transformed into another atom.
Sources of Electricity
Friction – result of an action between
two materials in contact.
Chemical Action – through batteries
which generates a difference in
potential.
Heat Action – using two dissimilar
metal bonded together in a junction
when heated exhibits a difference in
potential.
Light action – photo cell
Pressure – a difference of potential
across the faces of certain crystal
such as quartz.
Mechanical Action – on rotating
machine using a certain magnet.
Classifications of Electric Current
Direct Current - current
flows in one direction from
negative to positive, and
supplied through dry cell or
storage battery.
Alternating Current -
current constant reverse in
direction of flow produced by
generator. Its advantages
include: easy to produce,
cheaper to maintain, easy to
transform from high to low
voltage, more efficient.
-The AC current goes through one positive loop and one
negative loop to form one complete cycle that is continuously
repeated.
-The number of times this cycle of plus and minus loop occur
per second is called the frequency of alternating current AC
expressed in cycle per second normally referred to as Hertz.
-The frequency of the direct current DC is obviously zero Hertz.
Electrical Energy Conversion
Fuel- Heat Engine – Generator
Heat – Boiler –Turbine –Generator
Wind Turbine – Generator
Hydro Turbine – Generator
Light – Photo Cell – Battery
Heat Engine
Biomass Thermal Power Plant
Wind Power
Hydro Power
Generator
Wind Turbine
Battery
Basic Concept
- Electron - a negative charge electricity
-Volt – the SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential
that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm of
resistance.
- Current - amount of electron flow: 63x107 electron passing a given
point in 1 sec which is equal to 1 ampere.
- it is the rate at which charge is flowing.
- Voltage- is the difference in charge between two points.
- Resistance- material’s tendency to resist the flow
of charge (current).
- Ohm- is the SI unit used to measure the electrical
resistance of a material or an electrical
device.
- One ohm is equal to the resistance of a
conductor through which a current of one
ampere flows when a potential difference of one
volt is applied to it
- Power - rate of converting energy
- Energy - power x time
Impedance-the electrical term for friction in AC electricity.
- The flow of current in a circuit is impeded or
resisted by the wire, transformer and other
devices.
In a direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called Resistance.
However, both are expressed in the unit of measure called Ohm.
Ampacity-is defined as the ability of the wire or conductor to carry
current without overheating.
Ohm’S Law
The higher the voltage, the larger the current; and the
higher the resistance, the lower the current.
Formula: V = I R
V- Electromotive force( volts)
I - Current flow (amperes)
R - Resistance, ohms
Example No. 1
Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance
of 5 Ohms on a 120 volts and 240 volts current supply.
Solution:
1. For 120 volts
I = V/R= 120/5 = 24 amperes
2. For 240 volts
I= V/R= 240/5= 48 amperes
Power and Energy
Power is the rate at which energy is used while energy is
equal to power times the time.
Formula:
P = VI, V=I R , P= I2 R , E=VIT
P - power, watts
V - voltage, volt
I - current, amp
E - energy, watt-hr
T - time, hr
Single and Three Phase Electricity
-The three phase AC electricity, is a triple circuit.
-The lighting and outlet loads are connected between any phase leg
and neutral line. Machineries and other bigger loads are
connected to the phase leg only.
-A three phase AC has also 3 or 4 wires consisting of 3 hot legs
designated as A, B, and C plus a neutral wire designated with
letter N.
- The three Phase- AC, electrical system involving three (3)
voltages and their associated ampere.
The Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) can either be 2
or 3 wires. The common electrical circuit serving
residential building is the two wires receptacle circuit that
feeds the ceiling and the wall plug.
The single phase-A.C. electrical system involving only one
(1) voltage and its associated current.
Advantage of the three Phase System
1. The 120 volt is for lighting and receptacle outlet only.
2. The 240 volt is for bigger loads
3. Voltage drop is lower
4. Smaller wire is used
The size of a service conductor is based on the 240 volts rather
than 120 volts line,
Wire Size and Ampere Capacity
Wire Size No. Size –area Size -dia Amperes
No. AWG ( mm2 ) ( mm) ( TW Cu wire)
14 2.0 1.6 15
12 3.5 2.0 20
10 5.5 2.6 30
8 8 3.2 40
6 14 55
4 22 70
2 30 90
0 38 100
00 50 120
000 60 . . 135
. 80 160
ᵛ ᵛ ᵛ
900 500 445
Comparison Between 240-Volt and 120-Volt
Service Lines
The owner of a 5 Kw. electric motor irrigation pump, requested
line connection from electric cooperative. The owner was
given an option to avail of either 120 or 240 volts service.
What is the good choice if the circuit line has a resistance of
0.42 Ohms.
Solution in a Comparative Analysis
5 Kw = 5000 watts
120 volts 240 volts
Current drawn 5000w/120 v 5000 w/ 240v
= 41.66 amperes = 20.83 amperes
Minimum wire size
Required to carry the
Current without overheating No. 8 AWG No. 12 AWG
( see table)
Relative cost of the
No. 8 and No. 12 wire
in comparative ratio 2.2 1.0
Voltage drop 41.66 x0.42 20.83 x 0.42
= 17.5 V 8.75 V
= 14.60% 3.60%
Advantage of the 240 volts over the 120 volts current supply
1. Smaller wire required which means, lower in cost.
2. Less power loss
3. Smaller percentage of voltage drop
Comments:
1. Comparatively, the current drawn by the 5kw. motor on 120 volts
current supply is double that of the current drawn from 240 volts
supply when load in watts was divided by the current voltage.
2. The size of the conductor wire is relatively proportional with the amount of
load. The use of No. 8 AWG wire for the 120 volts line against the No.12
AWG wire for the 240 volts line has big difference in cost.
3. The 14.6% voltage drop on 120 volts is too high.
4. Technically, power loss cannot be avoided even to the most sophisticated
electric system because this is an inherent effect of resistance between the
materials and the current flow although it can be controlled and reduced to
least percentage of voltage drop by increasing the wire size.
5 . Therefore, the 240 volts current is more advantageous than the 120 volts
line.
Comparison of AC and DC Power
Under the principle of DC electricity . Power is the
product of voltage and current
Watts = Volts x Ampere
Power for AC (Single phase)
Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of volts and
amperes is called volt-ampere (v.a.) which is not the
same as watts. Thus;
Volt Amperes=Volts x Amperes
To convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor
(pf) is introduced
Watts = Volt x Amperes x power factor (pf)
Power for AC (three-phase)
P(watts) = (3 )½ x Volt x Ampere x power
factor
Power Factor
It is the cosine angle between voltage and
current (Cos )
It is the ratio of the resistance to impedance;
Cos = R / Z
It is the ratio of the real power to apparent
power
Apparent power is expressed in volt-ampere(VA), kilovolt-ampere(KVA),
or megavolt (MVA) ampere
Real power occurs because of the phase difference between voltage and
current in Ac circuit. Real Power is always less than the apparent power
Power factor is the ratio of the output of power in watts
and the product of volts and amperes.
Power Factor= Power output in watts
Volts xAmpere
It may also be defined as the ratio of the kilowatt rating of
a motor and its kilovolt-ampere rating
References
Brown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New
York. 367pp.
Rojas, R. Electrical Engineering: formulas and Principles. Revised Edition.
Excel Review Center. 238pp.
Subhash Metha. Electrical Engineering. Synergy Books International. A
division of Sam Publishing Sdn. Bhd. 7 Jalan Bangsar Utama 3, Off Jalan
Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. 388pp.