G12 Inquiries, Investigation, and

Immersion

READING ON RELATED STUDIES

QUARTER 3, WEEK 3-5, MODULE 3

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs):

1. Selects, cites, and synthesizes related literature.
2. Uses sources according to ethical standards (atleast 4-6
local and international sources).

YOUR GOALS

The time you start conceptualizing your study, you already read different
literature and studies related to your present study. Reviewing information, facts,
concepts, data available, or theories that have an association with your research topic is
necessary.
The review of literature and studies can be taken from books, published articles,
research journals, dissertations, and theses. It involves evaluating the work of other
researchers in relation to the problem studied, whether this literature and studies negate
or affirm the subject under study.
According to Andrus Library (2020), a literature review is a summary of what
has been written about the current study. The literature review studies scholarly articles,

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books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should
describe, summarize, objectively evaluate, and explain clearly the previous research. It
should provide a theoretical basis and help the researcher determine the nature of the
research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. select related literature and studies for the review;
b. cite related literature and studies;
c. synthesize information from related literature and studies;
d. follow ethical principles in writing related literature and studies; and
e. write a coherent review of related literature and studies.

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Name: _________________________ Subject: ______________________
Grade & Section/Strand: __________ Subject Teacher: _______________
WRITTEN WORK #1
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATONS AND IMMERSION
QUARTER 3, MODULE 3

HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?

Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of your answer in one whole
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following refers to a summary of what has been written about the
current study?
A. Conceptual framework C. Synthesis of literature
B. Literature review D. Theoretical framework
2. What do you call the process of giving credit to the owner of the information which is
used in one's work?
A. Enumerating B. Crediting C. Referencing D. Synthesizing
3. What citation is an author/date-based and is commonly used in the field of
education?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
4. Which of the following is correctly written?
A. Silvestre, M. O. (2018). Earth and life science: A learning guide for senior
high school students. Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
B. Silvestre, M. O. Earth and life science: (2018) A learning guide for senior
high school students. Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
C. A learning guide for senior high school students. Silvestre, M. O. Earth and
life science: (2018) Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
D. Silvestre, Minerva Grace Obra. (2018). Earth and life science: A learning
guide for senior high school students. Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book
Publishing.
5. What citation is used in the statement, “The study reveals that ……… (Divina 2018,
13-15)?”
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
6. A researcher is conducting a study about arts and humanities. What referencing
style is most appropriate to use?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
7. Which of the following can be done in citing literature and studies?
A. Quoting B. Paraphrasing C. Summarizing D. All of these
8. Reynaldo used bibliographies and diaries in his research paper. What source did
he use?
A. Primary source C. Second-hand source
B. Secondary source D. Tertiary source
9. Which of the following are concepts taken from books that are written by foreign
authors?
A. Foreign literature C. Local literature
B. Foreign studies D. Local studies
10. Which is known as the researcher’s ability to infer relationships from sources cited
within the present study?
A. Paraphrasing B. Quoting C. Summarizing D. Synthesizing
11. What is the importance of writing a review of related literature?
A. To avoid plagiarism.
B. It gives background about the present study.
C. It conveys to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on
a topic.
D. All of these
12. Why do we need to synthesize the review of related literature and studies?
A. To avoid plagiarism. C. To summarize the study.
B. To make a conclusion. D. To show similarities and differences.
13. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are giving hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within a particular topic.
C. You avoid charges of plagiarism.
D. All of the above.

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14. Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with
humans?
A. Keeping participants’ anonymous.
B. Getting informed consent of the participant.
C. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time.
D. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed.
15. What is wrong with the following citation?
Cabantac, Shella and Silvestre, Minerva. (2020). The basics of quantitative
research. Quezon City: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
A. The title should be underlined or italicized.
B. Instead of a colon, there should be a comma.
C. The page numbers should be listed in reference list.
D. The authors' first initials should be given, not their full first names.

Prepared by: Checked by:

ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ RUSS DV BASBAS

Subject Group Head SHS Assistant Principal II

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Name: _________________________ Subject: ______________________
Grade & Section/Strand: __________ Subject Teacher: _______________
PERFORMANCE TASK #1
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATONS AND IMMERSION
QUARTER 3, MODULE 3

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

Directions: In your previous research subjects, you were able to determine the
importance of citing. In your research notebook, lists down the significance of citing the
related literature used in your study.

PERFORM AND LEARN

Directions: Identify what type of referencing style is used in each statement. Write
APA, MLA, or Chicago on the space provided for each number.
__________ 1. Moringa leaves are rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and
antioxidants (Villafuerte 23).
__________ 2. A study conducted by Colvard et al. (2015), found out that many
colleges, universities, and state systems are seeking to adopt a portfolio
of solutions that address these challenges.
__________ 3. OER is an equity strategy for higher education: providing all students
with access to course materials on the first day of class to level the
academic playing field in course settings (Thomas 2018, 273).
__________ 4. Watkins (2018) defined Kolibri as an application that creates an offline
server to deliver high-quality educational resources to learners.
__________ 5. Moringa can be propagated from seeds, tissue culture, and from cuttings
as Cruz stated (109).
__________ 6. Students’ attitudes towards Science decline as students’ transitions from
elementary school into high school (GKS and Taylor 2017, 28-30).
__________ 7. Understanding one’s learning style can improve the student’s learning
effectiveness in and outside of the classroom (Felder and Spurlin, 2014).
__________ 8. Moringa leaves contain more Vitamin A than carrots, more calcium than
milk, more iron than the spinach, more Vitamin C than oranges, and more
potassium than bananas (Fahey 88).
__________ 9. Students’ learning styles can be identified through the social and
affective perspective like attitude toward teachers and peers, and reaction
to classroom procedures (Grasha, 2015).
__________ 10. Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and
research materials in any medium – digital or otherwise – that reside in
the public domain or have been released under an open license that
permits no-cost access, use, adaptation, and redistribution by others with
no or limited restrictions (Hewlett Foundation, 2019).

Prepared by: Checked by:

ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ RUSS DV BASBAS

Subject Group Head SHS Assistant Principal II

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 Lesson 1: REFERENCING STYLES AND CITATION
Referencing is a crucial part of writing a research paper. It can be described as
giving credit, with citation, to the owner of the information which is used in one's work.
Research can be a source of present studies, thus referencing helps to relate one’s own
work to previous work and to avoid plagiarism. The referencing style provides the
information necessary for referencing and how the information is arranged, as well as
punctuation and proper formatting. Below are the referencing styles and citing of
resources both in the body of the report and the reference list at the end of the research
paper.
1. APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date-based style that is
used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
Example citation: 1. According to Silvestre (2018) ……..…………..
2. It has been found out that …………. (Cabantac et al., 2019)
3. The study conducted by (Cortez, 2020) ……………
Example reference list:
Silvestre, M. O. (2018). Earth and life science: A learning guide for senior high school
students. Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
Cabantac, S. S., Silvestre, M.O., Ballera, H. R. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A
comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the
Philippines. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. Retrieved
from [Link]
Cortez, S. I. (2020, September 14). Why filipinos love watching
koreanovelas. Retrieved from
[Link]
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2. MLA (Modern Language Association) is used by the Arts and Humanities.
Example citation: 1. Silvestre ……………………. (143-144).
2. It has been found out that …………. (Cabantac et al. 78)
3. The study conducted by (Cortez 27) ……………
Example reference list:
Silvestre, Minerva. Earth and life science: A learning guide for senior high school
students. John 14:14 Book Publishing, 2018.
Cabantac, Shella, et al. Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that
represent ethnic and racial groups in the Philippines. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, 2019. Retrieved from [Link]
Cortez, Shiahari. Why filipinos love watching koreanovelas. Quirck, 2020. Retrieved from
[Link]
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3. Chicago referencing style is generally used in History, Business, and Fine Arts.
Example citation: 1. (Pollan 2016, 99–100)
2. (Google 2019)
3. (Kossinets and Watts 2020, 411)
Example reference list:
Pollan, Michael. 2016. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New
York: Penguin.
Google. 2019. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11.
[Link]
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2020. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving
Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed
February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.

Lesson 2: PATTERNS OF CITATION

According to Baraceros (as cited by Cortez et al., 2020), there are five patterns of
citations that a researcher can follow in writing the literature and studies to avoid
plagiarism.

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1. Summary is the shortened description of a longer passage written by the author.
2. Paraphrase is a restatement of the text using different words to achieve greater
clarity.
3. Short direct quotation allows a writer to copy fewer than 40 words from an author’s
sentence but should be enclosed in double quotation marks.
4. Long direct quotation allows a researcher to copy 40 to 100 words only with a limit
of eight lines and it should be placed in the middle of the page without indention.
5. Tense of verbs for reporting is an effective way used in stating the researchers’
findings. It could be in past, present, or present perfect tense.

Lesson 3: SOURCES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many sources where a researcher can use for the literature review of his
work. Prieto et al. (2017) classified sources into primary, secondary, and tertiary.
1. Primary sources are first-hand information of a topic, which means findings are
directly communicated by the authors to the readers. Examples are letters, diaries,
memoirs, research topics, autobiographies, newspaper reports by reporters who
witnessed an event, patents and designs, and empirical research articles.
2. Secondary sources are works in which authors describe the work of others
(Frankael & Wallen as cited by Prieto et al., 2017). Examples are conference
proceedings, academic journal articles (other than empirical research, articles, or reports),
books (mimeographs or chapter of books), and documentaries.
3. Tertiary sources include encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, and handbooks.

Lesson 4: RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The literature and studies provide the researcher with a comprehensive point of
view on the concepts and theories of the study to be undertaken. It includes foreign
literature, foreign studies, local literature, and local studies.
Foreign literature contains concepts, ideas, information, generalizations, or standards
taken from books, magazines, and other materials which are written by foreign authors.
Foreign studies include findings and conclusions taken from researches, theses, or
dissertations conducted by foreign researchers.
Local literature contains concepts, ideas, information, generalizations, or standards
taken from books, magazines, and other materials which are written by local authors.
Foreign studies include findings and conclusions taken from researches, theses, or
dissertations conducted by local researchers.
Example of review of related literature and studies:
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Foreign Literature
David Wiley (2018) is one of the pioneers of Open Educational Resources (OER).
He and colleagues have suggested that there are five core principles of open publishing:
(a) re-use: The most basic level of openness. People are allowed to use all or part of the
work for their purposes (for example, download an educational video to watch at a later
time); (b) re-distribute: People can share the work with others (for example, send a digital
article by-email to a colleague); (c) revise: People can adapt, modify, translate, or change
the work (for example, take a book written in English and turn it into a Spanish
audiobook); (d) re-mix: People can take two or more existing resources and combine
them to create a new resource (for example, take audio lectures from one course and
combine them with slides from another course to create a new derivative work); (e) retain:
No digital rights management restrictions (DRM); the content is yours to keep, whether

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you’re the author, an instructor using the material or a student. OER also represents an
opportunity to have one's own materials enhanced to provide a more effective learning
resource to the students.
Local Literature
The Department sees that the Digital Rise Program of the Philippines will be of
great help to improve the quality of education in our country. This can be done by
connecting the disconnected through digitization. The Department of Education’s
(DepEd) OERs or Open Educational Resources aims to make e-learning more
accessible to geographically-challenged or last-mile schools. OER is seen as the
answer to the country’s persistent problem on the academic performance of the students.
It aims to meet the demands of 21st-century learning by digitizing classrooms and making
learning enjoyable and more meaningful. OER materials will be made available offline
paving the way for accessible delivery of quality basic education even to far-flung areas
(Rappler, 2019).

Foreign Studies
A study conducted by Colvard et al. (2015) found out that many colleges,
universities, and state systems are seeking to adopt a portfolio of solutions that address
these challenges. This article reports the results of a large-scale study (21,822 students)
regarding the impact of course-level faculty adoption of Open Educational Resources
(OER). Results indicate that OER adoption does much more than simply save students
money and address student debt concerns. OER improve end-of-course grades and
decrease failing grades for all students. They also improve course grades at greater rates
and decrease failing grades at greater rates for part-time students. OER addresses
affordability, completion, attainment gap concerns, and learning. These findings
contribute to a broadening perception of the value of OERs and their relevance to the
great challenges facing higher education today.

Local Studies
Silvestre (2020) found out in her study that test scores of the students at the start
of the lesson wherein OER were not yet employed in terms of mean percentage score
was very low. Things turned out right when there was a remarkable increase in the
performance of the students when OER was used in all the lessons in Earth and Life
Science subjects during the second grading period for the second semester. Results
revealed that the mean difference between the pre-test and post-test differs from each
other at both levels of significance. Thus, the use of the OER remarkably improved the
test scores of Grade 12 Technical-Vocationl-Livelihood (TVL) students in the Second
Grading period during the second semester of the School Year 2019-2020.

Lesson 5: SYNTHESIS OF REVIEWED LITERATURE

AND STUDIES
The synthesis of reviewed literature and studies shows the relationship of the cited
literature and studies with the present study. It should be summarized into a
comprehensive write-up of the reviewed literature and studies showing their similarities
and differences in connection with the present study in such a way that the results from
the present study would give as a significant contribution to the research topic.

Example of synthesis of reviewed literature and studies:

Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies
David Wiley (2018) and Rappler (2019) see Open Educational Resources (OER) as an
effective tool in improving the quality of education by providing quality learning materials.
Also, studies of Colvard et al. (2015) and Silvestre (2020) reveal that the use of OER
enhances the performance of the students, improves student retention, and increases the success
rate of learners.
The study of Colvard and Silvestre is very much related in the present study hence both
studies focused on improving the academic performance of the students.

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 Lesson 6: ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING
RELATED LITERATURE
There are many ethical standards that should be considered when doing a research
study. These ethical standards stress the need to do well and to do no harm. In
practice, these ethical standards mean that as a researcher, you need to obtain
informed consent from your respondents or participants, minimize the risk of harm to
your participants, make participant’s information confidential, do not use misleading
practices, and give participants the right to withdraw from your study (Prieto et al., 2017).

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Name: _________________________ Subject: ______________________
Grade & Section/Strand: __________ Subject Teacher: _______________
PERFORMANCE TASK #2
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATONS AND IMMERSION
QUARTER 3, MODULE 3

GO DEEPER

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but concisely.

1. What is the importance of a review of related literature and studies?
2. How can plagiarism be avoided in writing the related literature and studies?
3. What is the role of ethics in research?
4. What is synthesis of reviewed literature and studies?

WHAT DID YOU LEARN?

Referencing is an integral part of the research process. It should be done carefully

to avoid plagiarism. A researcher can cite the work of other persons through APA,
MLA, and Chicago referencing style. It is also important to consider the patterns of
citation in referencing. In writing the literature and studies, an author can use different
sources like books, journals, magazines, theses, dissertations, and the like. Chapter 2
of a research paper includes foreign literature and studies which are written by foreign
authors and local literature and studies which are written by local authors.
Every researcher should be aware of the ethical principles in doing research.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Directions: Write Chapter 2 of your study. Include foreign and local literature as well
as foreign and local studies. Write also the synthesis of your reviewed literature and
studies. The rubric below will be used in assessing your output.
Criteria 5 4 3 2 Score
Literature and The literature and Most of the Some of the No attempt has
Studies studies written literature and literature and been made to
are related to the studies written studies written relate the
given topic. are related to the are related to the literature and
given topic. given topic. studies written on
the topic.
Referencing All the information Most of the Some of the No information is
is cited properly. information is information is cited properly.
cited properly. cited properly.
Synthesis of The synthesis of The synthesis of The synthesis of The synthesis of
Reviewed the reviewed the reviewed the reviewed the reviewed
Literature and literature and literature and literature and literature and
Studies studies studies studies studies
demonstrates a demonstrates a demonstrates a demonstrates a
thorough and comprehensive few discussions minimal
comprehensive discussion of the of the different discussion of the
discussion of the different sources sources used. different sources
different sources used. used.
used.
Grammar Content has no Content has 1-5 Content has 6- Content has 11
and Spelling misspellings or misspellings and 10 misspellings and above
grammatical grammatical and misspellings and
errors. errors. grammatical grammatical
errors. errors.
Total Score

Prepared by: Checked by:

ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ RUSS DV BASBAS

Subject Group Head SHS Assistant Principal II

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Name: ________________________ Subject: _______________________
Grade & Section/Strand: __________ Subject Teacher: ________________
WRITTEN WORK #2
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATONS AND IMMERSION
QUARTER 3, MODULE 3

HOW MUCH DID YOU LEARN?

Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of your answer in ONE WHOLE
SHEET OF PAPER.
1. Which of the following BEST describes a literature review?
A. An overview of the current study.
B. A list of beneficiaries of the study.
C. A summary of what has been written about the current study.
D. A structural representation of the conceptual framework of the study.
2. Which of the following relate one’s own work to previous work and is used to avoid
plagiarism?
A. Crediting C. Referencing
B. Enumerating D. Synthesizing
3. What referencing style is generally used in History, Business, and Fine Arts?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
4. Which of the following reference lists is incorrect?
A. Silvestre, M. O. (2018). Earth and life science: A learning guide for senior high
school students. Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
B. Cabantac, S. S., Silvestre, M.O., Ballera, H. R. (2019). Emotions in
storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial
groups in the Philippines. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–
217. Retrieved from [Link]
C. Cortez, S. I. (2020, September 14). Why filipinos love watching koreanovelas.
Retrieved from
[Link]
D. Pollan, Michael. The Herbivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of One Meal.
New York: Penguin.
5. Malunggay leaves are rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants
(Villafuerte 23). What citation was used?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
6. A researcher is conducting a study on Psychology. What referencing style is most
appropriate to use?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. MLA
7. Which of the following is a shortened description of a longer passage written by the
author?
A. Paraphrasing C. Summarizing
B. Quoting D. Tense of verbs
8. The review of related literature and studies includes which of the following type of
sources?
A. Primary sources C. Tertiary sources
B. Secondary sources D. All of these
9. What do you call the findings taken from researches that are written by local
authors?
A. Foreign literature
B. Foreign studies
C. Local literature
D. Local studies
10. What is the researcher’s ability to summarize the reviewed literature and studies
comprehensively?
A. Paraphrasing C. Summarizing
B. Quoting D. Synthesizing
11. Why do we need to write a review of related literature and studies?
A. To avoid plagiarism.
B. It gives background about the present study.
C. It conveys to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on
a topic.
D. All of these

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12. Why is synthesis important in writing?
A. To show relationship.
B. To inform your reader.
C. To cite the author properly.
D. To make a good research title.
13. What are the benefits of using citation and the appropriate referencing style?
A. You are giving information related to your research study.
B. You are giving credit to the work of others.
C. You avoid charges of plagiarism.
D. All of the above.
14. All of the following are ethical guidelines for conducting research with humans
EXCEPT?
A. Make the participant’s information public.
B. Minimize the risk of harm to your participants.
C. Give participants the right to withdraw from your study
D. Obtain informed consent from your respondents or participants.
15. What is wrong with the following citation? Silvestre, Minerva Grace Obra (2018).
Earth and life science: A learning guide for senior high school students.
Aurora Province: John 14:14 Book Publishing.
A. The title should be underlined or italicized.
B. Instead of a colon, there should be a comma.
C. The page numbers should be listed in reference list.
D. The author’s first initials should be given, not her full first name.

Prepared by: Checked by:

ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ RUSS DV BASBAS

Subject Group Head SHS Assistant Principal II

12
 LEARN MORE

Directions: Get the hard copy of your downloaded qualitative research from the
previous module. Read the review of literature and studies and make a synthesis of
the reviewed literature and studies. Share your work with the class and submit it to
your teacher.

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