QUICK NOTES - STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
1. Variance (Spread of Data)
- Ungrouped Data:
Variance = Sum of (each value - mean)^2 divided by number of values
Steps:
1. Find mean (average).
2. Subtract mean from each value.
3. Square the result.
4. Add all squared values.
5. Divide by total number of values.
- Grouped Data:
Variance = Sum of f(x - mean)^2 divided by sum of frequencies
Steps:
1. Find midpoints (x).
2. Multiply midpoint by frequency (fx).
3. Mean = Sum of fx divided by Sum of f
4. Find (x - mean)^2 multiplied by f, then sum it.
5. Divide by total frequency.
2. Standard Deviation (SD)
- SD = Square root of Variance
3. Mean Deviation (MD)
- Ungrouped Data:
MD = Sum of |each value - mean| divided by number of values
Steps:
1. Find mean.
2. Find absolute difference (without squaring).
3. Add all differences.
4. Divide by number of values.
- Grouped Data:
MD = Sum of f times |x - mean| divided by total frequency
Steps:
1. Find midpoints.
2. Find mean.
3. Find absolute differences and multiply by frequency.
4. Sum all and divide by total frequency.
4. Probability and Rules
- Probability = Favorable Outcomes / Total Outcomes
Rules:
- Probability is always between 0 and 1.
- Complement Rule: P(not A) = 1 - P(A)
- Addition Rule (OR):
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
(If mutually exclusive: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B))
- Multiplication Rule (AND):
P(A and B) = P(A) times P(B) (if independent events)
5. Conditional Probability
- Conditional Probability Formula:
P(A given B) = P(A and B) divided by P(B)
(Used when one event is already known to have happened.)
QUICK SUMMARY TABLE:
Concept -> Formula / Idea
-------------------------------------------------
Variance -> Spread using squared differences
Standard Deviation -> Root of variance
Mean Deviation -> Average absolute differences
Probability -> Favorable Outcomes / Total Outcomes
Addition Rule -> OR events
Multiplication Rule -> AND events
Conditional Probability -> Given Event: P(A|B) = P(A and B)/P(B)