Chapter 1:Rational
Numbers
1.1 Integers
Integers
▪ Integers are whole numbers with positive or negative sign. The positive sign is usually omitted.
▪ Integers include positive integers, zero and negative integers.
… , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, …
Negative integers Positive integers
Zero
1.1 Integers
Representing Integers on Number Lines
Integers can be represented on number lines as shown below :
1
Value
increasing
0 vertical number line
−1
−2 Value
decreasing
−2 −1 0 1 2
Horizontal number line
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
Adding integers
Addition is the process of finding the sum of two or more integers
Adding two positive integers : Adding two negative integers :
+8 = 8 steps to the right
+2 + +8 = 10 −3 + −4 = −7 -4 = 4 steps to the left
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Adding integers of different signs :
+7 = 7 steps to the right
−5 + +7 = 2 +4 + −6 = −2 -6 = 6 steps to the left
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Subtracting integers
▪ Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two integers.
Subtracting positive integers :
The ant moves in the opposite direction of the positive integer ( to the right), so it moves to the left.
-6 = 6 steps to the left
3 − 6 = 3 + −6 −2 − 4 = −2 + (−4) -4 = 4 steps to the left
= −3 = −6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Subtracting negative integers :
The ant moves in the opposite direction of the negative integer ( to the left), so it moves to the
right.
−4 − −7 = −3
3 − −6 = 9 -(-6) = +6 = 6 steps to -(-7) = +7 = 7 steps to the right
the right
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
▪ If (+) represents the positive integers and (-) represents the negative integers, then
Two integers with same sign will result in + sign + + =+
− − =−
Two integers with different signs will result in - sign + − =−
− + =−
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Multiplication and Division of Integers
Multiplying integers
▪Multiplication is the process of repeated addition. For example,
1+1+1+1 =4×1
▪General rules of multiplying two integers :
The product of two integers with the same sign is + × + = (+)
a positive integer.
− × − = (+)
The product of two integers with different signs + × − = (−)
is a negative integer.
− × + = (−)
The product of any integer with zero is zero. + ×0=0
− ×0=0
Dividing integers
▪Division is the process of splitting into equal parts or groups.
▪Division of positive integers :
6 green chips are equally divided among 3 students. Every students gets 2 chips. That is,
6÷3=2 + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
▪Division of negative integers :
9 red chips are equally divided among 3 students. Every student gets 3 red chips. That is,
−9 ÷ 3 = −3
− − − − −
− − − −
− − −
− − −
− − −
▪Division is the reverse of multiplication :
−2 × −3 = 6 5 × −3 = −15
6 × −3 = −2 −15 ÷ −3 = 5
Thinking Map
Quotient (+) (+) (-) (-)
as as as
Operation of (+) ÷ (+) (−) ÷ (−) (+) ÷ (−) (−) ÷ (+)
division
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Combined Operations Involving Integers
Combined operations must be done on the following order :
Perform operations within
the brackets first.
Multiply and divide form
left to right
Add and subtract from
left to right
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Law of Arithmetic Operations
There are several laws of arithmetic operations involving addition and multiplication.
I. Identify Law
- The Identify Law states that the sum or the product s number, 𝑎, and an identity is the
number 𝑎 itself.
𝑎+0= 0+𝑎 =𝑎
𝑎×1=1×𝑎 =𝑎
II. Commutative Law
- The Commutative Law states that the sum of product of any two numbers is the same even
after reordering the numbers.
- Commutative Law for addition :
𝑎+𝑏=𝑏+𝑎
- Commutative Law for multiplication :
𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏×𝑎
III. Associative Law
- The Associative Law states that the sum or product of any three numbers is the same no
matter how the numbers are grouped.
- Associative Law for addition :
𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 =𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐
- Associative Law for multiplication :
𝑎×𝑏 ×𝑐 = 𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐
IV. Distributive Law
- The Distributive Law states that a number multiplied with the sum (or difference) of two
numbers is the same as the sum (or difference) of the products of the first number with
each of the two numbers.
𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏−𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×𝑐
1.3 Positive and Negative Fractions
Representing Factions on Number Lines
3 2 1 1 2
-1 − − − 0 1
4 4 4 4 4
Example 14
2 1 2
Represent the fractions − , − and 1 on a number line.
3 3 3
Example 15
1 1 3 5
Represent the fractions − , − , and on a number line.
2 4 4 2
1.3 Positive and Negative Fractions
Combined Operations Involving Fractions
▪Perform operations in the brackets first.
▪Then, multiply and divide from left to right.
▪Finally, add and subtract from left to right.
Example 18
Evaluate and express your answers in the lowest terms.
1 2 3
(a) 1 − × (− )
6 3 8
9 22 7 14
(b) − × + (− ) ÷ (− )
11 4 12 27
1.4 Positive and Negative Decimals
Comparing and Arranging Decimals
The further a positive number is
from 0, the greater the number.
The closer a negative number is to
0, the greater the number.
Example 20
Compare the following pairs of decimals.
(a) -4.3 and -4.6
(b) -3.5 and -1.5
1.4 Positive and Negative Decimals
Combined Operations on Decimals
Order of operations :
Operation in ( )
×,÷
From left to right
+,-
From left to right
1.5 Rational Numbers
Rational Numbers
𝑎
▪ Rational Numbers are numbers that can be expressed as a ration 𝑎: 𝑏 or as a fraction , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
𝑏
integers and the value of 𝑏 is not 0.
4
▪ 4 is a rational number because 4 = , that is , 4 can be written as a fraction. Therefore, all integers are rational
1
numbers.
1 5
▪ 2.5 is a rational number because 2.5 = 2 = , which is a fraction.
2 2
▪ Not all decimals are rational numbers.
▪ Repeating decimals can be expressed in fractions. Therefore, all repeating decimals are rational numbers.
1
= 0.111111111 …
9
5 Repeating decimal
= 0.833333333 …
6
▪ Non-repeating decimals cannot be expressed in fractions. Therefore, all non-repeating decimals
are not rational numbers.
0.1234…..
Non-repeating decimal
4.8321…..
1.5 Rational Numbers
Combined Operations Involving Rational Numbers
The order of operations is applied to all types of numbers including rational numbers.
( ) ×,÷ +, −
Example 23
Evaluate :
3
(a) 4 × −2 + 2.9
8
4 3
(b) 3 × − 1.6 − 1
5 10
Summing Up
𝑎
Rational number 𝑏
𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers, and 𝑏 ≠ 0
Integers Fractions Decimals
… − 3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … 2 5 2 1 19 −9.2, −0.03,0.6,1.87
− , − , −1 , ,
5 6 7 2 8
Multiplication
+ × + = + Division
Addition Subtraction − × − = − + ÷ + = +
+ + + = + − − =+ + × − = − − ÷ − = +
− + − = − − + =− − × + = − + ÷ − = −
+ + − = + 𝑜𝑟 − Identity = 0 − ÷ + = −
Identity = 0 Commutative Law:
Commutative Law: 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑏+𝑎 Associative Law :
Associative Law : (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) Distributive Law :
𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏−𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×𝑐
Order of Combined Operations
1. Perform operations in the brackets first
2. Then, multiply and divide from left to right.
3. Finally, add and subtract from left to right.