CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the results of the study of the plant species with ethno-

medicinal values as utilized by the Maranao in the Tokasan Forest of Barangay Sawer,

Masiu, Lanao del Sur, particularly at Sitio Kompanya and Sitio Tokasan. This chapter

also discusses the different uses, traditional methods of preparation and application of

medicinal plants, and the use-value of medicinal plant species being utilized by the

Meranao.

Demography of Informants

Indicate frequency and percentage of every factor.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of informants.

Total Number
Sitio Sitio Percentage
Factor Categories of
Tokasan Kompanya (%)
Respondents
Age
20 years old and below 4 1 5 10
21 – 30 years old 10 11 21 42
31 – 40 years old 2 5 7 14
41 – 50 years old 8 1 9 18
51 years old and above 6 2 8 16
Gender Male 21 16 37 74
Female 9 4 13 26
Educationa
l
Attainment
Elementary 3 4 7 14
 High School 12 10 22 44
College 15 6 21 42
Civil Status Single 10 10 20 40
Married 18 10 28 56
Widowed 2 2 4

Medicinal Plants in the Study Area

Distribution of Plant Species According to Family

A total of thirty-eight (38) plant species belonging to twenty-six (26) families and

thirty-six (36) genera were recorded and identified as plants with ethno-medicinal values

being utilized by the Maranao in Tokasan Forest of Barangay Sawer, Masiu, Lanao del

Sur (Table 2). Out of the thirty-eight (38) plant species, Asteraceae family has the most

number of species (5) being utilized by the Maranao in Tokasan Forest of Barangay

Sawer, Masiu, Lanao del Sur such as the Damong Maria, Wild sunflower, Pisau-pisau,

Hagonoi and Paragis. Show table here

Table 2. List of medicinal plants used by Meranaos in Tokasan Forest (Ha: habit, S:
shrub, C: climber, T: tree, E: epiphyte, and H: herb).
 Common Plant Habit
No. Local Name Scientific Name
Name Trees Shrubs Herbs Palm
1 Mangga Mangga Mangifera indica 1
2 Gabana Guyabano Annona muracata L. 1
3 Tangila lupa Pennywort Centella asiatica 1
4 Mamaan Areca catechu 1
5 Kabaobaos Bowstring Sansevieria trifasciata 1
6 Tae a tarapan Damong maria Artemisia Linn 1
7 Rambre Wild sunflower Helianthus annuus 1
8 Sarindukta Pisau-pisau Bidens pilosa 1
9 Makanub Hagonoi Chromolaena odorata 1
Eleusine indica L.
10 1
Tamda Paragis Gaertn
11 Kupaya Papaya Carica papaya Linn. 1
Talbos ng
12 Ipomea batatas 1
Rapa Kamote
13 Insulin Tubang- usa Costus igneus 1
14 D'nggaw Kataka - taka Kalanchoe pinnata 1
15 Babasal Kalabasa Cucubirta maxima 1
Kamoting
16 Manihot esculenta 1
Banggala kahoy
Talawa -
17 Euphorbia hirta Linn 1
tawa Tawa-tawa
18 Kalawag Turmeric Curcuma longa L. 1
Katangan - Tubang -
19 Jatropha curcas L. 1
tangan bakod
20 Kapal Oregano Coleus aromaticus benth. 1
21 Lagundi Lagundi Vitex negundo 1
22 Abokado Avocado Persea americano 1
23 Kakao Cacao Theobroma cacao L. 1
24 Gumamela Gumamela Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 1
25 R'gaw Byttnerai aspera collebr. 1
26 Kempo Makahiya Mimosa pudica L. 1
27 Maganonok Hawili Ficus septica burm.f. 1
Kalamungga
28 Moringa oileifera Lam. 1
y Malunggay
29 Saging Banana Musa paradisiaca L. 1
30 Waka Abaca Musa textilis Nee 1
31 Bayaba Bayabas Psidium guajava L. 1
32 Mananaw Codonorchis lessonii 1
33 Buntong Bamboo Bambusoideae 1
Eleusine indica L.
34 Rambayoa 1
Bakisbakisan Gaertn
35 Kape Kape-kape Coffea arabica Lim 1
36 P'ga Pomelo Citrus maxima 1
Chrysophyllum caimito
37 1
Apl Caimito L.
38 Loya Sili Capsicum frutescens 1
TOTAL 6 5 26 1
Distribution of Plant Species According to Plant Habits

Among the thirty-eight (38) medicinal plants recorded, there were seven (7 or

18%) trees, five (5 or 13%) shrubs, twenty-five (25 or 66%) herbs and one (1 or 3%)

palm. Growth form analysis of medicinal plants revealed that herbs constitute the highest

proportion (Figure 3).

Figure 3. The habits (growth forms) of medicinal plants used by Meranaos in Tokasan Forest

Status of Domestication of Plant Species Utilized by the Maranao in Sitio Kompanya

and Sitio Tokasan

Among the thirty-eight (38) identified and listed plant species with medicinal

values by the key informants, there were twenty-two (22 or 58%) plants species were

cultivated, thirteen (13 or 34%) were considered as wild and the remaining three (3 or

8%) plants species were both cultivated and from wild which means that those species

were originally from the wild but due to its medicinal values, the key informants planted
those species in their backyard (Figure _). Those species which classified as cultivated

and from the wild were Kabaobaos (Sansevieria trifasciata), Talawa – tawa (Euphorbia

hirta Linn) and Kapal (Coleus aromaticus benth).

Table 1. Status of Domestication of Plants Species

Family Local Common Scientific Plant Cultivated/
Uses
Name Name Name Name Parts Wild
ANACARDIACEAE

Mangga Mangga Mangifera Bark Cough Cultivated

indica
ANNONACEAE

Gabana Guyabano Annona Leaves Cough Cultivated

muracata L.
APIACEAE
Tangila Pennywort Centella asiatica Leaves Fever Wild
lupa
ARECACEAE
Mamaan Areca catechu Fruits Toothache Cultivated
ASPARAGACEAE

Kabaobaos Bowstring Sansevieria Leaves Pale Wild and

trifasciata Cultivated
ASTERACEAE
Tae a Damong
Artemisia Linn Leaves Allergy Wild
tarapan maria
Wild Helianthus
Rambre Leaves Heart Wild
sunflower annuus
Sarindukta Pisau-pisau Bidens pilosa Leaves Cough Wild

Chromolaena
Makanub Hagonoi Leaves Fever Wild
odorata
Tamda Paragis Eleusine indica Roots Rukat Wild
L. Gaertn
CARICACEAE

Kupaya Papaya Carica papaya Leaves Fever,Ulcer Cultivated

Linn.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Rapa Talbos ng Ipomea batatas All parts High blood, Cultivated
Kamote except roots Asthma
COSTACEAE

Insulin Tubang- usa Costus igneus Leaves Diabetes Wild

CRASSULACEAE

D'nggaw Kataka - taka Kalanchoe Leaves Fever Cultivated

pinnata
CUCURBITACEAE

Babasal Kalabasa Cucubirta Leaves Almoranas Cultivated

 maxima
EUPHORBIACEAE
Kamoting Manihot High blood,
Banggala Leaves Cultivated
kahoy esculenta Asthma
Talawa tawa Euphorbia hirta Fever,Dengue,Sto Wild and
Tawa-tawa Entire plant
Linn mache,UTI Cultivated
Curcuma longa
Kalawag Turmeric Roots Cancer Cultivated
L.
Katangan Tubang bakod Jatropha curcas Leaves Sprain Cultivated
tangan L.
LAMIACEAE
Coleus
Wild and
Kapal Oregano aromaticus Leaves Cough,Fever, FLU
Cultivated
benth.
Lagundi Lagundi Vitex negundo Leaves Cough Cultivated
LAURACEAE
Avocado Persea Leaves High blood Cultivated
Abokado americano
MALVACEAE
Theobroma leaves and
Kakao Cacao Scabies,FLU Cultivated
cacao L. Roots
Hibiscus rosa-
Gumamela Gumamela Flower P'sa Cultivated
sinensis L.
R'gaw Byttnerai aspera Leaves Allergy Wild
collebr.
MIMOSACEAE
Makahiya Mimosa pudica Leaves FLU Wild
Kempo L.
MORACEAE
Hawili Ficus septica Leaves Ulcer Wild
Maganonok burm.f.
MORINGACEAE
Kalamungg Malunggay Moringa Leaves Stomache Cultivated
ay oileifera Lam.
MUSACEAE
Musa Titanus and
Saging Banana Old Leaves Cultivated
paradisiaca L. Allergy
Waka Abaca Musa textilis Roots Rukat Cultivated
Nee
MYRTACEAE
Bayabas Psidium guajava Leaves LMb Cultivated
Bayaba L.
ORCHIDACEAE
Codonorchis Old Leaves Heart Wild
Mananaw lessonii
POACEAE
Flower or
Buntong Bamboo Bambusoideae Kidney Wild
Fruit
Rambayoa Bakisbakisan Eleusine indica Entire plant Atrites, Sprain, Wild
L. Gaertn High blood
RUBIACEAE
Coffea arabica
Kape Kape-kape Leaves Pale Cultivated
Lim
RUTACEAE
 P'ga Pomelo Citrus maxima Cholesterol, Cultivated
Fruit
SAPOTACEAE asthma

Caimito Chrysophyllum Leaves Kapagudo Cultivated

Apl caimito L.
SOLANACEAE
Capsicum
Loya Sili Roots back pain Cultivated
frutescens

Plant Parts Used to Treat Human Diseases

Local Meranaos of the study area harvest different plant parts for the preparation
of traditional remedies (e.g., leaves, roots, seeds, barks, and fruit). In the study area, _ or
_% species were harvested for their _ (Figure _ ). Justify

Insert bar graph here

Figure _. Plant parts used by Meranaos in Tokasan Forest

Chart Title
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y s l I rt ey t s
rg e oo
d ro ug
h
FL
U ue UT a l e
ka nu
lle rit l te
Co ng He dn Pa Ru ta
A At b es e Ki i
gh ol D T
Hi Ch

Series1 Series2

Method of Preparation, Dosage, and Administration

Discussion

Insert bar graph here

Figure _Mode of preparation used by Meranaos in Tokasan Forest.

 Chart Title
Roots

Leaves

Fruit

Flower

Entire plant

Bark

All parts except roots

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Series1

Use Value of Plants Species Identified in Sitio Kompanya and Sitio

Tokasan

With regards to the use value of identified medicinal plants in the area, the most

commonly used species in the two (2) sitios were Bayaba, Kapal, Rambayoa and

Kalawag which are abundant in the area with the highest value of 0.28. Those species

were in a great of utilization for medicinal values wherein Bayaba was used for loose

bowel movement (LBM);

Kapal was treatment for cough, fever, flu; Rambayoa for arthritis, sprain, high

blood; and while Kalawag was utilized for any Cancer treatment.
 Figure _. Commonly used plant species with medicinal value

Another important plants species that have been used by the informants with

highest use value were Tawa-tawa (0.18), Makahiya (0.18) and Papaya (0.16). The Tawa-

tawa plant were being used by the informants in treating fever, dengue, stomach ache and

UTI; while Makahiya plant was used for treating flu and the Papaya was for fever and

ulcer respectively.

In other word, the plants Bambusoideae, Byttnerai aspera collebr.,

Chrysophyllum caimito L., Coffea arabica Lim. Costus igneus, Cucubirta maxima,

Kalanchoe pinnata, Mangifera indica, Musa paradisiaca L., Musa textilis Nee, Persea

americano, Sansevieria trifasciata, Vitex negundo and Codonorchis lessonii were yielded

a lowest use value based on the generated data gathering, However, those plants were

used by the community regularly in treating an ordinary illnesses.

 Figure 4. Percentage of Plant Species according to Use Value

Location and Distribution of medicinal plants in Tokasan Forest

For the distribution of plant species with medicinal values being used and

identified by the informants, there where twenty-one (21 or 55%) plant species that can

be found at Sitio Kompanya such as Mangga, Tangila lupa, Mamaan, Kupaya, Rapa,

Insulin, D'nggaw, Babasal,Banggala, Kapal, Lagundi, Abokado, Kakao, Gumamela,

R'gaw, Kalamunggay, Saging, Bayaba, Kape, Apl and Loya. While in Sitio Tokasan,

there were twenty-four (24 or 63%) plant species that can be found in the area as being

used by the informants for medicines; those plant species were Mamaan, Kabaobaos, Tae

a tarapan, Rambre, Sarindukta, Makanub, Tamda, Talawa – tawa, Kalawag, Katangan –

tangan, Abokado, Gumamela, Kempo, Maganonok, Saging, Waka, Bayaba, Mananaw,

Buntong, Rambayoa, Kape and P'ga respectively.

 Figure 6. Plant species distribution to Sitio Kompanya and Sitio Tokasan

As such, there were some plant species that can be found in both Sitios namely

Mamaan, Rapa, Abokado, Gumamela, Saging and Kape. This implies that the residents

of Barangay Sawer, particularly the informants, commonly used the above-mentioned six

(6) plant species for primary medicines to cure illnesses.

Analysis of Respondents’ Knowledge on Plants Used as Medicine Versus Socio-

Demographic Factors

Pearson’s R (Biserial Correlation Coefficient) was used in this part to determine

the respondents’ ethnobotanical knowledge and their socio-demographic profile.

 The socio-demographic factors such as age, educational attainment, gender and

civil status were significantly correlated with the knowledge on plants used for medicine

by the Maranao of Tokasan Forest, Brgy. Gubar, Sawer, Lanao del Sur (Table_. ).

Group r-value p-value Interpretation Action Taken

Age 1.000 0.000** Significant Reject Ho1
Gender .137 .058 Not Significant Accept Ho1
Educational Attainment .377 -.038* Significant Reject Ho1
Civil Status .196 .396 Not Significant Accept Ho1
Table. Relationship of sociodemographic factors on the knowledge medicinal plants

In terms of ages, old or the matured ones have identified more plant species used

for medicine compared to the younger one because age and knowledge are directly

proportional, the more we grown the more knowledge acquired through experiences and

ideas. Particularly, the herbal medicine is common among the elderly wherein a

population takes a disproportionate share of prescription medications compared to the

younger populations (Silva, et. al., 2014).

 20 years old and below -.250 .685 Not Significant Accept Ho1
21 – 30 years old -.559 .327 Not Significant Accept Ho1
31 – 40 years old -.896* .039 Significant Reject Ho1
41 – 50 years old -.814 .094 Not Significant Accept Ho1
51 years old and above .015 .974 Not Significant Accept Ho1
1.000 0.000** Significant Reject Ho1

With respect to the gender, it shows that male was more knowledgeable on the

medicinal plants in terms of utilization compare to the female since male are devoted to

work within the forest for several reason. However, in this study demonstrate that there is

no gender-based pattern for the knowledge on medicinal plant uses in terms of gender

(Torres-Avilez, Medeiros and Paulino, 2016).

Gender r-value p-value Interpretation Action Taken

.137 .058 Not Significant Accept Ho1

For the educational attainment, considering that the area is rural which far away from the

pharmacy wherein modern medicines can be bought at the time of need. As such, this

study shows that the residents with high school and college level of educational

attainment have the highest knowledge on the medicinal plants in the area than on the

elementary and madrasa level. It implies that in elementary grade and madrasah

medicinal plants were not

Educational Attainment R2 p-value Interpretation Action Taken

College .545** .009 Significant Reject Ho1
High School .244 .642 Not Accept Ho1
Significant
 Elementary .430 .395 Not Accept Ho1
Significant
.377 -.038* Significant Reject Ho1
supposed to be taught and mostly they are still young to explore the medicinal plants.