19/ 12/2024
(irutt Diagram Experimen t no
330
RC DIfferentr atoM
330PF ALm
10 desiqn and set up on RC differentiator C(Tait
Vn AVout Ond Studts tts Mesponse io fran qular, soqLaT OAVeS and
Sinusoid oi (ave
Components and equnpments eqired
and cR0
lapactor reststoy, ionot qeneator bnead bo
heong
An RL differentiator (utt is Comstituted with a
CapacitoY C0nnected in geres ond o Tesisto Connected in
paraiel to the output-he time comstant Rc 0f the cmult
1S Very Srnall n COm porison to ihe time pemod of the input
Siqnal'1he voltaqe drop acroSS R otll be vers stnatl in
Compamsorn oith the diop oc10ss C.
Ihe cunent tnough the capa cttor iS Cdv
Hence the output is propotional to the devative dt
of the input
Vo = Res1stan ce XCument = Rcdv
Consider a Stnusoudal siqnat v Sin tot ia fed io the
Input of the diffnentiator (ts output tuill be VRC WCOS LOt
OIffenentiated. output is propotionol to the.
rate of Chan qe of input hlhen the input tLSeS to.
maxtmum Value dffeneniated outputrobus It becaose
the cudden change of voltage. IL hansfeed to the.
Output by he enpacilor &ince ihe 1Qre oF ch ang6 of voltag,
I8 posttive dfncntiattd oatput ik als0 posttye klhtn inpat
kem auns max1mum or a petod of time iht Hate of chang!
D Voltaqe ii 2mo. o ourput fals to zero. Dunina this thnd
Input acts like adc voltage and a capa cator offYS hign
Impedahte to it So thechoTqe n capacitor daains to loth
haough the es1stance.
When nput fatsto 7e90 LAte of change o
Input volaqe is neqative hen the otutput also qoes to
neqative for pefect diffrentijanon 1k should satisfs thu
CHtenion RCZ000161 wh ene T=E and fis he
Hrequentyof imput siqnal 1he peak of the output of the
dffertntÉator qets doubled uhtn the squane wave isl fed
to the input cristead of pulses.
Procedure
|: SUwitch on the s1qnal qenerator and set Its output at \oV pP
(kHz saquane waVe.
9 NOte down the output waveform for the toll oUtn a
ConditionS usn a potenttometr
(0 RC=1 c) AC 2LT ond (i) RC 971
3 Repeat the above steps for a 1ionqular Sinusordal
twavefor Mand ob serve the output 4t 10 VopKAZ
Design
Let ine nput be a putse trai of IKHz The 1=1ms
or a duffeTentiatoT ,RCL 00016 1
To ovo1d oading sel ect RR=ten times the output
Impedante of ihe 3tonal qenenator -IF ihe output impedanu
('S B0 then R= 6002 üse 4 4k Std
Substitutngihis in he above expressl Dl oe qet
C=340 Pf ust 330PF
Rc differen tia tor asa high pass filter
The signats handted by ampiiAers ane qur
Often non sinus01 dal by the use of the foumer
seeues- comept wt tan cons1 der the se sign ats to be
made up of sinuso rd al corn pon tns of differ en tfieq untw
the plot of the ampltfier 9arn and its phose versue,
frequeny is knowrn as frequtny- 7es ponge plots. A
amptr fir do es not am plify cqually all hequun y
COmpornts of the signal the outpet Siqnatwrll be'disoud
7hi's disotion is knoun as trtquen y drSoYtIon. In ldeo!
CaJe the nga gnititathon magnitu de o thet VoIt 09 9Qin
Plo tted agaunst fequeny houtd be flat. Howver in
Prachcar the gan fals off at both low-and high
en ds due to the effea of the theqiny
the amplifier ciuit
reactanc es of Capaatant in
n prachtal ampli fiey crrutt capa ctto s o7ten
sed to block dc and couple only the ac
to the lond o the in put of ano ther stage 19nal
o6
Qmpl1fie
At high frequenuy the Teactan te ol Ca wlll be
Small and henu lt actS as ca shork with out
any
Sinal aCT05$ (L AS frequeny is decreased the frequeny
Ce becomes comnpara ble with R and Stgnal
am plifer is shared by C an d R Hence
butpuh oß fhe
theourput voltage
fals: At zero Tequcny ( de) r the output wltl be IO
Thus he senes capacitDY mau the amplrier
behave
as a high pasS
Amid = RI
RitRS
Hen ce magnthude of vDItage fa l/ s of to T0. T°lo
of the midb and value at t= fL SUch a
S caled the locUtr cut ff requ en y Stnee.
frequenel
there [r
no exat Prequenaybelouw tonrch E can besard that
Ihe Prltey eleinun au all traces of the in put srqn ct
al the outpul such a at o6 frequeny ts (hosen
y the twehul lO wtm Limit foY am pltea
frequeny Xeaponse
A
AC
Ven'- 1ov
WCircuit dtàgram ef 109 abular coumm
Prequeng Vo nan=Vo
tsarn-20
NA0-024t CHz) (voIS) Vin (dB) tog vvin
-20
200
Vin B001
O16 -15q14
400
024 12-395
031 -|0112
G001 3-P 0 38
600 -113
400 -6316
btain Votain=2010q Vo
8 800
Fcqurty Vo
q00
O52
0-56
-6619
-6-036
6 2 0 0H z W 6 v o 6 ) f G00 O58
58 o58
72= 62 12K 6:2
-4-73|
31 O-62 -4152
500HZ 39 1-8k -3-816
7672 600 HZ
61-5k -3098
174 q00H
-304&
1:-7:4a800 H7 |4k
12 O12 -2-852
-2-615
20= p 1kHZ5 -2 6|6
2K
Modet onaph. 19k o18
30Pfrequeney Response
-2.|68
2 2 MH2(00)
BK -l:514
4k - |+3100
Vo 5K 8
DK
0-704 Vo Pass bond
20K
30k
SEM
IMHZ
RESPONSE
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
FREQUENCY SCatem
100
H
K
FIL1ER 867
PA55
HIOIHKHz
10
891
7
6
5
1KHZ
189
7
6
5
Hz
100
de)
-4 l0 1-2 l4 l6 -18 20 -22
2 6
- -
-22
20
-18
l6 -
12 -
-lo
-8
SCate
-6
3dB -2
0
1hilz 8 7 6 5 4
100KHZ 91678 89 67 5 4
IMHZ567891 5 3 2
2
SEMI fIL1ER PA55 HI6I
RESPONSE FREQUENCY
Squaetan the Rescult
Rc
determnt also RC
tut dtffenentiator
(Fhtonotital)
hequonty
cutoff uave
off
fre onms
quenuy 2rRO gutar
for
ciuit
diffentnt
ectenuy and
(Prauntal) 2nx68XIo
Snu501dol
aLt
destand
înput
21x6-eXIbX
II10-25 waves suh
f= amd
-|It026
and as
O02X66
obsenved.
uavesqune. Input Peubd
of
the IswheeT 161 that
2RC
necessas Is IE tnteqration
crony To tme Cincneas as es arrasS dioVoltage
p
inputsansfa thpasses
etnteqral
of the propotlon
to al output
Ic
Vndt =(YRC) VoIseross
C voltagea Output he
crosRappeamÒg is Vin al
almost Snce /RVin cument
in Vottaqe
he 0utput
small ves acrossR drop compamson
the to In
bewll acrossc dropvoltaqe Condttion
th e
this Undev s1onal
s. 1npút the peYLOd of im e the with
onpans com danqe In Vevy cinutt
tS the Constant
time 1he stnal tnput the. nteqratiDn DfRG
heman on Operation
cal the. oesugqest
s d name ileqator
ts as An
output the with parallel capacttor
n
veSistance aand &e1es
in Comstituted
abs qrator
iS nte RG An
1heoty
bead qenerator, Siqnat YesIStom CRO and boand
eqtintd Equipments Capacitor
Components
and
waves squage and puise Yesponse
to Iks
studu anInteqrato
d RCan upset and Vestqn
A1m
Inteqator RC
Expeviment
2no
K R=
aq1am10 Cincutt
di
24
Mode Gnaph
Apulse waveform (s a kin d a vottaqe that ses
to a highvoltaqe level abmuptts and emauns at the teve
HDY pei0d 0f Hime and fas#urcKty to zeY0 and nemains
at that levertoY another peYiod o Hme
hhen c pulsé Uave forn Is qIven at the
Input capa citor charqes thmough Rand output voltage.
builds up CapacitoY continuous to ch arqes as long as.
Inpat voitaqe 13 present- hlhen input ls tenminated
Capaitor discharqes and- output falls to zero. As thc valu
D RC tAttents tneases the amplitude of the output
decre aseS and the output Daveform become Inear
lhis happens be caUse the dschanqing cument dbes not
VOYy mch thnough a high value vesistor- Constant cument
|Hhiouqh a capacitor qtves attnear Output
ASquane wavefonm has posttive and
DegatiVe excuTSIDNS (0th Tespect to ttS 1efereh ce zer
the nput in a requence wave i capacitor ch ange
|andd1scharqes fom negatye voltaqe to the positi ve
Voltage and back.
Pyocedure
Stch on the function qenerator and set t for
l0 Vpp kHz square waVe
2 Note dogn the output wave-forms fo the followIng
Cond rti0ns using a PotentiometeT
()RC 1 and (i) Rc 71
G. Repeat he above skeps ora ttanqutar an d
Stnu601dat ioput
Desiqn
Let the imput be a putse tran af IkHz 1hen 1=1ms
foY On Inteqrator RC z 161
40 0votd lo adtnq Select R=1en time5 the output
Impedance of the s1onat qenexa toY. e Output Impedanu
D he SiqnalqenevaroY 18 600. Then R 60000. uae
to k std.
&ubshtuting ths n the aboVe expeness10n we qel
C=2.2 Je Std
Output
ttput
dxisuLpbms
2kHZ &00HZ4OOH2 600H1
500HZ lo0HZ
frequency
TooHZ
k30kH220kHz6kHz 400H7300HZ 200H Low
pass
W
5.6K
Vo
filte
0-5 |-6 2-6 1-6
o:02uF cotit
Utaim=o
026 08
Tabular
column
005 15
0 03 0 08 Vin Dgan
8
-0915
=20loq
- b1or0 Vo
-lo467
- -1-968
020 26- 20- 20-41816-12-04I 82-498 -
-3-098
- -6.020-3-09 0--0916 0:915
g938 -9438 938-Q 93 09145 - Modellnaph
OKHZ l00KHZ IMHz
(db)
- l0
- 20
SEMI
IMHZ
6
89 7
lo0KHZ
78
6
5
IDKHZ
56
897
6
589
7
(aB) -2 -4 -6 -8 10 -12 -I6 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26
-
tts, S the RC
Result
frequenytuoftf frequenuy
utoft =
(Theoninial) nteqrator
cuare7omms
ere
and
sfnusoidal tiuit
for
duffenent au
02o
I:2k. 2xnX5-6
and desI
X106
X10°X also nput ncd
=dotermned suLh and
l·4kH1
obseved
as